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Climate change and the epidemiology of protostrongylid nematodes in northern ecosystems: Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei and Protostrongylus stilesi in Dall's sheep (Ovis d. dalli)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2005

E. J. JENKINS ,
A. M. VEITCH ,
S. J. KUTZ ,
E. P. HOBERG  and
L. POLLEY
E. J. JENKINS
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5B4
A. M. VEITCH
Affiliation:
Wildlife Management, Environment and Natural Resources, Box 130, Government of the Northwest Territories, Norman Wells, Northwest Territories, Canada, X0E 0V0
S. J. KUTZ
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5B4
E. P. HOBERG
Affiliation:
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US National Parasite Collection, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC East No. 1180, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA
L. POLLEY
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5B4
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Abstract

We describe the epidemiology of the protostrongylid parasites Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei and Protostrongylus stilesi in Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) from the Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada (65 °N; 128 °W). Peak numbers of 1st-stage larvae of both parasites were shed by Dall's sheep on their winter range from March until May. In larval development experiments in the Mackenzie Mountains, peak numbers of infective 3rd-stage larvae of P. odocoilei were available in gastropod intermediate hosts in August–September. For both protostrongylids, the majority of transmission likely occurs on the winter range, with infection of gastropods when they emerge from hibernation in spring, and infection of Dall's sheep upon their return in fall. We validated a degree-day model for temperature-dependent development of larval P. odocoilei in gastropods, and applied degree-day models to describe and predict spatial and temporal patterns in development of P. odocoilei and P. stilesi in northern North America. Temperature-dependent larval development may currently limit northward range expansion of P. odocoilei into naïve populations of Dall's sheep in the Arctic, but climate warming may soon eliminate such constraints. In Subarctic regions where both P. odocoilei and P. stilesi are endemic, the length of the parasite ‘growing season’ (when temperatures were above the threshold for larval development) and amount of warming available for parasite development has increased over the last 50 years. Further climate warming and extension of the seasonal window for transmission may lead to amplification of parasite populations and disease outbreaks in host populations.

Keywords

protostrongylidparasiteepidemiologyclimate changeParelaphostrongylus odocoileiProtostrongylus stilesiOvis dalli dalliDeroceras leave
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 132 , Issue 3 , March 2006 , pp. 387 - 401
Copyright
© 2005 Cambridge University Press

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