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The Molding of Engelbert Dollfuß as an Agrarian Reformer

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2009

R. John Rath
Affiliation:
Professor Emeritus of History, Rice University and the University of Minnesota

Extract

Engelbert Dollfuss has not been enshrined in history as a popular political figure. The National Socialists vilified him as a Satanic evildoer who embodied everything they hated. Dollfuß's widow and two children found it imperative to flee to Switzerland immediately after the Anschluss and eventually went to Canada, where Mrs. Dollfuß and their daughter remained until 1956. Their son still lives there.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota 1997

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References

1 Nicoladoni-Dollfuß, Eva, “Wo bin ich zu Hause? Wo ist meine Heimat?Die Presse, 04 21–22, 1979Google Scholar. Few reliable source materials are available for a study of Dollfuß's life. Aside from a small number of tracts dealing with agricultural problems, the chancellor wrote very little. Much of what has been written about him in various biographies or other accounts dealing with his early life must be used with care. The biographies written shortly after his death (Maurer, Hans, Kanzler Dollfuß, 2nd ed. [Graz, 1934]Google Scholar; Messner, Johannes, Dollfuss [Innsbruck, 1935]Google Scholar; Bleibtreu, A. R., Der Heldenkanzler. Ein Lied von der Scholle [Vienna, 1934]Google Scholar; von Hildebrand, Dietrich, Engelbert Dollfuß. Ein katholischer Staatsmann [Salzburg, 1934]Google Scholar; and Gregory, J. D., Dollfuss and His Times [London, 1935]Google Scholar) are hagiographies seeking to enshrine him as the prophet of the new age. Equally laudatory is Rambaud, Louis's Le Grand petit Chancelier Dollfuss 1892–1934 (Lyon, 1948)Google Scholar. More reliable is a work influenced to a considerable extent by interviews with many people who knew Dollfuß personally in which some of the unproven stories in the above works are repeated, Brook-Shepherd, Gordon's Dollfuss (London, 1961)Google Scholar; except for the omission of all photographs appearing in that volume, another edition was published as Prelude to Infamy: The Story of Chancellor Dollfuss of Austria (New York, 1961)Google Scholar. More reliable still is the study of Dollfuß's life before he became chancellor by Miller, James William, “Engelbert Dollfuss and Austrian Agriculture: An Authoritarian Democrat and His Policies” (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1985)Google Scholar, a German translation of which was published as Engelbert Dollfuss als Agrarfachmann. Eine Analyse bäuerlicher Führungsbegriffe und österreichischer Agrarpolitik 1918–1934 (Vienna, 1989)Google Scholar. By far the most reliable study of Dollfuß's early life is Jagschitz, Gerhard, “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers Dr. Engelbert Dollfuss. Ein Beitrag zur geistig-politischen Situation der sogenannten ‘Kriegsgeneration’ des 1. Weltkriegs” (D.Phil, diss., University of Vienna, 1967).Google Scholar

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19 See especially ibid., 88–112. Jagschitz's account of Dollfuß's role in the war—based on many primary sources in the archives, private letters, and conversations with Dollfuß's friends—is the only one worthy of serious consideration. The most detailed and best of the accounts published shortly after Dollfuß's death is Gregory, , Dollfuss and His Times, 5787Google Scholar. See also Dollfuß, , Mein Vater, 2841Google Scholar. For a good account of the fighting on the Italian front during the last year of the war, see Hanks, Ronald W., Il tramento di un'istituzione. L'armata austro-ungarica in Italia (1918) (Milan, 1994).Google Scholar

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24 Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 185–87Google Scholar. “It has often been pointed out that Othmar Spann's ideas were important for my father, and this was certainly so”; Dollfuß, , Mein Vater, 47.Google Scholar

25 Haag, John, “Othmar Spann and the Quest for a ‘True State,’Austrian History Yearbook 12–13, pt. 1 (19761977): 236, 238–39 (quote)Google Scholar. For a solid, detailed study of Spann's life and ideas, see especially Haag, 's “Othmar Spann and the Politics of ‘Totality’: Corporatism in Theory and Practice” (Ph.D. diss., Rice University, 1969).Google Scholar

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35 Haag, , “Othmar Spann and the Quest for a ‘True State,’” 236.Google Scholar

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38 “Whoever, in the spirit of the new constitution, helps to make corporative life full of vitality in Austria is thereby fulfilling Dr. Seipel's legacy, … and is thereby also resuming the spiritual heritage that six centuries of the flowering period of German history is handing down” (Dollfuß's speech in Vienna on May 1, 1934, as reprinted in Tautscher, , compiler, So sprach der Kanzler, 57Google Scholar). Note also Dollfuß's assertion in a speech in Geneva, on 09 27, 1933Google Scholar: “The encyclical ‘Quadragesimo anno’ is the Magna Carta of the Austrian constitution” (ibid., 15). Rosa Mauser maintains that no connection between Dollfuß's and Spann's ideas can be proved; see Mauser, , “Die Genesis des politischsozialen Ideengutes,” 125.Google Scholar

39 Suvich, to Preziosi, Gabriele, Rome, 04 16, 1934Google Scholar, I documenti diplomatici italiani, 7th ser., vol. 15 (Rome, 1990), doc. no. 104, p. 125Google Scholar. On Spann's resentment, see Miller, , Engelbert Dollfuss als Agrarfachmann, 32.Google Scholar

40 See especially Krause, , “CV und Politik in Österreich 1918–1938,” 105–9Google Scholar. On Winter, see Marko, Joseph, “Ernst Karl Winter. Wissenschaft und Politik als Beruf(ung) 1918–1938,” in Geistiges Leben Österreich der Ersten Republik, 201–2Google Scholar (see n. 15); and Winter, , Christentum und Zivilisation, 377Google Scholar. On C.V. interest in the social question, see Gregory, , Dollfuss and His Times, 91.Google Scholar

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44 Paragraph 34, as quoted in Miller, , “Engelbert Dollfuss and Austrian Agriculture,” 26Google Scholar. See also Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 72Google Scholar; Miller, , Engelbert Dollfuss als Agrarfachmann, 2526Google Scholar; and Diamant, , Austrian Catholics, 1423.Google Scholar

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47 Czermak, Emmerich, “Memoiren,” in a folder entitled “Politische Köpfe” in the Zermak Nachlaß housed in the Institut für Zeitgeschichte in ViennaGoogle Scholar; Dollfuß, , Mein Vater, 44Google Scholar; Winter, , Christentum und Zivilisation, 377Google Scholar; Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 140–44Google Scholar; Mauser, , “Die Genesis des politischsozialen Ideengutes,” 5.Google Scholar

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50 As related in Maurer, , Kanzler Dollfuß, 2425Google Scholar. Similar accounts can also be found in Rambaud, , Le Grand petit Chancelier Dollfuss, 4950Google Scholar; Brook-Shepherd, , Dollfuss, 34Google Scholar; and Gregory, , Dollfuss and His Times, 100101Google Scholar. See also Dollfuß, , Mein Vater, 4647.Google Scholar

51 Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 193, 199200Google Scholar; Miller, , Engelbert Dollfuss als Agrarfachmann, 33Google Scholar. On early ties with peasant leaders, see Czermak, , “Memoiren” (no page numbers).Google Scholar

52 For a good account of Sonnenschein's life and works, see Thrasolt, Ernst, Dr. Carl Sonnenschein. Der Mensch und sein Werk (Munich, 1930), especially 147–55, 215221Google Scholar. See also Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 7578.Google Scholar

53 Part of this treatise was published in the Agrarische Rundschau in 1934. Dollfuß, Engelbert, “Begriff der Genossenschaft. Bemerkungen über Einheit und Freiheit im Gemeinschaftsleben,” Agrarische Rundschau 2, no. 1 (Summer 1934): 117 (quote at 1).Google Scholar

54 Ibid., 1; as translated by Miller, in his “Engelbert Dollfuss and Austrian Agriculture,” 41.Google Scholar

55 Dollfuß, , “Begriff der Genossenschaft,” 12.Google Scholar

56 Ibid., 2–3.

57 Ibid., 5.

58 Ibid., 6.

59 Ibid., 8. Here and in preceding sentence Dollfuß is quoting Otto von Gierke.

60 Ibid., 13–14.

61 Miller, , “Engelbert Dollfuss and Austrian Agriculture,” 14Google Scholar; translated into German in Miller, , Engelbert Dollfuss als Agrarfachmann, 36.Google Scholar

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109 For a discussion of the long and convoluted struggle to get the health insurance bill for agricultural workers passed, see Miller, , “Bauerndemokratie in Practice,” 410–11Google Scholar; idem, Engelbert Dollfuss als Agrarfachmann, 7881Google Scholar; and Maurer, , Kanzler Dollfuß, 2729Google Scholar. For the provisions of the law, see “Das Landarbeiterversicherungsgesetz,” Die Landwirtschaft, Jahrgang 1929, no. 1 (01 1929): 34Google Scholar; and Mertha, Rudolf and Dollfuß, Engelbert, Die Sozialversicherung in der Landwirtschaft Österreichs. Nach dem Stande von Ende März 1929 (Vienna, 1929)Google Scholar. See also the following pamphlets authored or coauthored by Engelbert Dollfuß, published in Vienna in 1929 by Agrarverlag under the title Die Altersfürsorgerente in der Land- und Forstwirtschaft Österreichs. The individual subtitles of the pamphlets are as follows: Eine Anleitung für Wien, Niederösterreich und Burgenland; Eine Anleitung für Oberösterreich (with W. Hans); Eine Anleitung für Steiermark (with K. Weinzierl); Eine Anleitung für Kärnten (with S. Stotter); and Eine Anleitung für Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg (with F. Koch).

110 Kraus, , Bauern, 4748Google Scholar; Otruba, , ‘“Bauer’ und ‘Arbeiter,’” 57Google Scholar; “Gegen die Verschleppung der Zolltarifnovelle. Eine Entschließung der Vollversammlung der n.-ö. Landes-Landwirtschaftskammer,” Die Landwirtschaft, Jahrgang 1927, no. 7 (07 1927): 247–48Google Scholar; Hofrat, Dr. Winter, “Die derzeitige zollpolitische Lage der österreichischen Landwirtschaft,” Die Landwirtschaft, Jahrgang 1927, no. 8 (08 1927): 287–89.Google Scholar

111 Strobl, , “Kanzler Dollfuß als Agrarier,” 6165Google Scholar; “In Gedenken an Bundeskanzler Dr. Engelbert Dollfuß,” 188–90Google Scholar; Eder, Julius, Kanzler Dollfuß. Seine österreichische Sendung (Vienna, 1933), 1011.Google Scholar

112 For accusations against Zwetzbacher, see Winkler, Franz, Die Diktatur in Oesterreich (Zürich, 1935), 16Google Scholar. On Dollfuß's reputation as an expert, see Kluge, , Bauern, Agrarkrise und Volksernährung, 372–73Google Scholar (on Reither, 's appointment, 371)Google Scholar; Strobl, , “Kanzler Dollfuß als Agrarier,” 6465Google Scholar; Maurer, , Kanzler Dollfuß, 2930Google Scholar; and Brook-Shepherd, , Dollfuss, 41–12.Google Scholar

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114 For Dollfuß, 's appointment on 07 22Google Scholar, see Minister for Trade and Commerce Schuster to Chancellor Schober, , Vienna, , 08 8, 1930Google Scholar, Allgemeines Verwalrungsarchiv (Vienna), BK Inneres. Präsidium, carton 58, no. 8097, Pr./1930; Neue Freie Presse, 10 2, 1930 (morning edition), 6Google Scholar; and Maurer, , Kanzler Dollfuß, 30.Google Scholar

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117 For a lengthy discussion in the council of ministers about the advisability of appointing Strafella, see the minutes of the ministerial council no. 649 dated Vienna, 09 24, 1930Google Scholar, as printed in Vom Justizpalast zum Heldenplatz. Studien und Dokumentationen, ed. Jedlicka, Ludwig and Neck, Rudolf (Vienna, 1975), 296302Google Scholar (on Banhans, , 296–97).Google Scholar

118 Neue Freie Presse, 09 29, 1930 (evening edition), 2Google Scholar; ibid, Oct. 2, 1930 (morning edition), 6; ibid., Oct. 15, 1930 (evening edition), 6; ibid., Oct. 22, 1930 (evening edition), 1; Nachlaß, Schumy, pt. 3: “Heimwehr” (unpublished manuscript in the library of the Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Vienna), 6768.Google Scholar

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122 For improvements in railway management, see Verwaltungsarchiv, Allgemeines (Vienna), Ministerratsprotokoll no. 699, 06 5, 1931, carton 139, para. 13Google Scholar; also reprinted in Vom Justizpalast zum Heldenplatz, ed. Jedlicka and Neck, 311–14Google Scholar. For Social Democratic consternation, see, among other things, Knosp, Joseph's speech in the Nationalrat on 02 18, 1931Google Scholar, Stenographische Protokolle über die Sitzungen des Nationalrates, 18th session of the 4th legislative period (19301932), 1:565–68Google Scholar; Bauer, Otto's speech in the Nationalrat on 02 10, 1931Google Scholar, ibid., 13th session of the 4th legislative period, 291Google Scholar; and Ellenbogen, Wilhelm's speech in the Nationalrat on 05 5, 1931Google Scholar, ibid., 27th session of the 4th legislative period, 772–81.Google Scholar

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124 For a lengthy discussion of the arguments over Strafella's dismissal in the ministerial council, see Verwaltungsarchiv, Allgemeines (Vienna), Ministerratsprotokoll no. 699, 06 5, 1931, para. 13, pp. 1114Google Scholar; reprinted in Vom Justizpalast zum Heldenplatz, ed. Jedlicka and Neck, 311–15.Google Scholar

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