page 1 note * This paper is a revised version of one delivered at the 1967 meetings of the American Sociological Association in San Francisco. I am indebted to Marion J. Levy Jr., Charles Tilly and Gerald Rosenblum for comments, though naturally my criticisms and conclusions are my own responsibility. I am grateful to the Humanities and Social Science Research Fund of the University of Toronto for support, and to my research assistant, Samrendrah Singh.

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^{page 6 note 1} Crozier, Michel, The Bureaucratic Phenomenon (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964);Google ScholarHaire, Mason, Ghiselli, Edwin E. and Porter, Lyman W., ‘Cultural Patterns in the Role of the Manager’, Industrial Relations, 2, No. 2 (02 1963), 95–117.Google Scholar

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^{page 6 note 3} Feldman, Arnold S. and Moore, Wilbert E., ‘Industrialization and Industrialism, Con vergence and Differentiation’, Transactions Fifth World Congress of Sociology (Washington, D.C., 1962), p. 146.Google Scholar

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^{page 7 note 3} Ibid., p. 710.

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^{page 8 note 1} Apter, David E., The Politics of Modernization (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), p. 460.Google Scholar

^{page 8 note 2} Ibid., p. 447.

^{page 8 note 3} Ibid., p. 459.

^{page 8 note 4} Saint-Simon wanted to create a ‘Council of Newton’ to run a world dislocated by the French Revolution. See his ‘Letter from an Inhabitant of Geneva to His Contemporaries’ (1803), in Markham, Felix M. H., tr. and ed., Saint-Simon, Selected Writings (Oxford: Blackwell, 1952), pp. 1–11. That such theories are influenced by economic cycles is argued byGoogle ScholarFeuer, Lewis S., ‘What is Alienation ? The Career of a Concept’, New Politics, 1 (Spring 1962), 116–34.Google Scholar

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^{page 8 note 6} Levy says, ‘A society will be considered more or less modernized to the extent that its members use inanimate sources of power and/or use tools to multiply the effects of their efforts’, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 11.

^{page 9 note 1} Moore, Wilbert E., The Impact of Industry (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965), p. 12.Google Scholar

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^{page 10 note 3} Hoselitz, Bert F., Sociological Aspects of Economic Growth (Gleoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1960). Sociological theory has often been attracted by such easy dichotomies—particularly Tonnies‘ Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft and Durkheim’s mechanical and organic solidarity.Google Scholar

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^{page 11 note 3} Levy says, op. cit., p. 31, that ‘modernization is a general process; it touches us all’.

^{page 11 note 4} Hodgen, Margaret T., Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1964); it has been argued that the urban revolution rigidified and led to the stagnation of Egyptian civilization at its highest point,CrossRefGoogle ScholarHawkes, Christopher, ‘The Prehistoric Roots of European Culture and History’, in Hawkes, Jacquetta, ed., The World of the Past (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1963), p. 491.Google Scholar

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