Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-17T15:48:40.584Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Fungi as biological control agents of arthropods of agricultural and medical importance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

R. A. Hall  and
B. Papierok
R. A. Hall
Affiliation:
Glasshouse Crops Research Institute, Worthing Road, Littlehampton, West Sussex BN16 SPU
B. Papierok
Affiliation:
Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

There are many species of fungi attacking terrestrial and aquatic insects of agricultural and medical importance. Of these, few species have received much attention with a view to their use as biological control agents. The mechanisms of infection have been comparatively well studied, although many questions remain to be answered. The knowledge so far obtained has shed some light on the reasons for host specificity. Temperature, above all relative humidity, and their interactions are the most important physical factors influencing infection of terrestrial insects by entomopathogenic fungi and these are discussed in relation to epizootiological events. In aquatic environments, temperature, salinity and organic pollution are the important factors. In addition to these physical factors, numerous biotic factors at the level of the insect and the fungal pathogen influence both infection and spread of disease in insect populations. The complexity of the interactions of the biotic and abiotic factors makes it extremely difficult to study the influence of any one of these. Virulence of fungal pathogens and its measurement are discussed, together with the shortcomings of present bioassay systems; virtually no laboratory bioassay system exists which has been designed to yield data meaningful in the field. Mass-production techniques are described as are their inherent problems and those of formulation and storage. Finally, the achievements of fungal control of insects in the field are reviewed. Thus far, several species are mass-produced and are in widespread use, two of which, Verticillium lecanii and Hirsutella thompsonii, have been commercialized. More studies, ecological, fundamental and developmental are required in this field to realize fully the potential of other candidate fungi.

Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 84 , Issue 4 , April 1982 , pp. 205 - 240
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, J. F. & Ringo, S. L. (1969). Entomophthora aquatica sp.n. infecting larvae and pupae of floodwater mosquitoes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 13, 386–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anonymous (1978). Research on the control of the coconut palm rhinoceros beetle, phase II. Fiji, Tonga, Western Samoa. Technical Report, United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1978.Google Scholar
Aquino, M. de L., Cavalcanti, V. A. L. B., Sena, R. C. & Queiroz, G. F. (1975). Nova tecnologia de multiplicaçào do fungo Metarrhizium anisopliae. Bol. Teen, da CODECAP (Recife Pernambuco) 4, 1–31.Google Scholar
Aquino, M. de L., Vital, A. F., Cavalcanti, V. A. L. B. & Nascimento, M. G. (1977). Culture de Metarrhizium anisopliae em sacos de polipropileno (Nota Prévia). Bol. Tecn, da CODECAP (Recife, Pernambuco) 5, 7–11.Google Scholar
Balaraman, K., Bheema Rao, U. S. & Rajagopalan, P. K. (1979). Isolation of Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria lenella and Fusarium oxysporum (Deuteromyeetes) and their pathogenicity to Culex fatigans and Anopheles stephensi. Indian Journal of Medical Research 70, 718–22.Google Scholar
Barson, G. (1976). Laboratory studies on the fungus, Verticillium lecanii, a larval pathogen of the large elm bark beetle. Annals of Applied Biology 83, 207–14.Google Scholar
Barson, G. (1977). Laboratory evaluation of Beauveria bassiana as a pathogen of the larval stage of the large elm bark beetle, Scolytus scolytus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 29, 361–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedford, G. O. (1981). Control of the Rhinoceros Beetle by Baculovirus. In Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980 (ed. Burges, H. D.), pp. 409–426. New York and London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bell, J. V. (1975). Production and pathogenicity of the fungus, Spicaria rileyi from solid and liquid media. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 26, 129–30.Google Scholar
Bell, J. V. & Hamalle, R. J. (1970). Three fungi tested for control of the cowpea curculio, Chalcodermus aeneus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 15, 447–50.Google Scholar
Belova, R. N. (1978). Development of the technology of Boverin production by the submersion method. In Proceedings of the First Joint US/USSR Conference on the Production, Selection and Standardization of Entomopathogenic Fungi of the US/USSR Joint Working Group on the Production of Substances by Microbiological Means (ed. Ignoffo, C. M.), Asra Information Resources, National Science Foundation, USA.Google Scholar
Blachere, H., Calvez, J., Ferron, P., Corrieu, G. & Peringer, P. (1973). Etude de la formulation et de la conservation d'une préparation entomopathogène à base de blastospores de Beauveria tenella (Delacr. Siemaszko). Annales de Zoologie – Ecologie Animate 5, 69–79.Google Scholar
Bland, C. E., Couch, J. N. & Newell, S. Y. (1981). Identification of Coelomomyces, Saprole-gniales and Lagenidiales. In Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980 (ed. Burges, H. D.), pp. 129–162. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Briese, D. Y. (1981). Resistance of insect species to microbial pathogens. In Pathogenesis of Invertebrate Microbial Diseases (ed. Davidson, E. W.), pp. 511–45. Allanheld, Osmun Publishers, USA.Google Scholar
Brobyn, P. J. & Wilding, N. (1977). Invasive and developmental processes of Entomophthora species infecting aphids. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 69, 349–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broome, J. R., Sikorowski, P. P. & Norment, B. R. (1976). A mechanism of pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana on larvae of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis richteri. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 28, 87–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Brussel, E. W. (1975). Inter-relations between citrus rust mite, Hirsutella thompsonii and greasy spot on citrus in Surinam. Ph.D. thesis, Agricultural University of Wageningen, Netherlands.Google Scholar
Carl, K. P. (1975). An Entomophthora sp. (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) pathogenic to Thrips spp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and its potential as a biological control agent in glasshouses. Entomophaga 20, 381–8.Google Scholar
Castillo, J. M. & Roberts, D. W. (1980). In vitro studies of Coelomomyces punctatus from Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Cyclops vernalis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 35, 144–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charles, V. K. (1941). Preliminary check list of the entomogenous fungi of North America. Insect Pest Survey Bulletin 25, 707–85.Google Scholar
Clark, T. B., Kellen, W. R., Fukuda, T. & Lindegren, J. E. (1968). Field and laboratory studies of the pathogenicity of the fungus Beauveria bassiana to three genera of mosquitoes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 11, 1–7.Google Scholar
Claus, L. (1961). Untersuchungen über die Chitinase Wirkung des insektötenden Pilze Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Archiv für Mikrobiologie 40, 17–46.Google Scholar
Clerk, G. C. & Madelin, M. F. (1965). The longevity of conidia of three insect-parasitising hyphomycetes. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 48, 193–209.Google Scholar
Couch, J. N. (1935). A new saprophytic species of Lagenidium with notes on other species. Mycologia 27, 376–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Couch, J. N. (1972). Mass production of Coelomomyces, a fungus that kills mosquitoes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 69, 2043–7.Google Scholar
Couch, J. N., Andreeva, R. V., Laird, M. & Nolan, R. A. (1979). Tabanomyces milkoi (Dudka and Koval) amended, genus novum, a fungal pathogen of horseflies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 76, 2299–302.Google Scholar
Couch, J. N. & Romney, S. V. (1973). Sexual reproduction in Lagenidium giganteum. Mycologia 65, 250–2.Google Scholar
Couch, J. N. & Umphlett, C. J. (1963). Coelomomyces infections. In Insect Pathology: A Advanced Treatise Vol. 2 (ed. Steinhaus, E. A.), pp. 149–188. New York and London: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Couch, T. L. & Ignoffo, C. M. (1981). Formulation of insect pathogens. In Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980 (ed. Burges, H. D.), pp. 621–634. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Dean, G. J. W. & Wilding, N. (1973). Infection of cereal aphids by the fungus Entomophthora. Annals of Applied Biology 74, 133–38.Google Scholar
Dedryver, C. A. (1978). Rôle de l'humidité relative sur le développement du champignon parasite Entomophthora aphidis Hoffman, dans les populations de l'aphide Sitobion avenae F. en 1976 dans l'Ouest de la France. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académic des Sciences, Série D286, 1723–6.Google Scholar
Dedryver, C. A. (1979). Déclenchement en serre d'une epizootie à Entomophthora fresenii Nowak. sur Aphis fabae Scop, par introduction d'inoculum et regulation de l'humidité relative. Entomophaga 24, 443–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dedryver, C. A. (1980). Premiers resultats concernant le rôle de trois espéces d' Entomophthora dans la limitation des populations de pucerons des céréales dans l'ouest de la France. Organisation Internationale de Lutte biologique/Section Régionale Ouest Paléarciique III 4, 5–9.Google Scholar
Dedryver, C. A., Perry, D., Latgé, J. P., Pafierok, B. & Remaudière, G. (1979). Prémiere implantation de Entomophthora obscura dans une population de Rhopalosiphum padi en serre, à l'aide de spores de resistance produites in vitro. Lutte biologique et intégrée contre les pucerons, Collogue franco-soviétique, Rennes, 26–2709 1979, 67–72.Google Scholar
Delmas, J.-C. (1973). Influence du lieu de contamination tégumentaire sur le développement de la mycose à Beauveria tenella (Delacr.) Siemaszko (Fungi Imperfecti) chez les larves du coléoptère Melolontha melolontha L. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie de Sciences, Série D 277, 433–5.Google Scholar
Descals, E., Webster, J., Ladle, M. & Bass, J. A. B. (1981). Variations in asexual reproduction in species of Entomophthora on aquatic insects. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 77, 85–102.Google Scholar
Doberski, J. W. (1981). Comparative laboratory studies on three fungal pathogens of the elm bark beetle Scolytus scolytus: effect of temperature and humidity on infection by Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces farinosus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 37, 195–200.Google Scholar
Domnas, A. (1981). Biochemistry of Lagenidium giganteum infection in mosquito larvae. In Pathogenesis of Invertebrate Microbial Disease (ed. Davidson, E. W.), pp. 425–449. Allanheld, Osmun Publishers, USA.Google Scholar
Domnas, A., Srebro, J. P. & Hicks, B. F. (1977). Sterol requirement in the mosquito parasitising fungus, Lagenidium giganteum. Mycologia 69, 875–86.Google Scholar
Duriez-Vaucelle, T., Fargues, J., Robert, P-H., & Popeye, R. (1981). Etude enzymatique comparée de champignons entomopathogènes des genres Beauveria et Metarhizium. Myco-pathologia 75, 109–26.Google Scholar
Dustan, A. G. (1927). The artificial culture and dissemination f Entomophthora sphaerosperma Fres., a fungous parasite for the control of European apple sucker (Psylla mali Schmidb.). Journal of Economic Entomology 20, 68–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Easwaramoorthy, S. & Jayaraj, S. (1978). Effectiveness of Cephalosporium lecanii on field populations of Coccus viridis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 32, 88–96.Google Scholar
Emmons, C. W. & Bridges, C. H. (1961). Entomophthora coronata, the etiologic agent of a phycomycosis of horse. Mycologia 54, 307–12.Google Scholar
Evans, H. C. & Samson, R. A. (1977). Sporodiniella umbellata, an entomogenous fungus of the Mucorales from cocoa farms in Ecuador. Canadian Journal of Botany 55, 2981–4.Google Scholar
Evlakhova, A. A. & Shekhurina, T. A. (1962). L'activité de défense de la cuticle de la punaise des céréales (Eurygaster integriceps) contre les micro-organismes végétaux. Coll. Int. Pathol. Insectes, Paris 1962, 137–41.Google Scholar
Evlakhova, A. A. & Voronina, E. G. (1967). Entomophthorous fungi as a natural control in decreasing pea aphid populations. Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Insect Pathology and Microbial Control, Wageningen, The Netherlands, September 5–10, 1966, 280–1.Google Scholar
Fargues, J. (1981). Spécificité des Hyphomycètes entomopathogènes et résistance interspeci-fique des larves d'insectes. I. Thèse Doctorat des Sciences naturelles, Université Paris 6, 244 pp.Google Scholar
Fargues, J., Cugier, J. P. & van de Weghe, P. (1980). Expérimentation en parcelles du champignon Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycète) contre Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Col., Chry-somelidae). Acta Oecologica; Oecologia Applicata 1, 49–61.Google Scholar
Fargues, J., Duriez, T., Popeye, R., Robert, P-H. & Biguet, J. (1981). Immunological characterization of the entomopathogenic hyphomycetes Beauveria and Metarhizium. Myco-pathologia 75, 101–8.Google Scholar
Fargues, J. & Robert, P-H. (1978). Adaptability de deux pathotypes de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.). Sr. (Fungi Imperfecti Hyphomycetes) par culture sur milieu artificiel et par passage sur insecte-hôte d'origine. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Série D 287, 165–7.Google Scholar
Fargues, J., Robert, P-H., & Reisinger, O. (1979). Formulation des productions de masse de l'hyphomycéte entomopathogène Beauveria en vue des applications phytosanitaires. Annates de Zoologie-Écologie Animate 11, 247–57.Google Scholar
Fargues, J., Robert, P-H. & Vey, A. (1976). Rôle du tegument et de la défense cellulaire des Coléoptères hôtes dans la spécificité des souches entomopathogènes de Metarhizium anisopliae. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Série D 282, 2223–6.Google Scholar
Fargues, J. & Vey, A. (1974). Modalités d'infection des larves de Leptinotarsa decemlineata par Beauveria bassiana au cours de la mue. Entomophaga 19, 311–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farr, D. F. & Lichtwardt, R. W. (1967). Some cultural and ultra-structural aspects of Smittium culisetae (Trichomycetes) from mosquito larvae. Mycologia 59, 172–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fawcett, H. S. (1907). Fungi parasitic on the citrus whitefly. Annual Report–University of Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, 47–49.Google Scholar
Fawcett, H. S. (1944). Fungus and bacterial diseases of insects as factors in biological control. The Botanical Review 10, 327–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Federici, B. A. (1975). Cyclops vernalis (Copepoda: Cyclopoida): An alternate host for the fungus Coelomomyces punctatus. Proceedings and Papers of the California Mosquito and Vector Control Association 43, 172–4.Google Scholar
Federici, B. A. (1980). Production of the mosquito-parasitic fungus, Coelomomyces dodgei, through synchronised infection and growth of the intermediate copepod host, Cyclops vernalis. Entomophaga 25, 209–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Federici, B. A. (1981). Mosquito control by the fungi, Culicinomyces, Lagenidium and Coelomomyces. In Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases, 1970–1980 (ed. Burges, H. D.), pp. 555–572. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ferron, P. (1967). Etude en laboratoire des conditions ecologiques favorisant le développement de la mycose à Beauveria tenella du ver blanc. Entomophaga 12, 257–93.Google Scholar
Ferron, P. (1974). Essai de lutte microbiologique contre Melolontha melolontha par contamination du sol à l'aide de blastospores de Beauveria tenella. Entomophaga 19, 103–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferron, P. (1977). Influence of relative humidity on the development of fungal infection caused by Beauveria bassiana (fungi imperfecti) in imagines of Acanthoscelides obtectus. Entomophaga 22, 393–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferron, P. (1978). Biological control of insect pests by entomogenous fungi. Annual Review of Entomology 23, 409–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferron, P. (1981). Pest control by the fungi Beauveria and Metarhizium. In Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980 (ed. Burges, H. D.), pp. 465–482. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Fetter-Lasko, J. L. (1980). Ecology of Lagenidium giganteum Couch, an aquatic fungal pathogen of mosquitoes. Assessment as a biological control agent against mosquito larvae. Ph.D. thesis, University of California.Google Scholar
Foster, W. A. (1975). The life history and population biology of an intertidal aphid, Pemphigus trehernei Foster. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 127, 193–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabriel, B. P. (1968). Enzymatic activities of some entomophthoraceous fungi. Histochemical studies of the insect cuticle infected by Entomophthora coronata. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 11, 70–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gad, A. M. & Sadek, S. (1968). Experimental infection of Anopheles pharoensis larvae with Coelomomyces indicus. Egypt Publ. Health Association Journal 43, 387–91.Google Scholar
Gams, W. (1971). Cephalosporium – artige Schimmelpilze (Hyphomycetes). Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.Google Scholar
Ganhão, J. F. P. (1956). Cephalosporium lecanii Zimm. Um fungo entomogeno de Cochonilhas, Broteria 25, 71–135.Google Scholar
Garcia, C. & Ignoffo, C. M. (1977). Dislodgement of conidia of Nomuraea rileyi from cadavers of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 30, 114–16.Google Scholar
Gerson, U., Kenneth, R. & Muttath, T. I. (1979). Hirsutella thompsonii, a fungal pathogen of mites. II. Host-pathogen interactions. Annals of Applied Biology 91, 29–40.Google Scholar
Getzin, L. W. (1961). Spicaria rileyi (Farlow) Charles, an entomogenous fungus of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner). Journal of Insect Pathology 3, 2–10.Google Scholar
Glenn, F. E. & Chapman, H. C. (1978). A natural epizootic of the aquatic fungus, Lagenidium giganteum in the mosquito, Culex territans. Mosquito News 38, 522–4.Google Scholar
Goldberg, A. M. (1969). The finding of entomophthoraceous fungi on mosquitoes (Family Culicidae) and midges (Family Certopogonidae). Meditsinskaya parazitologiya i parazitarrige boleznio moskva 38, 21–23.Google Scholar
Goral, V. M. (1973). The influence of conditions of deep culture on the formation of Beauveria bassiana and tenella conidia, two entomopathogenic fungi. Zakhyst Roslyn. Kiev 18, 66–72.Google Scholar
Goral, V. M. (1975). Morphological characteristics of development of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, in deep cultures. Mikol. Fitopatol. 9, 98–103.Google Scholar
Gösswald, K. (1938). Über den insektötenden Pilz Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Bisher bekannte und eigene Versuche. Arbeiten aus der biologischen Reichanstalt für Land-u. Forst-wirtschafl. Berlin 22, 399–452.Google Scholar
Götz, P. & Vey, A. (1974). Humoral encapsulation in Diptera (Insecta): defence reactions of Chironomus larvae against fungi. Parasitology 68, 193–205.Google Scholar
Grula, E. A., Burton, R. L., Smith, R., Mapes, T. L., Cheung, P. Y. K., Pekrul, S., Champlin, F. R., Grula, M. & Abegaz, B. (1978). Biochemical basis for entomopathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana. Proceedings of the First Joint US/USSR Conference on the Production, Selection and Standardisation of Entomopathogenic Fungi of Project V, Microbiological Control of Insect Pests, of the US/USSR Joint Working Group on the Production of Substances by Microbiological Means. Ed. Ignoffo, C. M.. Asra Information Resources, National Science Foundation, USA.Google Scholar
Gustafsson, M. (1965 a). On species of the genus Entomophthora Fres. in Sweden. I. Classification and distribution. Lantbrukshögskolans Annaler 31, 103–212.Google Scholar
Gustafsson, M. (1965 b). On species of the genus Entomophthora Fres. in Sweden. II. Cultivation and Physiology. Lantbrukshögskolans Annaler 31, 405–57.Google Scholar
Hall, I. M. & Dunn, P. H. (1958). Artificial dissemination ofentomophthorous fungi pathogenic to the spotted alfalfa aphid in California. Journal of Economic Entomology 51, 341–4.Google Scholar
Hall, R. A. (1975). Aphid control by a fungus, Verticillium lecanii, within an integrated programme for chrysanthemum pests and diseases. Proceedings 8th British Insecticide and Fungicide Conference, pp. 93–99.Google Scholar
Hall, R. A. (1976 a). Verticillium lecanii on the aphid, Macrosiphoniella sanborni. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 28, 389–91.Google Scholar
Hall, R. A. (1976 b). A bioassay of the pathogenicity of Verticillium lecanii conidiospores on the aphid, Macrosiphoniella sanborni. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 27, 41–8.Google Scholar
Hall, R. A. (1979). Pathogenicity of Verticillium lecanii conidia and blastospores against the aphid, Macrosiphoniella sanborni. Entomophaga 24, 191–8.Google Scholar
Hall, R. A. (1980 a). Effect of relative humidity on survival of washed and unwashed conidiospores of Verticillium lecanii. Acta Oecologica; Oecologia Applicata, 1, 265–74.Google Scholar
Hall, R. A. (1980 b). Comparison of laboratory infection of aphids by Metarrhizium anisopliae and Verticillium lecanii. Annals of Applied Biology 95, 159–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, R. A. (1980 c). Effect of repeated subculturing on agar and passaging through an insect host on pathogenicity, morphology and growth rate of Verticillium lecanii. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 36, 216–22.Google Scholar
Hall, R. A. (1980 d). Control of aphids by the fungus, Verticillium lecanii: effect of spore concentration. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 27, 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, R. A. (1981). The fungus, Verticillium lecanii, as a microbial insecticide against aphids and scales. In Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980 (ed. Burges, H. D.), pp. 483–498. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hall, R. A. & Burges, H. D. (1979). Control of aphids in glasshouses with the fungus, Verticillium lecanii. Annals of Applied Biology 93, 235–46.Google Scholar
Hall, R. A. & Espinosa, B. A. (1981). The coconut mite, Eriophyes guerreronis with special reference to the problem in Mexico. Proceedings 1981 British Crop Protection Conference – Pests and Dieases, 113–120.Google Scholar
Hall, R. A., Hussey, N. W. & Mariau, D. (1980). Results of a survey of biological control agents of the coconut mite, Eriophyes guerreronis. Oléagineux 35, 395–400.Google Scholar
Hall, R. A. & Latgé, J-P. (1980). Etude de quelques facteurs stimulant la formation in vitro des blastospores de Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viégas. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Académic des Sciences, Série D 291, 75–8.Google Scholar
Hall, R. A., Wardlow, L., Saynor, M., Cross, J. & Bassett, P. (1981). Extension of use of Verticillium lecanii in the glasshouse industry. Glasshouse Crops Research Institute Annual Report 1980.Google Scholar
Hall, R. A., Zimmermann, G. & Vey, A. (1982). Guidelines for the registration of entomogenous fungi as insecticides. Entomophaga (in the Press).Google Scholar
Hartmann, G. C. & Wasti, S. S. (1974). Infection of the Gypsy Moth, Porthetria dispar with the entomogenous fungus, Conidiobolus coronatus. Entomophaga 19, 353–60.Google Scholar
Hedlund, R. C. & Pass, B. C. (1968). Infection of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica by the fungus, Beauveria bassiana. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 11, 25–34.Google Scholar
De Hoog, G. S. (1972). The genera Beauveria, Isaria, Tritirachium and Acrodontium gen.nov. Studies in Mycology 1, 1–41.Google Scholar
Hüber, J. (1958). Untersuehungen zur Physiologie insektötenden Pilze. Archiv für Mikrobiologie 29, 257–76.Google Scholar
Hussey, N. W. & Tinsley, T. W. (1981). Impressions of insect pathology in the People's Republic of China. In Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980 (ed. Burges, H. D.), pp. 785–795. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ignoffo, C. M. (1973). Effects of entomopathogens on vertebrates. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 217, 141–64.Google Scholar
Ignoffo, C. M. (1981). The fungus, Nomuraea rileyi as a microbial insecticide. In Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases, 1970–1980 (ed. Burges, H. D.), pp. 513–538. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ignoffo, C. M., Barker, W. M. & McCoy, C. W. (1973). Lack of per os toxicity or pathogenicity in rats fed the fungus, Hirsutella thompsonii. Entomophaga 18, 333–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ignoffo, C. M., Garcia, C., Alyoshina, O. A. & Lappa, N. V. (1979). Laboratory and field studies with Boverin: a mycoinsecticidal preparation of Beauveria bassiana produced in the Soviet Union. Journal of Economic Entomology 72, 562–5.Google Scholar
Jaronski, S. T. & Axtell, R. C. (1981). Effects of organic water pollution on the infection of Culex quinquefasciatus by Lagenidium giganteum. Program, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, SIP XlVth Annual Meeting,Montana State University,Bozeman, Montana,August 17–21, 1981.Google Scholar
Kalvish, T. K. & Kukharchuk, L P. (1974). Pathogenic mycoflora of bloodsucking mosquitoes of Western Siberia and the Far East. Meditsinskaya parazitologiya i parazitarnye bolezini. Moskva 43, 57–64.Google Scholar
Kawakami, K. (1962). Studies on the cylindrical spores of muscardines. II. The growth of muscardines in the shaking culture with liquid media. Bulletin of the Sericultural Experiment Station, Japan 18, 147–56.Google Scholar
Keller, S., Keller, E. & Ramser, E. (1979). Ergebnisse eines Versuches zur mikrobiologischen Bekämpfung des Maikäfers (Melolontha melolontha L.) mit dem Pilz Beauveria tenella. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 53, 35–44.Google Scholar
Keller, S. & Suter, H. (1980). Epizootiologische Untersuchunge über das Entomophthera Auftreten bei feldbaulich wichtigen Blattlausarten. Acta Oecologica; Oecologia Applicata, 1, 63–81.Google Scholar
Kenneth, R., Muttath, T. I. & Gerson, U. (1979). Hirsutella thompsonii, a fungal pathogen of mites. I. Biology of the fungus in vitro. Annals of Applied Biology 91, 21–8.Google Scholar
Kermarrec, A. & Mauleon, H. (1975). Quelques aspects de la pathogénie d'Entomopthora coronata (Cost.) Kevork. pour la Fourmi-Manioc de la Guadeloupe, Acromyrmex octospinosus (Formicidae, Attini). Annates de Parasitologie humaine et comparée 50, 351–60.Google Scholar
Kish, L. P. & Allen, G. E. (1978). The biology and ecology of Nomuraea rileyi and a program for predicting its incidence on Anticarsia gemmatalis in soybean. Florida Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin, N. 795, 48 pp.Google Scholar
Kmitowa, K., Bajan, C. & Wojciechowska, M. (1977). Differences in the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi from France and Poland. Polish Ecological Studies 3, 115–26.Google Scholar
Knight, A. L. (1980). Host range and temperature requirements of Culicinomyces clavosporus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 36, 423–5.Google Scholar
Kodaira, Y. (1961). Biochemical studies on the muscardine fungi in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Journal of the Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, no. 29, Ser. E. Agr., Sericult 5, 1–68.Google Scholar
Koidsumi, K. (1957). Antifungal action of cuticular lipids in insects. Journal of Insect Physiology 1, 40–51.Google Scholar
Kondryatiev, N. N., Alioshina, O. A., Ilitcheva, S. N., Perikhanova, A. G., Sinitsina, L. P., Ouspenskaia, A. A., Chegov, E. M. (1971). Methods of obtaining entomopathogenic material of the fungus Beauveria bassiana. USSR patent no. 313531.Google Scholar
Kramer, J. P. (1980). The house-fly mycosis caused by Entomophthora muscae: influence of relative humidity on infectivity and germination. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 88, 236–40.Google Scholar
Kramer, J. P. (1981). A mycosis of the blood-sucking snipe fly Syirvphoromyia hirta caused by Erynia ithacensis sp.n. (Entomophthoraceae). Mycopathologia 75, 159–64.Google Scholar
Krassilstchik, I. M. (1888). La production industrielle des parasites végetaux pour la destruction des insectes nuisibles. Bull. Sci. France 19, 461–72.Google Scholar
Krejzova, R. (1975). Enhancement of pathogenicity of Conidiobolus coronatus for the termite Coptotermes formosenus and Reticulitermes lucifugus by precultivation on an insect host. Věstnick Československé společnosti zoologické v. Praze 39, 13–22.Google Scholar
Krejzova, R. (1977). Enhancement of pathogenicity of the fungus Conidiobolus coronatus by means of multiple precultivation in insect hosts. Věstnick Československé společnosti zoologické v. Praze 41, 105–13.Google Scholar
Kučera, M. & Samšiňáková, A. (1968). Toxins of the entomophagous fungus, Beauveria bassiana. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 12, 316–20.Google Scholar
Laird, M. (1967). A coral island experiment. WHO Chronicle 21, 18–26.Google Scholar
Laird, M. (1981). Biocontrol of biting flies: recent history, status and priorities. In Biocontrol of Medical and Veterinary Pests (ed. Laird, M.), pp. 196–228. Praeger Scientific Press.Google Scholar
Lambiase, J. T. & Yendol, W. G. (1977). The fine structure of Entomophthora apiculala and its penetration of Trichoplusia ni. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 23, 452–64.Google Scholar
Latch, G. C. M. (1965). Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin strains in New Zealand and their possible use for controlling pasture-inhabiting insects. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 8, 384–96.Google Scholar
Latch, G. C. M. & Falloon, R. E. (1976). Studies on the use of Metarhizium anisopliae to control Oryctes rhinoceros. Entomophaga 21, 39–48.Google Scholar
Latgé, J-P. (1972). Contribution à l'étude du Cordyceps militaris (Fr.) Link. Systématique, biologie, physiologie. Thèse, Docteur de Specialité, Université Paul Sabatier de Toulouse.Google Scholar
Latgé, J-P. (1974). Activités protéolytiques et chitinolytiques de Cordyceps militaris. Entomophaga 19, 41–53.Google Scholar
Latgé, J-P. (1980). Sporulation de Entomophthora obscura Hall et Dunn en culture liquide. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 26, 1038–48.Google Scholar
Latgé, J-P. (1982). Comparaison des exigences nutritionnelles des Entomophthorales. Annates de Microbiologic, Institut Pasteur (in the Press).Google Scholar
Latgé, J-P. & de Bievre, C. (1976). Influence des lipides et acides gras du jaune d'oeuf sur la croissance et la sporulation des Entomophthorales. Annates de Microbiologic, Institut Pasteur 127A, 261–74.Google Scholar
Latgé, J-P., King, D. S. & Papierok, B. (1980). Synonymie de Entomophthora virulenta Hall et Dunn et de Conidiobolus thromboides Drechsler. Mycotaxon 11, 255–68.Google Scholar
Latgé, J-P., Papierok, B. & Sampedro, L. (1982). Aggressivité de Conidiobolus obscurus vis a vis du puceron du pois. I. Comportement des conidies avant la pénétration du tube germinatif dans l'insecte. Entomophaga (in the Press).Google Scholar
Latgé, J-P. & Perry, D. (1980). Utilization of an Entomophthora obscura resting spore preparation in biological control experiments against cereal aphids. Organisation Internationale de Lutte biologique/Section Régionale Ouest Paléarctique 3/4, 19–25.Google Scholar
Latgé, J. P., Perry, D., Papierok, B., Coremans-Pelseneer, J., Remaudière, G. & Reisinger, O. (1978 a). Germination des azygospores d'Entomophthora obscura Hall and Dunn, rôle du sol. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Académie des Sciences, Série D 287, 943–6.Google Scholar
Latgé, J-P., Perry, D., Reisinger, O., Papierok, B. & Remaudière, G. (1979). Induction de la formation des spores de resistance d'Entomophthora obscura Hall and Dunn. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Académie des Sciences, Série D 288, 599–601.Google Scholar
Latgé, J-P., Remaudière, G. & Diaquin, M. (1978 b). Un nouveau milieu pour la croissance et la sporulation des Champignons Entomophthorales pathogenès d'Aphides. Annates de Microbiologic, Institut Pasteur 129 B, 463–76.Google Scholar
Latgé, J-P., Soper, R. S. & Madore, C. D. (1977). Media suitable for industrial production of Entomophthora virulenta zygospores. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19, 1269–84.Google Scholar
Latgé, J-P. & Vey, A. (1974). Etude de la pathogénie de la mycose à Cordyceps militaris chez deux Lepidoptères. Annates de la Société entomologique de France 10, 149–59.Google Scholar
Latteur, G. (1980). The persistence of infectivity of conidia of Entomophthora obscura at different temperatures on the surface of an unsterilised soil. Acta Oecologica; Oecologia Applicata 1, 29–34.Google Scholar
Lipa, J. (1963). Polish analytical bibliography of insect pathology. Part 1. Diseases and microbial control of noxious insects. Pracenaukowe Instytutuochrony roślin. Warszawa 5, 3–101.Google Scholar
Lipa, J. (1975). ‘An Outline of Insect Pathology’. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.Google Scholar
Lisansky, S. G. & Hall, R. A. (1982). Fungal control of insects. In The Filamentous Fungi, vol. 4 (ed. Smith, J. E., Berry, D. R. and Kristiansen, B.). Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.Google Scholar
McCauley, V. J. E., Zachakuk, R. Y. & Tinline, R. D. (1968). Histopathology of green muscardine in larvae of four species of Elateridae (Coleoptera). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 12, 444–59.Google Scholar
McCoy, C. W. (1978). Entomopathogens in arthropod pest control programs in citrus. In Microbial Control of Insect Pests: Future Strategies in Pest Management Systems (ed. Allen, G. E., Ignoffo, C. M. and Jacques, R. P.), pp. 211–224.Google Scholar
McCoy, C. W. (1981). Pest control by the fungus, Hirsutella thompsonii. In Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980, (ed. Burges, H. D.), pp. 499–512. Academic Press.Google Scholar
McCoy, C. W. & Couch, T. L. (1978). Hirsutella thompsonii: a potential mycoacaricide. Developments in Industrial Microbiology. New York 20, 89–96.Google Scholar
McCoy, C. W. & Couch, T. L. (1982). Microbial control of the citrus rust mite with the mycoacaricide, ‘Mycar’. Florida Entomologist (in the Press).Google Scholar
McCoy, C. W., Couch, T. L. & Weathekwax, R. (1978). A simplified medium for the production of Hirsutella thompsonii. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 31, 137–9.Google Scholar
McCoy, C. W. & Heimpel, A. M. (1980). Safety of the potential mycoacaricide, Hirsutella thompsonii, to vertebrates. Environmental Entomology 9, 47–9.Google Scholar
McCoy, C. W. & Selhime, A. G. (1974). The fungus pathogen, Hirsutella thompsonii, and its potential for control of the citrus rust mite in Florida. Proceedings of the International Citrus Congress, Murcia, Spain (1973), vol. 2, 521–7.Google Scholar
McCoy, C. W., Selhime, A. G., Kanavel, R. F. & Hill, A. J. (1971). Suppression of citrus rust mite populations with application of fragmented mycelia of Hirsutella thompsonii. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 17, 270–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCray, E. M., Wormeldorf, D. J., Husbands, R. C. & Eliason, D. A. (1973). Laboratory observations and tests with Lagenidium against California mosquitoes. Proceedings and Papers of the Annual Conference of the California Mosquito and Vector Control Association 41, 123–8.Google Scholar
McEwen, F. L. (1963). Cordyceps infections. In Insect Pathology: An Advanced Treatise (ed. Steinhaus, E. A.), vol. 2, pp. 273–290. New York and London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
McInnis, T. (1975). Biochemical basis of pathogenesis of fungal diseases of vectors. In Biological Regulation of Vectors (ed. Briggs, J. D.), pp. 95–110. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare Publication No. (NIH) 77–1180.Google Scholar
MacLeod, D. M. (1960). Nutritional studies on the genus Hirsutella. III. Acid-hydrolysed casein and amino acid combination as sources of nitrogen. Journal of Insect Pathology 2, 139–46.Google Scholar
MacLeod, D. M. (1963). Entomophthorales infections. In Insect Pathology, vol. 2 (ed. Steinhaus, E. A.) pp. 189–231. Academic Press.Google Scholar
MacLeod, D. M., Cameron-Macbain, J. W. & Soper, R. S. (1966). The influence of environmental conditions on epizootics caused by entomogenous fungi. Revue roumaine biologie 11, 125–34.Google Scholar
MacLeod, D. M., Tyrrell, D., Soper, R. S. & de Lyzer, A. J. (1973). Entomophthora bullata as a pathogen of Sarcophaga aldrichi. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 22, 75–9.Google Scholar
Madelin, M. F. (1963). Diseases caused by hyphomycetous fungi. In Insect Pathology: An Advanced Treatise (ed. Steinhaus, E. A.), vol. 2, pp. 233–271. Academic Press: New York and London.Google Scholar
Mains, E. B. (1951). Entomogenous species of Hirsutella, Tilachlidium and Synnemalium. Mycologia 43, 691–717.Google Scholar
Mains, E. B. (1958). North American species of Cordyceps. Mycologia 50, 169–222.Google Scholar
Martin, W. W. (1969). A morphological and cytological study of the development of Coelo-momyces punctatus parasitic on Anopheles quadrimaculatus. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 85, 59–72.Google Scholar
Matanmi, B. A. (1979). Entomophthora apiculata (Thaxter) Gustafs. (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales) as a pathogen of calypterate flies in Nigeria. Mycopathologia 69, 157–60.Google Scholar
Metschnikoff, E. (1879). Diseases of the larva of the grain weevil. Insects harmful to agriculture (series). Issue III, The grain weevil. Published by the Commission attached to the Odessa Zemstvo office for the investigation of the problem of insects harmful to agriculture. Odessa, pp 32.Google Scholar
Milner, R. J. & Lutton, G. G. (1976). Metarrhizium anisopliae: survival of conidia in the soil. Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and IXth Annual Meeting Society for Invertebrate Pathology,Kingston, Canada, pp. 428–430.Google Scholar
Milner, R. J. & Soper, R. S. (1981). Bioassay of Entomophthora against the spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis trifolii f. maculata. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 37, 168–73.Google Scholar
Milner, R. J., Soper, R. S. & Lutton, G. G. (1982). Field release of an Israeli strain of the fungus, Zoophthora radicans (Brefeld) Batko for biological control of Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) f. maculata. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 21, 75–80.Google Scholar
Missonier, J., Robert, Y. & Thoizon, G. (1970). Circonstances épidemiologiques semblant favoriser le développement des mycoses à Entomophthorales chez trois aphides, Aphis fabae Scop., Capitophorus horni Börner et Myzus persicae Sulz. Entomophaga 15, 169–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohamed, A. K. A., Sikorowski, P. P. & Bell, J. V. (1978). Histopathology of Nomuraea rileyi in larvae of Heliothis zea, and in vitro enzymatic activity. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 31, 345–52.Google Scholar
Moore, G. E. (1973). Pathogenicity of three entomogenous fungi to the Southern Pine Beetle at various temperatures and humidities. Environmental Entomology, 2, 54–7.Google Scholar
Müller-Kögler, E. (1959). Zur Isolierung und Kultur insektenpathogener Entomophthora-ceen. Entomophaga 4, 261–74.Google Scholar
Müller-Kögler, E. (1965).‘Pilzkrankheiten bei Insekten’. pp. 444. Berlin und Hamburg: Paul Parey.Google Scholar
Muspratt, J. (1963). Destruction of the larvae of Anopheles gambiae Giles by a Coelomomyces fungus. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 29, 81–6.Google Scholar
Nagaich, B. B. (1973). Verticillium species pathogenic on aphids. Indian Phytopathology 26, 163–5.Google Scholar
Newman, G. G. & Carner, G. R. (1975). An Entomophthora infection of the adult cluster fly, Pollenia rudis. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 10, 315–26.Google Scholar
Olive, E. W. (1906). Cytological studies on the Entomophthoraceae. I. The morphology and development of Empusa. Botanical Gazette 41, 192–208.Google Scholar
Osman, M. & Valadon, L. R. G. (1981). Effect of light (especially near-UV) on spore germination and ultrastructure of Verticillium agaricinum. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 77, 187–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otvos, I. S., MacLeod, D. M., & Tyrrell, D. (1973). Two species of Entomophthora pathogenic to the Eastern hemlock looper (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Newfoundland. Canadian Entomologist 105, 1435–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Page, W. W. (1978). The biology and control of the grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus. Pans 24, 270–7.Google Scholar
Papierok, B. (1978). Obtention in vivo des azygospores d'Entomophthora thaxteriana Petch, champignon pathogène de pucerons (Homoptères Aphididae). Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Série D 286, 1053–6.Google Scholar
Papierok, B. & Coremans-Pelseneer, J. (1980). Contribution à l'ètude de Conidiobolus osmodes Drechsler (Phycomycètes Entomophthoraceae) agent occasionnel d'epizooties chez les pucerons (Homopteres Aphididae). Cryptog. Mycol. 1, 111–17.Google Scholar
Papierok, B. & Latgé, J-P. (1980). Considérations sur le pouvoir pathogénie de Entomophthora obscura Hall et Dunn à l'égard des pucerons des céréales. Organisation Internationale de lutte biologique/Section Régionale Ouest Paléarctique, 3/4, pp. 27–29.Google Scholar
Papierok, B. & Wilding, N. (1979). Mise en evidence d'une différence de sensibilité entre 2 clones du puceron du pois Acyrthosiphon pisum Harr. (Homopteres: Aphididae), exposé à 2 souches du champignon Phycomycète Entomophthora obscura Hall et Dunn. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Série D 288, 93–5.Google Scholar
Papierok, B. & Wilding, N. (1981). Etude du comportement de plusieurs souches de Conidiobolus obscurus (Hall et Dunn) Remaud. et Kell. (Zygomycètes, Entomophthoraceae) vis-à-vis des pucerons Acyrthosiphon pisum Harr. et Sitobion avenae F. (Homoptera: Aphididae). Entomophaga 26, 241–9.Google Scholar
Parameswaban, G. & Sankaran, T. (1977). Record of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. on Linskcosteus sp. (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in India. Journal of Entomological Research 1, 113–14.Google Scholar
Pabis, S. (1980). Etude physiologique, biochimique et génétique des caractères de Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch liés à la pathogenicite de ce champignon pour le hanneton commun, Melolontha melolontha. Thèse Doctorat des Sciences naturelles, Université Paris XI, 195 pp.Google Scholar
Paris, S. & Ferbon, P. (1979). Study of the virulence of some mutants of Beauveria brongniartii (= Beauveria tenella). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 34, 71–7.Google Scholar
Paris, S. & Segretain, G. (1975). Caractères physiologiques de Beauveria tenella en rapport avec la virulence de souches de ce champignon pour la larve du hanneton commun, Melolontha melolontha. Entomophaga 20, 135–8.Google Scholar
Pekrul, S. & Grula, E. A. (1979). Mode of infection of the corn earworm (Heliothis zea) by Beauveria bassiana as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 34, 238–47.Google Scholar
Pillai, J. S., Wong, T. L. & Dodgshun, T. J. (1976). Copepods as essential hosts for the development of Coelomomyces parasitising mosquito larvae. Journal of Medical Entomology 13, 49–50.Google Scholar
Prasertphon, S. & Tanada, Y. (1968). The formation and circulation in Galleria of hyphal bodies of entomophthoraceous fungi. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 11, 260–80.Google Scholar
Prasertphon, S. & Tanada, Y. (1969). Mycotoxins of entomophthoraceous fungi. Hilgardia 39, 581–600.Google Scholar
Puttler, B., Ignoffo, C. M. & Hostetter, D. L. (1976). Relative susceptibility of nine caterpillar species to the fungus Nomuraea rileyi. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 27, 269–70.Google Scholar
Remaudière, G. (1977). Sur quelques Aphidoidea de la Polynésie française. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 82, 150–5.Google Scholar
Remaudière, G. & Hennebert, G. L. (1980). Révision systématique de Entomophthora aphidis HorTm. in Fres. Description de deux nouveaux pathogènes d'Aphides. Mycotaxon 11, 269–321.Google Scholar
Remaudière, G. & Keller, S. (1980). Révision systématique des genres d'Entomophthoraceae à potentialité entomopathogène. Mycotaxon 11, 323–38.Google Scholar
Remaudière, G., Latgé, J.-P. & Michel, M. F. (1981). Ecologie comparée des Entomophthor-acées pathogènes de pucerons en France littorale et continentale. Entomophaga 26, 157–78.Google Scholar
Remaudière, G., Latgé, J.-P. & Papierok, B. (1979). Reconsidération taxonomique de Entomophthora obscura Hall et Dunn. Annates de Microbiologic, Institut Pasteur 130A, 151–62.Google Scholar
Remaudière, G. & Michel, M. F. (1971). Première expérimentation écologique sur les Ento-mophthorales (Phycomycetes) parasites de pucerons en vergers de Pêehers (Myzus persicae). Entomophaga 16, 75–94.Google Scholar
Riba, G. & Glandard, A. (1980). Mise au point d'un milieu nutritif pour la culture profonde du champignon entomopathogène Nomuraea rileyi. Entomophaga 25, 317–22.Google Scholar
Richards, A. G. (1978). The chemistry of insect cuticle. In Biochemistry of Insects (ed. Rockstein, M.), pp. 649. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Robert, Y., Rabasse, J. M. & Scheltes, P. (1973). Facteurs de limitation des populations d'Aphis fabae Scop, dans l'Ouest de la France. I. Epizootiologie des maladies à Entomoph-thorales sur féverole de printemps. Entomophaga 18, 61–75.Google Scholar
Roberts, D. W. (1974). Le contrôle des moustiques (Mosquito Control). In Proceedings of the International Seminar on Mosquito Control (ed. Aubin, A., Bourassa, J.-P., Belloncik, S., Pellissier, M. and Lacoursière, E.). pp. 143–193. University of Quebec, 05 08–10 1973.Google Scholar
Roberts, D. W. (1981). Toxins of entomopathogenic fungi. In Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980 (ed. Burges, H. D.), pp. 441–464. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, D. W. & Castillo, J. M. (1980). Bibliography on pathogens of medically important arthropods: 1980. Supplement to vol. 58 of the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Geneva.Google Scholar
Roberts, D. W. & Strand, M. A. (1977). Pathogens of Medically Important Arthropods. World Health Organization, Geneva.Google Scholar
Russell, R. C., Debenham, M. L. & Lee, D. J. (1979). A natural habitatof the insect-pathogenic fungus, Culicinomyces, in the Sydney area. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 103, 71–3.Google Scholar
Samšiňáková, A. (1962). L'utilisation d'une préparation de champignon dans la lutte contre le Doryphore. Agronomiski glasnik 12, 563–5.Google Scholar
Samšiňáková, A. (1966). Growth and sporulation of submerged cultures of the fungus, Beauveria bassiana, in various media. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 8, 395–408.Google Scholar
Samšiňáková, A. (1969). Respiration of blastospores of the fungus, Beauveria bassiana during submerged cultivation in the presence of certain sugars. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 13, 383–5.Google Scholar
Samšiňáková, A., Bajan, C., Kalálová, S., Kmitowa, K., Wojciechowska, M. (1977). The effect of some entomophagous fungi on the Colorado beetle and their enzyme activity. Bulletin de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences, Série des Sciences biologiques, vol. 25, no. 8, 1977.Google Scholar
Samšiňáková, A., Kálalová, S., Vlček, V. & Kybal, J. (1981). Mass-production of Beauveria bassiana for regulation of Leptinotarsa decemlineata populations. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 38, 169–74.Google Scholar
Samšiňáková, A., Misikova, S. & Leopold, J. (1971). Action of enzymatic systems of Beauveria bassiana On the cuticle of the greater wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 18, 322–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samson, R. A. (1974). Paecilomyces and some allied hyphomycetes. Studies in Mycology 6, 1–82.Google Scholar
Samson, R. A. (1981). Identification: Entomopathogenic Deuteromycetes. In Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980 (ed. Burges, H. D.), pp. 93–106. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Samson, R. A. & Evans, H. C. (1973). Notes on entomogenous fungi from Ghana. I. The genera Gibellula and Pseudogibellula. Acta botanica Neerlandica 22, 522–8.Google Scholar
Saubenova, O. G. (1976). The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae as a possible regulator of the number of gad flies. Doklady Akad. Nauk SSR, Parasitol., 10, 380–1.Google Scholar
Schabel, H. G. (1976). Oral infection of Hylobius pales by Metarrhizium anisopliae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 27, 377–83.Google Scholar
Schabel, H. G. (1978). Percutaneous infection of Hylobius pales by Metarhizium anisopliae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 31, 180–7.Google Scholar
Seymour, R. L. (1976). The systematic significance of pathogenicity of fungi for pnimals and plants. In Biological Regulation of Vectors (ed. Briggs, J. D.), pp. 111–134. U.S. Department of Health and Education and Welfare, publications no. (NIH) 77–1180.Google Scholar
Shands, N. A., Simpson, G. W. & Hall, I. M. (1963). Importance of entomogenous fungi in controlling aphids on potatoes in Northeastern Maine. Technical Bulletin of the Maine Life Sciences and Agriculture Experiment Station 6, 42 pp.Google Scholar
Shands, N. A., Simpson, G. W., Hall, I. M. & Gordon, C. C. (1972). Further evaluation of entomogenous fungi as a biological agent of aphid control in Northeastern Maine. Technical Bulletin of the Maine Life Sciences and Agriculture Experiment Station 58, 1–32.Google Scholar
Shapiro, M. & Roberts, D. W. (1976). Growth of Coelomomyces psorophorae mycelium in vitro. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 27, 399–402.Google Scholar
Shcherbak, V. P. & Kadryova, M. K. (1980). Entomogenous fungi of horse-fly larvae in Uzbekistan. Uzbekskii Biologicheskii Zhurnol 2, 59–60.Google Scholar
Shemanchuk, J. A. & Humber, R. A. (1978). Entomophthora culicis (Phycomycetes: Ento-mophthorales) parasitizing blackfly adults (Diptera Simuliidae) in Alberta. Canadian Entomologist 110, 253–6.Google Scholar
Shimazu, M. (1977). Factors affecting conidial germination of Entomophthora delphacis Hori (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae). Applied Entomology and Zoology 12, 260–4.Google Scholar
Shimazu, M. (1979). Resting spore formation of Entomophthora sphaerosperma Fresenius (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) in the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology 14, 383–8.Google Scholar
Soares, G. G. (1979). A study of Tolypocladium cylindrosporum Gams, a new, naturally occurring fungal pathogen of mosquitoes (with notes on Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Berkeley, 177pp.Google Scholar
Soares, G. G., Pinnock, D. E. & Samson, R. A. (1979). Tolypocladium, a new fungal pathogen of mosquito larvae with promise for use in microbial control. California Mosquito and Vector Control Association 47, 51–4.Google Scholar
Soper, R. S., Holbrook, F. R., Majchrowicz, I. & Gordon, C. C. (1975). Production of Entomophthora resting spores for biological control of aphids. Technical Bulletin of the Maine Life Sciences and Agriculture Experimental Station 76, 15.Google Scholar
Spencer, D. M. (1980). Parasitism of carnation rust (Uromyces dianthi), by Verticillium lecanii. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 74, 191–4.Google Scholar
Sussmann, A. S. (1951). Studies of an insect mycosis. I. Etiology of the disease. Mycologia 43, 338–50.Google Scholar
Suter, H. & Keller, S. (1977). Oekologische Untersuchungen an feldbaulich wichtigen Blattlausarten als Grundlage für eine Befallsprognose. Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie 83, 371–93.Google Scholar
Suzuki, A., Kawakami, K. & Tamura, S. (1971). Detection of destruxins in silkworm larvae infected with Metarrhizium anisopliae. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 35, 1641–3.Google Scholar
Sweeney, A. W. (1976). Bioassay of Culicinomyces in mosquito larvae. Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and IXth Annual Meeting Society for Invertebrate Pathology, pp. 301–4.Google Scholar
Sweeney, A. W. (1978 a). The effects of temperature on the mosquito pathogenic fungus, Culicinomyces. Australian Journal of Zoology 26, 47–53.Google Scholar
Sweeney, A. W. (1978 b). The effects of salinity on the mosquito-pathogenic fungus, Culicinomyces. Australian Journal of Zoology 26, 55–9.Google Scholar
Sweeney, A. W. (1981 a). Prospects for the use of Culicinomyces fungi for biocontrol of mosquitoes. In Biocontrol of Medical and Veterinary Pests (ed. Laird, M.), pp. 105–121. Praeger Scientific Publishers.Google Scholar
Sweeney, A. W. (1981 b). An undescribed species of Smittium (Triehomycetes) pathogenic to mosquito larvae in Australia. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 77, 55–60.Google Scholar
Sweeney, A. W. (1981 c). Fungal pathogens of mosquito larvae. In Pathogenesis of Invertebrate Microbial Diseases (ed. Davidson, E. W.), pp. 403–424. Allanheld, Osmun Publishers (USA).Google Scholar
Sweeney, A. W. (1981 d). The potential of Culicinomyces fungi for mosquito control. Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Program, SIP XIV Annual Meeting,Montana State University,Bozeman, Montana,17–21 August 1981, pp. 31–32.Google Scholar
Sweeney, A. W. & Panteb, C. (1977). The pathogenicity of the fungus Culicinomyces to mosquito larvae in a natural field habitat. Journal of Medical Entomology 14, 495–6.Google Scholar
Tanada, Y. (1963). Epizootiology of infectious diseases. In Insect Pathology: An Advanced Treatise (ed.Steinhaus, E. A.) pp. 423–75. New York and London: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaxteb, R. (1888). The Entomophthoraceae of the United States. Memoirs of the Boston Society for Natural History 4, 133–201.Google Scholar
Timonin, M. I., Fogal, W. H. & Lopushanski, S. M. (1980). Possibility of using white and green muscardine fungi for control of cone and seed insect pests. Canadian Entomologist 112, 849–54.Google Scholar
Travland, L. B. (1979). Initiation of infection of mosquito larvae (Culiseta inornata) by Coelomomyces psorophorae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 33, 95–105.Google Scholar
Tubaki, K. (1981). Hyphomycetes, Their Perfect–Imperfect Connections. pp. 181. J. Cramer.Google Scholar
Tulloch, M. (1976). The genus Metarhizium. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 66, 407–11.Google Scholar
Tybeell, D. (1977). Occurrence of protoplasts in the natural life cycle of Entomophthora egressa. Experimental Mycology 1, 259–63.Google Scholar
Umphlett, C. J. (1976). Pathogenicity as a consideration in the systematics of fungus pathogens of invertebrates. In Biological Regulation of Vectors: the Saprophytic and Aerobic Bacteria and Fungi. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare Publication No. (NIH) 77–1180, pp. 125–134.Google Scholar
Umphlett, C. J. & Huang, C. S. (1972). Experimental infection of mosquito larvae by species of the aquatic fungus, Lagenidium. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 20, 326–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vandenbebg, G. J. S. & Soper, R. S. (1979). A bioassay technique for Entomophthora sphaero-sperma on the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 33, 148–54.Google Scholar
Veen, K. H. (1968). Recherches sur la maladie due à Metarrhizium anisopliae chez le criquet pélerin. Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen, Nederland 68, 1–117.Google Scholar
Vey, A. (1978). Sensibilité de la réaction hemocytaire multicellulaire de l'insecte Galleria mellonella L. à un corticoide anti-inflammatoire. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Série D 287, 337–40.Google Scholar
Vey, A. & Fargues, J. (1977). Histological and ultrastructural studies of Beauveria bassiana infection in Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae during ecdysis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 30, 207–15.Google Scholar
Vey, A., Fargues, J. & Robebt, P.-H. (1982). Histological and ultrastructural studies of factors determining the host-specificity of two pathotypes of Metarhizium anisopliae Metsch. Sor. for Scarabid larvae (Oryctes rhinoceros L. and Cetonia aurata L.). Entomophaga 27, (in the Press).Google Scholar
Vey, A. & Götz, P. (1975). Humoral encapsulation in Diptera (Insecta): Comparative studies in vitro. Parasitology 70, 77–86.Google Scholar
Vey, A. & Quiot, J.-M. (1975). Effet in vitro de substances toxiques produites par le champignon, Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. sur la réaction hémocytaire du Coléoptère Oryctes rhinoceros L. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Série D 280, 931–4.Google Scholar
Vey, A. & Vago, C. (1971). Réaction anticryptogamique de type granulome chez les insectes. Annates de l'lnstitut Pasteur, Paris 121, 527–32.Google Scholar
Voronina, E. G. (1971). Entomophthorosis epizootics of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Homoptera, Aphidoidea). Entomol. Rev. (English Translation Ent. Obozr.) 50, 444–53.Google Scholar
Wallace, D. R., MacLeod, D. M., Sullivan, C. R., Tyrrell, D. & Delyzer, A. J. (1976). Induction of resting spore germination in Entomophthora aphidis by long-daylight conditions. Canadian Journal of Botany 54, 1410–18.Google Scholar
Walstad, J. D., Anderson, R. F. & Stambaugh, W. J. (1970). Effects of environmental conditions on two species of muscardine fungi (Beauveria bassiana and Metarrhizium aniso-pliae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 16, 221–6.Google Scholar
Ward, M. G. & Roberts, D. W. (1981). Viability of Beauveria bassiana conidia stored with formulation carriers and diluents. Society for Invertebrate Pathology Program SIP XIV Annual Meeting,Montana State University,Bozeman, Montana,17–21 August 1981, pp. 30–31.Google Scholar
Washino, R. K. (1981). Biocontrol of mosquitoes associated with California rice fields with special reference to the recycling of Lagenidium giganteum Couch and other microbial agents. In Biocontrol of Medical and Veterinary Pests (ed. Laird, M.). Praeger.Google Scholar
Wasti, S. S. & Hartmann, G. C. (1975). Experimental parasitisation of larvae of the Gypsy Moth, Porthetria dispar (L.) with the entomogenous fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuill. Parasitology 70, 341–6.Google Scholar
Watson, P. L., Barney, R. J., Maddox, J. V. & Armbrust, E. J. (1981). Sporulation and mode of infection of Entomophthora phytonomi, a pathogen of alfalfa weevil. Environmental Entomology 10, 305–6.Google Scholar
Weiser, J. (1976). The intermediary host for the fungus Coelomomyces chironomi. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 28, 273–4.Google Scholar
Weiser, J. & Nowak, D. (1964). Auftreten von Mykosen bei Stechmücken. Coll. Int. Pathol. Insectes Paris 1962, Entomophaga, Mem. H.S. 2, 149–50.Google Scholar
Whisler, H. C., ZEbold, S. L. & Shemanchuk, J. A. (1974). Alternate host for the mosquito parasite Coelomomyces. Nature, London 251, 715–16.Google Scholar
Whisler, H. C., Zebold, S. L. & Shemanchuk, J. A. (1975). Life history of Coelomomyces psorophorae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 72, 963–6.Google Scholar
Wilding, N. (1970). The effect of temperature on the infectivity and incubation periods of the fungi Entomophthora aphidis and E. thaxteriana for the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Proceedings of the 4th International Colloquium Insect Pathology, College Park,Maryland, pp. 84–88.Google Scholar
Wilding, N. (1973). The survival of Entomophthora spp. in mummified aphids at different temperatures and humidities. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 21, 309–11.Google Scholar
Wilding, N. (1975). Entomophthora species infecting pea aphid. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society 127, 171–83.Google Scholar
Wilding, N. (1976). Determination of the infectivity of Entomophthora spp. Proceedings of the 1st International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and IXth Annual Meeting Society for Invertebrate Pathology,Kingston, Canada. pp. 296–300.Google Scholar
Wilding, N. (1981 a). Pest control by Entomophthorales. In Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980 (ed. Burges, H. D.), pp. 539–554. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wilding, N. (1981 b). The effect of introducing aphid-pathogenic Entomophthoraceae into field populations of Aphis fabae. Annals of Applied Biology 99, 11–23.Google Scholar
Wilding, N. & Lauckner, F. B. (1974). Entomophthora infecting wheat bulb fly at Rothamsted, Hertfordshire, 1967–71. Annals of Applied Biology 76, 161–70.Google Scholar
Williams, M. C. & Lichtwardt, R. W. (1972). Infection of Aedes aegypti larvae by axenic cultures of the fungal genus Smittium (Trichomycetes). American Journal of Botany 59, 189–93.Google Scholar
Williams, M. C. & Nagel, H. G. (1980). Occurrence of Trichomycete fungi in mosquito larvae near Kearney, Nebraska. Mosquito News 40, 445–7.Google Scholar
van Winkelhoff, A. J. & McCoy, C. W. (1981). Sporulation of Hirsutella thompsonii Fisher in submerged culture. Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Program, SIP XIV Annual Meeting,Montana State University,Bozeman, Montana,17–21 August 1981, p. 30.Google Scholar
Wong, T. L. (1981). Biology of Coelomomyces opifexi and its biological control potential against the mosquito Aedes australis. Ph.D. thesis, University of Otago.Google Scholar
Wong, T. L. & Pillai, J. S. (1980). Coelomomyces opifexi Pillai and Smith (Coelomomycetaceae: Blastocladiales) VI. Observations on the mode of entry into Aedes australis larvae. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 7, 135–89.Google Scholar
Yen, H. (1974). Isolation of Hirsutella thompsonii from citrus rust mite. Acta Entomologica Sinica 17, 225–6.Google Scholar
Yendol, W. G., Miller, E. M. & Behnke, C. N. (1968). Toxic substances from entomoph-thoraceous fungi. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 10, 313–19.Google Scholar
Yendol, W. G. & Paschke, J. D. (1965). Pathology of an Entomophthora infection in the Eastern Subterranean Termite, Reticulitermes fiavipes (Kollar). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 7, 414–22.Google Scholar
Yendol, W. G. & Rosario, S. B. (1972). Laboratory evaluation of methods for inoculating termites with Entomophthoraceous fungi. Journal of Economic Entomology 65, 1027–29.Google Scholar
York, G. T. (1958). Field tests with Beauveria bassiana for control of the European Corn Borer. Iowa State College Journal of Science 33, 123–9.Google Scholar
Zacharuk, R. Y. (1970 a). Fine structure of the fungus, Metarrhizium anisopliae jnfecting three species of larval Elateridae (Coleoptera). II. Conidial germ tubes and appressoria. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 15, 81–91.Google Scholar
Zacharuk, R. Y. (1970 b). Fine structure of the fungus, Metarrhizium anisopliae infecting three species of larval Elateridae (Coleoptera). III. Penetration of the host integument. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 15, 372–96.Google Scholar
Zacharuk, R. Y. (1971). Fine structure of the fungus, Metarrhizium anisopliae infecting three species of larval Elateridae (Coleoptera). IV. Development within the host. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 17, 525–9.Google Scholar
Zacharuk, R. Y. (1981). Fungal diseases of terrestrial insects. In Pathogenesis of Invertebrate Microbial Diseases (ed. Davidson, E. W.), pp. 367–402. Allanheld, Osmun Publishers, USA.Google Scholar
Zebold, S. L., Whisler, H. C., Shemanchuk, J. A. & Travland, L. B. (1979). Host specificity and penetration in the mosquito pathogen Coelomomyces psorophorae. Canadian Journal of Botany 57, 2766–70.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, G. (1981). Gewächshaus Versuche zur Bekämpfung des Gefurchten Dickmaul-rüsslers, Otiorhynchus sulcatus F., mit dem Pilz Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienst 33, 103–8.Google Scholar