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Tibetan Par, Par, Dpar, Spar, and Cognate Words

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2009

Extract

In a recent article on ‘Words for “printing block” and the origin of printing’, Mr. R. Shafer rejected B. Laufer's derivation of Tibetan par from Chinese baan ‘printing block’, which the latter had proposed in his article ‘Loan-words in Tibetan’, though, in fairness to Laufer, it must be added that he qualified his etymology by the adverb ‘presumably’. While I fully agree with Mr. Shafer's rejection of Laufer's suggestion, I feel bound to say that he reached his conclusion from premises which are open to serious objections and indeed lend little support to the hypothesis on the origin of printing which he advances as a corollary.

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Articles
Copyright
Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1962

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References

page 72 note 1 JAOS, LXXX, 4, 1960, 328–9Google Scholar.

page 72 note 2 TP, XVII, 1916, 512Google Scholar.

page 72 note 3 Tibetisch-deutsches Wōrterbuch, St. Petersburg, 1841.

page 72 note 4 Berlin, 1957 (Abhandlungen d. Deutschen Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin. Klasse fur Sprachen, Literatur u. Kunst, Jahrg. 1952, Nr. 3).

page 72 note 5 Thomas, op. cit., VI, 11 (p. 120); cf. p. 130, n. 2.

page 72 note 6 ibid., VI, 63 (not 6, as given in the Tibetan vocabulary, p. 174), (p. 123); cf. p. 133, n. 7. and see also here below, p. 79.

page 72 note 7 Ibid., p. 143, 1 a 3.

page 72 note 8 Essay towards a dictionary, Tibetan and English, Calcutta, 1834Google Scholar.

page 73 note 1 See below under I.

page 73 note 2 C‘os-kyi sbyin-pa spel-ba’i p‘yir-du Kal-kud-ta-na’ Bab-tist-Mis-si-’on-gyi par-k‘a -du par-du bsgrubs-pa'o.

page 73 note 3 Bacot, J., ‘Titres et colophons d'ouvrages non canoniques tibétains’, BEFEO, XLIV, 2, 1954, 275337Google Scholar.

page 73 note 4 Ts'ogs-bźi-sogs dge-’dun-gyi sde ji-ltar byuf -ba da źu-lan par-du bzugs-pa’i skabs. See Roerich, G. N., The blue annals, Pts. I and II, Calcutta, 1949–53Google Scholar, introduction, esp. p. lv, and pp. 1091, etc.

page 73 note 5 See his remark s.v. bdag-rkyen (p. 269) ‘as yet not found in books’.

page 73 note 6 The lithographed Romanized Tibetan and English dictionary, Kyelang in British Lahoul, 1866.

page 73 note 7 Handwōrterbueh der Tibetischen Sprache, Gnadau, 1871.

page 73 note 8 The italics are mine.

page 74 note 1 See above, p. 72. The ju occurring in connexion with śi -par (Thomas, op. cit., p. 130, n. 2) might perhaps be connected with źu in źu-dag ‘correction’, źu-c'en ‘great corrector’, which would confirm the meaning ‘printing block’ (rather than simply ‘wooden mould’) in the passage.

page 74 note 2 op. cit., p. 81: ‘the wooden table or block to cut types on’.

page 74 note 3 See Jest, C., ‘A technical note on the Tibetan method of block-carving’, Man, LXI, No. 102, 1961, p. 84Google Scholar.

page 74 note 4 Kowalewski, J. E., Dictionnaire nwngol-russe-français, III, Kazan, 1849, p. 2040Google Scholar, ‘planche typographique de bois’.

page 74 note 5 The inclusion of Laufer's etymology s.v. bar in Professor Lessing's, F. D.recent Mongolians-English dictionary, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1960, p. 82Google Scholar, may result in giving it another lease of life.

page 74 note 6 op. cit., II, 1846, p. 1092.

page 74 note 7 See H. Ui and others, Complete catalogue of the Tibetan Buddhist canon, Sendai, 1934Google Scholar, Nos. 4182 and 4190.

page 74 note 8 The page references for the verse in question are as follows: I Narthang Tanjur: (a) mDo, vol. 33 (Gi), p. 67B7. (b) mDo, vol. 94 (), pp. 283A7–283B1. II Tibetan Tripiṭaka: (a) vol. 103, p. 215–3 (reproducing Peking Tanjur, mDo, vol. 33 (Gi), p. 78A7). (b) vol. 129, p. 237–1 (reproducing Peking Tanjur, mDo, vol. 94 (), p. 287A12).

page 75 note 1 Suhṛllekha Brief des Nāgārjuna an König Udayana. Aus dem Tibetischen übersetzt. Leipzig, 1886 (see p. 18).

page 75 note 2Bçes pai phrin yig (“Friendly epistle”)’, Journal of the Pali Text Society, 1886 (see p. 20).

page 75 note 3 The Dictionnaire thibétain-latin-français par les Missionnaires catholiques du Thibet, generally referred to as ‘Desgodin's dictionary’, Hongkong, 1899, p. 565Google Scholar, takes Jäschke's entry over as follows: ‘nems (J.) Paululum sedere, s'asseoir, se reposer un peu (!)’.

page 75 note 4 R. Sakaki , Bonzō-kanwa-yoyaku-tailcō honyaku Myōgi-taishū (Mahāvyutpati), 2 vols., Kyōto, 1916–25, vol. I, p. 437. Cf. also, for the Sanskrit version, I. P. Minaev, Mahāvyutpatti (Bibliotheca Buddhica, XIII), St. Petersburg, 1911, Nos. 245, 366/7 (p. 87), and, for the Chinese version, U. Wogihara , Bonkan-taiyaku Buhkyō-jiten , rev. ed., Tōkyō, 1927 (reprinted, Tōkyō, Sankibō, 1959), Nos. 366/7 (p. 178).

page 75 note 5 An alternative form of spor-ba, see below, p. 78.

page 76 note 1 Tanjur, mDo, vol. 123 (Go), p. 338A1.

page 76 note 2 Derge Tanjur, Ui's Catalogue (see above, p. 74, n. 7), No. 4346, p. 96B3–4. The Coni Tanjur has, according to Dr. Hamm, as far as the Mahāvyutpatti is concerned, the same pagination as the Derge Tanjur.

page 76 note 3 Vol. 144, p. 58–2 (reproducing Peking Tanjur, mDo, vol. 123 (Go), p. 282B1–2).

page 76 note 4 Ui's Catalogue, No. 4035. The page reference for the passage in question is as follows: Narthang Tanjur, mDo, vol. 49 (Dzi), p. 49B5–6.

Tibetan Tripiṭaka, vol. 109, p. 234–3 (reproducing Peking Tanjur, mDo, vol. 49 (Dzi) p. 55B5–6).

I wish to thank Mr. Richard S. Y. Ch'i for directing my attention to the Chinese version of this passage (Taishō Tripiṭaka, vol. 30, No. 1579, p. 298 b29–c1), which, however, shows certain differences.

page 76 note 5 cf. also the passage from the Abhidharmakośa-ṭīkā lakṣaṇānusāriṇī quoted p. 77, n. 7.

page 76 note 6 Kowalewski, op. cit., n, p. 616, gives nem-nem as Tibetan equivalent of Mongol , and nem-nem byed-pa as equivalent of Mongol . Lessing, op. cit., has s.v. namulzaxu (p. 563) the example modun sola namulzamui ‘the wooden floor is shaking’.

page 77 note 1 Ui's Catalogue, No. 4190. The page reference for the passage in question is as follows: Narthang Tanjur, mDo, vol. 94 (), p. 348A2–3.

Tibetan Tripiṭaka, vol. 129, p. 265–1 (reproducing Peking Tanjur, mDo, vol. 94 (), p. 357A1–2).

page 77 note 2 Ui's Catalogue, No. 4090.

page 77 note 3 Narthang Tanjur, mDo, vol. 63 (Gu), p. 162B4–5.

page 77 note 4 Tibetan Tripiṭaka, vol. 115, p. 185–1Google Scholar (reproducing Peking Tanjur, mDo, vol. 63 (Gu), p. 172A1–2).

page 77 note 5 L'Abhidharma-kośa de Vasubandhu, III° chapitre, Paris, 1926, p. 162Google Scholar.

page 77 note 6 Taishō Tripiṭaka, vol. 29, No. 1558, p. 59c26–27.

page 77 note 7 TheAbhidharmakośa-ṭīkā lakṣaṇānusāriṇī (C‘os mdzod-kyi ’grel-bśad mts‘annyid-kyi rjes-su, Ui's Catalogue, No. 4093), has, however, nem and spar, see Tibetan Tripiṭaka, vol. 117, p. 243–4 (reproducing Peking Tanjur, mDo, vol. 67 (Ju), p. 393B4–5) , and Narthang Tanjur, vol. 67 (Ju), p. 388A2–3: nem ẓes byed-pa spar ẓes byed ces bya-ba ni / nem ẓes byed-pa spar ẓes byed-pa'i -ts‘ul yin-no ẓes bya-ba'i t‘a-ts‘ig go//.

page 77 note 8 p. 356.

page 78 note 1 See Laufer's, Skizze der mongolischen Iiteratur’, Keleti Szemle, VIII, 1907, 181Google Scholar.

page 78 note 2 Bod-Hor-gyi brda-yig ts‘ig don gsum gsal-bar byed-pa mun sel sgron-me. (Töbed-Mongyolun dokiyan-u bičik. Ner-e üge udq-a yurban-i todurayulun qarangyui-yi arilyayci .) (Corpus Scriptorum Mongolorum, Vols. VI–VII.) 2 vols., Ulan Bator, 1959. See vol. 2,16.

page 78 note 3 cf. Mahāvyutpatti (Sakaki), No. 6704: utplutya: rgal-ba ‘am .

page 78 note 4 Heissig, W., Die Pekinger lamaistischen Blockdrucke in mongolischer Sprache (Gottinger Asiatische Forschungen, Bd. 2), Wiesbaden, 1954, p. 165Google Scholar, No. 210.

page 78 note 5 The same vowel alternation can be observed in the case of by the side of , sprad-pa by the side of sprod-pa, and spyad-pa by the side of spyod-pa; cf. also by the side of -ba and -ba.

page 78 note 6 See above, p. 77.

page 79 note 1 The two others are the Bod-kyi brda-yig rtogs-par sla-ba, mentioned above (p. 78), and the ‘Four language mirror’ (Yuh-jyh syhtii chingwenjiann ).

page 79 note 2 See Heissig, op. cit., p. 43, No. 47. The full Tibetan title, not quoted there, is: Dag-yig cgdul-bya'i mun sel-byed nyi-ma ’od.

page 79 note 3 Heissig, op. cit., p. 43, No. 45.

page 79 note 4 op. cit., p. 133, n. 7.

page 79 note 5 See above, p. 72.

page 79 note 6 op. cit., p. 143, 1 a 3.

page 80 note 1 (Yuh-jyh)wmutii chingtvenjiann .

page 80 note 2 The Chinese compound entered the Tibetan language also as a loan-word (spar k'a), see Laufer, , ‘Loan-words in Tibetan’, TP, XVII, 1916, p. 509Google Scholar, No. 230.

page 80 note 3 Okayama, 1954.

page 80 note 4 Taishō Tripiṭaka, vol. 17, No. 784. About the ‘Four language edition’, see Heissig, op. cit., p. 149, No. 160.

page 80 note 5 Chinese title: Ger-shi Chiu-jar , Tzanqwen-tsyrdean Peking, 1957. The work was first printed in Lhasa in 1949.

page 80 note 6 cf. Hauer, B., Handwōrterbuch der Mandschusprache, 1952, p. 99Google Scholar, who refers to the Chingwenbuuhuey for this term, which he translates as ‘Hofbuchdruckerei’. śuwaselambi (from Chinese shua [for yinnshua]) is an obvious Manchu neologism.