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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 February 2009
2 Ignacio Tellechea Idigoras, J., “Riforma del Clero, Riforma della Chiesa,” in Per il Cinquecento Religioso Italiano. Clero, Cultura, Società, ed. Sangalli, Maurizio (Rome: Edizioni dell'Ateneo, 2003), 233Google Scholar.
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20 Ferté, Jeanne, La Vie Religieuse dans les Campagnes Parisiennes 1622–1695 (Paris: Vrin, 1962), 177–178Google Scholar.
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22 Curia Episcopalis Melitensis (hereafter CEM), Acta Originalia (hereafter AO) 698, ff. 1r–2v.
23 CEM, AO 689, f. 182r.
24 CEM, AO 696, f. 114v.
25 On 3 September 1734 Don Giovanni Battista Barbara from Qrendi bought a piece of land for the huge sum of 700 scudi—Notarial Archives, Valletta (hereafter NAV), Notary Tommaso Magri 7/924, ff. 4r–5r.
26 AAM, Dicta 25, no. 3. AAM, Dicta 27, no. 32. CEM, AO 705, f. 13r.
27 Pellegrino, Bruno, Terra e Clero nel Mezzogiorno. Il reclutamento sacerdotale a Lecce dalla Restaurazione all'Unità (Lecce: Milella, 1976), 101–116Google Scholar.
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29 AIM, AC 529, f. 233r.
30 AAM, Informationes 6, no. 92.
31 CEM, AO 696, ff. 114v, 116v.
32 CEM, AO 691, ff. 298r–309v.
33 AAM, Cappellani (Qrendi), unnumbered.
34 AIM, AC 495, f. 144r.
35 AAM, Dicta 24, no. 59. CEM, AO 690, f. 180r. CEM, AO 706, f. 161r. AIM, AC 53O, f. 250r. AIM, AC 524, ff. 186r–189v.
36 NAV, Not. Tommaso Magri, 9/924, f. 76r–v, 8 April 1739. AIM, AC 503, ff. 38r–77v.
37 AIM, AC 516 (i), ff. 202r–v. For this type of land tenure in Malta, see Howard Bowen-Jones, John C. Dewdney, and W. B. Fisher, Malta: Background for Development (Durham, U.K.: Department of Geography in the University of Durham, 1962), 305.
38 AAM, Dicta 27, no. 51. AAM, Dicta 25, no. 65. AAM, Dicta 27, no. 41.
39 CEM, AO 652, ff. 31r–38v. See also CEM, AO 665, ff. 250r–252v.
40 (cotton seed)—CEM, AO 370, f. 152r; (fodder)—CEM, AO 371, ff. 36r–61v; (rent of a field)— CEM, AO 372, ff. 124r–143v.
41 CEM, AO 369, ff. 53r–56v. CEM, AO 365, ff. 275r–305v.
42 CEM, AO 680, ff. 232r–264v.
43 CEM, AO 374, ff. 275r–78v.
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50 Synodus Dioecesana, 104.
51 AAM, Informationes 5, no. 59. AAM, Informationes 6, no. 102.
52 For the use of the power of privy search, see Ciappara, Frans, “Perceptions of Marriage in Late-Eighteenth-Century Malta,” Continuity and Change 16:3 (December 2001): 392CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
53 AAM, Dicta 25, no. 84.
54 This paucity of cases is also the conclusion of Peter Marshall for sixteenth-century England. See his The Catholic Priesthood and the English Reformation (Oxford: Clarendon, 2002), 144–150.
55 For a full treatment of the subject, see Haliczer, Stephen, Sexuality in the Confessional: A Sacrament Profaned (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)Google Scholar. See also Black, Christopher F., Church, Religion, and Society in Early Modern Italy (Hampshire, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 107–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For confession in the Counter Reformation, see de Boer, Wietse, La Conquista dell'Anima. Fede, Disciplina e Ordine Pubblico nella Milano della Controriforma (Turin: Einaudi, 2004)Google Scholar, and Myers, W. David, “Poor, Sinning Folk”: Confession and Conscience in Counter-Reformation Germany (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1996)Google Scholar.
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58 Greco, Gaetano, “Fra disciplina e sacerdozio: il clero secolare nella società italiana,” in Clero e Società nell'Età Moderna, ed. Rosa, Mario (Rome-Bari: Laterza, 1992), 57Google Scholar; Poska, Allyson M., Regulating the People: The Catholic Reformation in Seventeenth-Century Spain (Leiden: Brill, 1998), 43–44Google Scholar; Forster, The Counter-Reformation in the Villages, 22–32.
59 Bowker, Margaret, The Secular Clergy in the Diocese of Lincoln 1495–1529 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 115–116Google Scholar.
60 AIM, Proc. 77A, f. 45r.
61 AIM, Proc. 134A, ff. 85r–v.
62 CEM, AO 677, ff. 216–226v.
63 AAM, Informationes 6, no. 108.
64 Black, Christopher F., Early Modern Italy: A Social History (London: Routledge, 2001), 174Google Scholar.
65 AIM, Proc. 134B, ff. 704r–709v.
66 AIM, Proc. 122A, ff. 199r–202v.
67 Parish Archives (hereafter PA) (Gudja), Liber Matrimoniorum iv, p. 94.
68 PA (Gudja). Liber Baptizatorum iv, p. 17.
69 AAM, Informationes 6, no. 65.
70 Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, 247.
71 Oscar Di Simplicio, “Le Perpetue (Stato Senese, 1600–1800),” Quaderni Storici no. 68, Anno XXIII (1988), 381–412.
72 This is how Manzoni refers to her: “a faithful and devoted servant, who could obey orders and give them as the occasion required, put up for some time with her master's whims and complaints, and make him put up with hers for some time too”: Alessandro Manzoni, The Betrothed, trans. A. Colquhoun (London: Everyman's, 1962), 13.
73 Synodus Dioecesana, 104.
74 For the cases of Don Nicola Zammit of S. Leonardo, Gozo (1773), and Don Giovanni of città Pinto (1791), who were rumored to be living dissolutely with their maids, see CEM, AO 683, ff. 192r–197v and AAM, Informationes 6, no. 51.
75 CEM, AO 692, f. 37r.
76 AAM, Informationes 6, no. 90.
77 AAM, Informationes 5, no. 63.
78 CEM, AO 690, ff. 178r–183v.
79 CEM, AO 673, ff. 372r–407v.
80 Bergin, Joseph, “Between Estate and Profession: The Catholic Parish Clergy of Early Modern Western Europe,” in Social Orders and Social Classes in Europe since 1500: Studies in Social Stratification, ed. Bush, M. L. (London: Longman, 1992), 73Google Scholar.
81 Pérouas, Le Diocèse de la Rochelle, 201.
82 Soulet, Jean-François, Traditions et Réformes Religieuses dans les Pyrénées Centrales au XVIIe Siècle (Pau: Marrimpouey Jeune, 1974), 192–194Google Scholar.
83 The bishop of Pamiers, Henri de Sponde, who died in 1645, called the canons of his cathedral “the twelve leopards”: quoted in Roure, H., “Le Clergé du Sud-Est de la France au XVIIe Siècle: Ses Déficiences et Leurs Causes,” Revue d'Histoire de l'Église de France xxxvii, no. 130 (1951): 179Google Scholar.
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86 CEM, AO 703, ff. 68r–v.
87 Such as “thieves,” “prostitutes,” “rogues,” “knaves,” “worthless,” “villains,” a “pig,” “the devil's soul,” and “a filthy face.”
88 AAM, Dicta 27, no. 16.
89 CEM, AO 692, f. 3v. For another case see CEM, AO 697, f. 149r.
90 Peter Burke, The Historical Anthropology of Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 11.
91 AAM, Dicta 29A, no. 67.
92 CEM, AO 703, ff. 235r–v. AAM, Dicta 26, no. 76. AAM, Dicta 24, no. 5. AAM, Dicta 30A, no. 8. Other instruments were the handle (marlogg) of a mattock (AAM, Dicta 24, no. 46); a key (AAM, Dicta 28, no. 10); a piece of wood, stanga (AAM, Dicta 26, no. 4); sword (CEM, AO 691, ff. 299r–306v.); stone (AAM, Dicta 26, nos. 11, 26.); and a mule's bridle (AAM, Dicta 25, no. 89).
93 AAM, Dicta 25, no. 7.
94 AAM, Informationes 6, no. 22.
95 Spaeth, Donald A., The Church in an Age of Danger: Parsons and Parishioners, 1660–1740 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 122–132CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Snape, M. F., The Church of England in Industrialising Society: The Lancashire Parish of Whalley in the 18th Century (Woodbridge, U.K.: Boydell, 2003), 178–180, 185Google Scholar.
96 AAM, Dicta 26, no. 110. Don Salvatore Said of Nadur was the other priest indicted for his drunken and violent behavior. In 1791 he came to blows with Don Vincenzo Camilleri. He grabbed him by the throat, tore his shirt, and hit him with a stone: AAM, Dicta 28, no. 11.
97 PA (Siggiewi), Libr. Mort. IV (1760–1800), f. 44v. CEM, AO 673, ff. 22r–39v. The other incident of homicide occurred on 11 October 1781, when Don Filippo Borg and Filippo Haxach, both from the parish of St. George's, quarreled over a wall dividing their fields. The priest hit his antagonist with a piece of wood and left him dead: PA (Qormi), Liber Defunctorum B, p. 13. CEM, AO 694, ff. 71r–190v. See also AAM, Corrispondenza (hereafter Corr.) xx, f. 306r. AAM, Corr. xxi, ff. 12–v.
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100 Don Giuseppe Grech of Tarxien told this wrong theological proposition to his congregation in 1788, for which he was reported to Inquisitor Gallarati Scotti: AIM, Proc. 135B, f. 707r.
101 AAM, Dicta 30A, no. 66.
102 Ingram, Martin, Church Courts, Sex and Marriage in England, 1570–1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 340–363Google Scholar.
103 CEM, AO 678, ff. 138r–v.
104 AAM, Dicta 30A, no. 13.
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106 CEM, AO 703, f. 229r.
107 AAM, Dicta 26, no. 5.
108 AAM, Dicta 25, no. 20.
109 AAM, Dicta 24, no. 48.
110 AAM, Dicta 28, no. 3.
111 AAM, Dicta 26, no. 33.
112 AAM, Dicta 28A, no. 6.
113 AAM, Dicta 27, nos. 9, 20, 53.
114 AAM, Dicta 25, no. 33.
115 AAM, Dicta 28, no. 22. PA (Zebbug), Liber Mortuorum i, 2 Dec. 1794.
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128 AAM, Informationes 6, no. 99.
129 NLM, Libr. 13, p. 748.
130 For England at an earlier period see Bowker, The Secular Clergy in the Diocese of Lincoln, 72–63; Zell, Michael L., “The Personnel of the Clergy in Kent in the Reformation Period,” The English Historical Review 89 (1974): 524–525Google Scholar.
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138 They registered, for instance, the number of Masses each priest said and his attendance at funerals, to be later remunerated.
139 AAM, Dicta 27, no. 6.
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141 National Archives, Gozo, vol. 16, Registrum Negotiorum Universitatis, 11 December 1770.
142 AAM, Informationes 5, no. 50.
143 NAV, Notary Pietro Paolo Magri, 2/922, ff. 78r–v, 20 May 1744.
144 AIM, Corr. 95, ff. 72v–73r, Inquisitor Durini to cardinal inquisitors, 14 December 1738. See also AAM, Corr. xxii, f. 132r.
145 Ciappara, “The Financial Condition of Parish Priests,” 95.
146 Greco, “Fra disciplina e sacerdozio: il clero secolare nella società italiana,” 74–86. For southern Italy see Martucci, “De vita et honestate clericorum,” 423–467.
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150 On this point see Nubola, Cecilia, Conoscere per governare. La diocesi di Trento nella visita pastorale di Ludocvico Madruzzo, 1579–1581 (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1993)Google Scholar, ch. 7, and Garzya, “Reclutamente e Mobilità Sociale,” 241–306.
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154 Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, 167–169.
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160 E. Brambilla, “Società ecclesiastica e società civile: aspetti della formazione del clero dal Cinquecento alla Restaurazione,” Società e Storia, no. 12 (1981): 304.
161 CEM, Miscellanea 175, p. 521.
162 Xenio Toscani, “Seminari e Collegi nello Stato di Milano fra Cinque e Seicento,” in Per il Cinquecento Religioso Italiano, 316, 331. Consult also Domeenico Roccioli, “Il Cardinal Vicario e il Clero di Roma nella Seconda Metà del Cinquecento,” in ibid., 250, and Brambilla, “Società ecclesiastica e società civile,” 330–334, 338–339, 346–347.
163 AAM, Status Animarum 24A (Notabile/ Rabat, 1781), no. 115, ff. 6v–7r.
164 Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Segreteria di Stato (Malta) 167.
165 In 1783 the ratio stood at 23:16; in 1785, 32:21; in 1787, 34:23; in 1789, 34:23; in 1791, 32:27; and in 1793, 23:20. Bonnici, Francis, For Service Alone: The Institution of the Seminary of Malta and its Development as Recorded in the Pastoral Visits of the Maltese Diocese, 1703–2003 (Malta: The Archbishop's Seminary, 2003), 105Google Scholar.
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169 A point made by Gentilcore, David in From Bishop to Witch: The System of the Sacred in Early Modern Terra d'Otranto (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1992), 47Google Scholar. See also Chadwick, Owen, The Popes and the European Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon, 1981), 112–121Google Scholar.
170 AAM, RS 8, f. 194v. AAM, Dicta 25, no. 11. For these village schools, see the seminal article by Borg, “Developments in Education outside the Jesuit Collegium Melitense,” 215–254.
171 Comerford, Kathleen M., “Clerical Education, Catechesis, and Catholic Confessionalism: Teaching Religion in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” in Early Modern Catholicism: Essays in Honour of John W. O'Malley, eds. Comerford, Kathleen M. and Pabel, Hilmar M. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001), 252CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Consult also Vismara, Paola, “Il ‘Buon Prete’ nell'Italia del Sei-Settecento. Bilanci Prospettive,” Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia 60:1 (2006), 56Google Scholar.
172 O'Day, The English Clergy, 49–65.
173 Carroll, Michael P., Madonnas that Maim: Popular Catholicism in Italy since the Fifteenth Century (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 103–104Google Scholar.
174 AAM, Dicta 25, no. 49. AAM, Dicta 26, no. 104. For priests as hunters see also AAM, Informationes 6, no. 19 and AAM, Supplicationes 19, no. 48.
175 AAM, RS 11, ff. 13r–v. Wigs, though, could be worn for medical reasons as a protection from colds, catarrh, bronchitis, and even toothache.
176 AAM, Dicta 24, no. 75.
177 AAM, Informationes 6, nos. 18, 20.
178 AAM, Dicta 28A, no. 21. CEM, AO 706, f. 155r
179 AAM, Dicta 28A, no. 22
180 CEM, AO 705, ff. 13r–18v.
181 AAM, Informationes 6, no. 75.
182 rFor example ta' mustaccia (mustache), AAM, Dicta 25, no. 49.
