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Malaysian–American Relations during Indonesia's Confrontation against Malaysia, 1963–66

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

Pamela Sodhy
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The period from 1963 to 1966, which spans Indonesia's “confrontation” against Majaysia, marks an important benchmark in the history of Malaysian-American relations as it represents the first direct involvement of the United States into the political affairs of Malaysia. Before confrontation, the United States had maintained a low profile in the country and had confined the relationship to mainly economic issues. Politically, the United States had, for the most part, hovered in the background behind the British who had continued their close ties with Malaysia even after the granting of independence in 1957. America's deeper involvement with Malaysia because of confrontation, signified, therefore, a distinct departure from its earlier policy.

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Articles
Information
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , Volume 19 , Issue 1 , March 1988 , pp. 111 - 136
Copyright
Copyright © The National University of Singapore 1988

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References

This article is prepared for delivery at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Asian Studies held at Chicago Hilton and Towers, Illinois on 21–23 March 1986.

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32 Ibid.

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53 Ambassador James Bell to the State Department, 5 October 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Vol. III, LBJ Library.

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56 Telegram by George W. Ball to the American Ambassador in Kuala Lumpur, 18 March 1963, NSF, Malaysia, Box 140, Kennedy Library.

57 Baldwin to the Secretary of State, 23 March 1963, NSF, Malaysia, Box 140, Kennedy Library. See also the Malay Mail, 22 April 1963.

58 Unclassified message by the Navy Department to the State Department and the White House, 20 April 1963, NSF, Malaysia, Box 140, Kennedy Library.

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60 See the Washington Post, 2 February 1963.

61 Ibid., 14 February 1963.

62 Ibid.

63 Telegram by Rusk to the American Embassy in Kuala Lumpur, 24 April 1963, NSF, Malaysia, Box 140, Kennedy Library.

64 Straits Times, 27 March 1963.

65 Malay Mail, 24 May 1963.

66 Baldwin to the Secretary of State, 16 August 1963, NSF, Malaysia, Box 140, Kennedy Library.

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75 Christian Science Monitor, 18 September 1963.

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78 Ibid.

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81 “The General Malayan Situation”, by Baldwin to the State Department, 15 November 1961, James C. Thomson Papers, Southeast Asia: Malaysia, Kennedy Library.

82 “Impressions of the Malaysia Situation”, by Baldwin to the State Department, 17 January 1964, NSF, Malaysia; Vol. 1, LBJ Library.

83 Ibid.

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89 Ibid., pp. 400–401.

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93 Ibid.

94 NYT, 19 November 1963.

95 Jones, , Indonesia, p. 345Google Scholar. Only by April 1965 were the economic assistance programmes and the American Military Assistance Programme (MAP) virtually terminated. Ibid., p. 362.

96 NYT, 21 November 1963.

97 Ibid., 22 November 1963.

98 NYT, 28 April 1963. As of 1963, very few Malaysian officers had been trained in the United States. On the other hand, according to Lt. Colonel George Benson, over 900 Indonesian army officers had received substantial tours of training in the United States by 1963. Notes of interview between Professor Kahin and Lt. Col. Benson, Djakarta, 16 July 1963, by courtesy of Professor Kahin.

99 “Letter to President Johnson from Political Secretary to Deputy Prime Minister”, 11 December 1963, in Memorandum by Rusk to Ambassador Bell, 2 January 1964, NSF, Malaysia, Vol. I, LBJ Library.

100 Ibid., Rusk wrote, “There should be no discussion of the questions raised by Mr. Abdullah Ahmad regarding the U.S. policy toward Indonesia and the Philippines.”

101 Komer to the President, 21 July 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Vol. II, Cables, LBJ Library.

102 Memorandum by Komer to the President, 17 July 1964, Country File, Malaysia, Vol. II, Cables, LBJ Library.

103 Outgoing telegram, Department of State, 8 September 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Vol. III, LBJ Library.

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109 Ibid., p. 395. According to the Clay Report: “We do not see how external assistance can be granted to this nation [Indonesia] by freeworld countries unless it puts its internal house in order, provides fair treatment to foreign creditors and enterprises, and refrains from international adventures.”

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117 According to Jones, “The British press was all but unanimous in their distaste for Kennedy's mediation. A notable exception was the London Economist which praised his role and said he deserved congratulations and thanks for arranging a cease-fire. See Jones, , Indonesia, p. 302Google Scholar. The official British view, though, was one of praise for the Kennedy Mission. See NYT, 27 January 1964 and 14 February 1964.

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120 President Lyndon Johnson to Tunku Abdul Rahman, through Ambassador Bell, 19 May 1964, NSF, Country File, Tunku's Visit 1964, LBJ Library.

121 R. W. Komer to the President, 14 May 1964, NSF, Country File, Tunku Visit 1964, LBJ Library. For the Tunku's visit, the CIA prepared a report “Leading personalities for the visit of Malaysian Prime Minister Rahman” with biographical material on the following—the Tunku; Ong Yoke Lin, Malaysian Ambassador to the US and UN; Senu bin Abdul Rahman, Minister of Information and Broadcasting; Inche Mohamed Ghazali bin Shafie, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of External Affairs; and Inche Abdul Kadir bin Sham-suddin, Secretary of Defense. CIA Report, 14 July 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Tunku's Visit, LBJ Library.

122 Memorandum by George Ball to the President recommending that the Tunku be invited, 12 May 1964, NSF, Country File, Tunku's Visit 1964, LBJ Library.

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125 Dispatch by Robert W. Moore, First Secretary of Embassy, Kuala Lumpur, to the State Department, 2 July 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Tunku Visit, LBJ Library. Moore informed the State Department about the discussion that the Political Officer at the American Embassy, Jerrold M. Dion, had had with the American Desk Officer, Inche Khalil bin Ya'acob, of the Malaysian Ministry of External Affairs.

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131 The Straits Times, 22 July 1964.

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133 McCue to the State Department, 23 July 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Tunku's Visit, LBJ Library.

134 The Straits Times, 25 July 1964.

135 “Proposed text of Joint Communique by the President and the Prime Minister of Malaysia following discussions held in Washington D. C. on July 22, 1964”, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Tunku's Visit, LBJ Library.

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137 The Malay Mail, 23 July 1964.

138 The Malay Mail, 23–25 July 1964. The 25 July 1964 issue listed the Tunku's achievement at the talks as:

1. President Johnson's renewed pledge of US support for Malaysia's peaceful independence, security and sovereignty;

2. His offer to provide military training in the United States for Malaysian personnel; and

3. His prompt and sympathetic consideration of the Tunku's request for credit sales of jet reconnaissance aircraft, troop-carrying helicopters, and landing craft for use in jungle warfare against Indonesian forces.

139 The Malay Mail, 24 July 1964.

140 Rusk to Kuala Lumpur Embassy, 30 July 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Tunku Visit 1964, LBJ Library.

141 Memorandum by R. W. Komer to the President, 23 July 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Tunku's Visit 1964, LBJ Library. Komer also commented: “The visit has been smooth. The Tunku's mood is good. He is pleased at the overt signs of our support, which strengthens him at home and vis-à-vis Sukarno. (However, he's gone a little far in using Washington as a platform for tough anti-Indo talk, and in badly telling the press about everything you told him.) We may have a few stitches to pick up in Djakarta.”

142 Ambassador James Bell to the State Department, 28 January 1964, as quoted in Memorandum by Michael V. Forrestal to Roger Hilsman, 20 February 1964, NSF, Malaysia, Vol. I, LBJ Library.

143 Ambassador Bell in Kuala Lumpur to Secretary of State, 3 November 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Vol. III, LBJ Library.

144 Secret Memorandum by R. W. Komer, 3 November 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Vol. III, LBJ Library.

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148 Ambassador Bell to the State Department, 7 September 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Vol. III, LBJ Library.

149 Ibid.

150 Malaysia's Case in the United Nations Security Council: Documents Reproduced from the Official Record of the Security Council Proceedings (Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of External Affairs, 1964), pp. 20–21Google Scholar.

151 See Harlan Cleveland to Bundy, “Stevenson Speech Before Security Council on Malaysia”, 10 September 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Vol. III, LBJ Library.

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153 Memorandum by Benjamin Read, Executive Secretary, Department of State to Mr McGeorge Bundy, the White House, 22 September 1964 (NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Vol. III, LBJ Library). This memorandum enclosed a letter from the Embassy of Malaysia transmitting a message from the Prime Minister of Malaysia to the President. The Tunku wrote: “I wish to thank you whole heartedly for the support accorded to my country during the recent Security Council debate on Indonesian aggression … your support in our hour of need is a source of inspiration to me and to the people of Malaysia to uphold our independence and sovereignty.”

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156 Jones, , Indonesia, p. 313Google Scholar.

157 Jones to Secretary of State, 12 February 1964, NSF, Malaysia, Vol. I, LBJ Library.

158 Outgoing telegram by Thomas F. Conlon of the Far East Bureau in the State Department, 8 September 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Vol. III, Cables, LBJ Library.

159 Secret Memorandum by McCue in Kuala Lumpur to State Department, 3 February 1964, NSF, Malaysia, Vol. I, LBJ Library.

160 Ibid.

161 Telegram by William R. Bundy to the American Ambassadors in London, Canberra, and Wellington, 11 September 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Vol. III, LBJ Library.

162 Interview with Ambassador Charles F. Baldwin, Charlottesville, Virginia, 20 August 1979.

163 Memorandum by R. W. Komer, 4 September 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Vol. III, Cables, LBJ Library; Secretary of State, Rusk, to the American Ambassador in London, 28 September 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Vol. III, LBJ Library.

164 Rusk to American Ambassador in London, 28 September 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Vol. III, LBJ Library.

165 Baldwin, “Impressions”, 17 January 1964, NSF, Malaysia, Vol. I, LBJ Library.

166 Telegram by Ambassador Stevenson in Manila to the State Department, 17 April 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Vol. I, LBJ Library.

167 See Mackie, J.A.C. (ed.), Australia in the New World Order (Melbourne, 1976), pp. 27–46Google Scholar. See also Hilsman, , To Move a Nation, p. 392Google Scholar.

168 Straits Times, 24 January 1964.

169 For the Text of the SEATO Treaty, see United Nations, Treaty Series, Treaties and International Agreements Registered or Filed and Reported with the Secretariat of the United Nations, Vol. 209 (1955), No. 2819Google Scholar, “Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America: Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty”, 8 September 1954, pp. 24–36.

170 Outgoing telegram by Dean Rusk, 15 September 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Vol. III, LBJ Library.

171 Rusk explained the complicated nature of America's indirect obligation through SEATO to defend Malaysia:

With respect to USG, we have appended to reaty an understanding that obligation under Article IV(1) to take action in case of armed attack applies only to communist aggression; in event to other aggression, we agree to consult under Article VI(2) of treaty. No action can be taken under Article IV(2) without agreement all SEATO members (abstention not considered veto). Parties other than US have no such understanding and would be obligated to act.under Article IV(1) in accordance their constitutional processes in event of Indo aggression bymeans of armed attack on UK, Australian or NZ forces in Malaysia. Action can be taken under Article IV(1) individually or collectively, so veto not applicable.

See ibid.

172 Ibid. Ambassador Jones to the Secretary of State, 1 February 1964, NSF, Malaysia, Vol. I, LBJ Library.

173 Charles F. Baldwin, recorded interview by Dennis O'Brien, 13 March 1969, p. 55, Kennedy Library Oral History Program.

174 Gould, , The United States and Malaysia, p. 205Google Scholar.

175 Telegram by William P. Bundy to the American Ambassadors in London, Canberra, and Wellington, 11 September 1964, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, Vol. III, LBJ Library.

176 See NYT, 18 December 1963.

177 Jones, , Indonesia, pp. 347–51Google Scholar.

178 Ibid., pp. 352–67.

179 Ibid., Part IV, Chapters 1 and 2. About 30,000 Communists were slaughtered as a result of the coup. Ibid., p. 372: Suharto was named Acting President in March 1967 and President in 1968. Ibid., p. 403.

180 Ibid., p. 403.