Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-27gpq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-27T15:02:26.352Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Preferring Rules to Similarity: Coherence, goals, and commitment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 July 2005

Emmanuel M. Pothos*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymnon74100, Greecehttp://www.soc.uoc.gr/pothos/

Abstract

This response to the open peer commentary discusses what should be the appropriate explanatory scope of a rules versus similarity proposal and accordingly evaluates the Rules versus Similarity one. Additionally, coherence, goals, and commitment are presented as inferential notions, fully consistent with the Rules versus Similarity distinction, that allow us to predict when Rules would be preferred to Similarity.

Type
Author’s Response
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aha, D. W. & Goldstone, R. L. (1992) Concept learning and flexible weighting. In: Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, ed. Kruschke, J. K. pp. 534-39. Erlbaum. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Albright, A. & Hayes, B. (2003) Rules vs. analogy in English past tenses: A computational/experimental study. Cognition 90:119-61. [rEMP]Google Scholar
Allen, S. W. & Brooks, L. R. (1991) Specializing the operation of an explicit rule. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 120:3-19. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Altmann, G. T. & Dienes, Z. (1999) Rule learning by seven-month-old infants and neural networks. Science 284:87. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Anderson, A. K. & Phelps, E. A. (2001) Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature 411:305-309. [OV]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1983) The architecture of cognition. Harvard University Press. [ABM]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1990) The adaptive character of thought. Erlbaum. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1993) Rules of the mind. Erlbaum. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. & Lebiere, C. (2003) The Newell test for a theory of cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26(5):587-640. [FCG]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R., Reder, L. M. & Lebiere, C. (1996) Working memory: Activation limitations on retrieval. Cognitive Psychology 30(3):221-56. [ABM]Google Scholar
Andruski, J. E., Blumstein, S. E. & Burton, M. W. (1994) The effect of subphonetic differences on lexical access. Cognition 52:163-87. [BM]Google Scholar
Arlo-Costa, H. (1996) Epistemic conditionals, snakes and stars. In: Conditionals, from philosophy to computer science. Studies in logic and computation, vol. 5, ed. Farinas del Cerro, L., Crocco, G. & Herzig, A., pp. 193-239. Oxford University Press. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Arlo-Costa, H. (1999) Belief revision conditionals: Basic iterated systems. Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 96:3-28. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Arlo-Costa, H. (2001) Bayesian epistemology and epistemic conditionals: On the status of the export-import laws. Journal of Philosophy 98(11):555-98. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Arlo-Costa, H. & Shapiro, S. (1992) Maps between conditional logic and nonmonotonic logic. In: Principles of knowledge representation and reasoning: Proceedings of the Third International Conference, ed. Nebel, B., Rich, C. & Swartout, W., pp. 553-65. Morgan Kaufmann. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Armstrong, S. L., Gleitman, L. R. & Gleitman, H. (1983) What some concepts might not be. Cognition 13:263-308. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Ashby, F. G. & Alfonso-Reese, L. A. (1995) Categorization as probability density estimation. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 39:216-33. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Ashby, F. G., Alfonso-Reese, L. A., Turken, A. U. & Waldron, E. M. (1998) A neuropsychological theory of multiple systems in category learning. Psychological Review 105:442-81. [FGA, EH]Google Scholar
Ashby, F. G. & Ell, S. W. (2002) Single versus multiple systems of category learning: Reply to Nosofsky and Kruschke (2001) Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 9:175-80. [FGA]Google Scholar
Ashby, F. G., Ell, S. W. & Waldron, E. M. (2003) Procedural learning in perceptual categorization. Memory and Cognition 31:1114-25. [FGA]Google Scholar
Ashby, F. G., Maddox, W. T. & Bohil, C. J. (2002) Observational versus feedback training in rule-based and information-integration category learning. Memory and Cognition 30:666-77. [FGA, JAH]Google Scholar
Ashby, F. G. & Perrin, N. A. (1988) Towards a unified theory of similarity and recognition. Psychological Review 95:124-50. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Ashby, F. G., Queller, S. & Berretty, P. M. (1999) On the dominance of unidimensional rules in unsupervised categorization. Perception and Psychophysics 61:1178-99. [FGA]Google Scholar
Bailey, T. M. (1995) Nonmetrical constraints on stress. Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. UMI. Available at: http://www.cf.ac.uk/psych/ssd/PAPERS/thesis.html [TMB]Google Scholar
Bailey, T. M., Plunkett, K. & Scarpa, E. (1999) A cross-linguistic study in learning prosodic rhythms: Rules, constraints and similarity. Language and Speech 42:1-38. [TMB]Google Scholar
Baker, C. L. & McCarthy, J. J. (1981) The logical problem of language acquisition. MIT Press. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Barsalou, L. W. (1985) Ideals, central tendency and frequency of instantiation as determinants of graded structure in categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 11:629-54. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Barsalou, L. W. (1991) Deriving categories to achieve goals. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 27, ed. Bower, G. H. pp. 1-64. Academic Press. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Barsalou, L. W. (1999) Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:577-609. [OV]Google Scholar
Barsalou, L. W. (2003) Abstraction in perceptual symbol systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences 358:1177-87. [OV]Google Scholar
Bassok, M., Chase, V. M. & Martin, S. A. (1998) Adding apples and oranges: Semantic constraints on application of formal rules. Cognitive Psychology 35(2):99-134. [ABM]Google Scholar
Berko, J. (1958) The child's learning of English morphology. Word 14:150-77. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Bisiacchi, P, Denes, G. & Semenza, C. (1976) Semantic fields in aphasia: An experimental investigation on comprehension of the relation of class and property. Archives Suisse de Neurologie, Neurosurgerie et Psychiatrie 118:207-13. [JD]Google Scholar
Bock, J. K. (1986) Syntactic persistence in language production. Cognitive Psychology 18:355-87. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Bod, R. (1998) Beyond grammar: An experience-based theory of language. Center for the Study of Language and Information Publications. [UH]Google Scholar
Boole, G. (1854) An investigation of the laws of thought. Dover. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Booth, A. E. & Waxman, S. R. (2002) Word learning is “smart”: Evidence that conceptual information affects preschoolers’ extension of novel words. Cognition 84:B11-B22. [GD]Google Scholar
Braine, M. D. S. (1978) On the relation between the natural logic of reasoning and standard logic. Psychological Review 85:1-21. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Braine, M. D. S., O’Brien, D. P., Noveck, I. A., Samuels, M. C., Lea, B. L., Fisch, S. M. & Yang, Y. (1995) Predicting intermediate and multiple conclusions in propositional logic inference problems: Further evidence for a mental logic. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 124:263-92. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Braisby, N., Franks, B. & Hampton, J. (1996) Essentialism, word use and concepts. Cognition 59:247-74. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Breedin, S. D., Saffran, E. M. & Coslett, B. (1994) Reversal of the concreteness effect in a patient with semantic dementia. Cognitive Neuropsychology 11:617-60. [JD]Google Scholar
Brooks, L. R. & Hannah, S. D. (2000) Relation between perceptual and informational learning of family resemblance structures. Paper presented at 41st Annual Meeting of the Psychonomics Society, New Orleans, LA. [LRB] (submitted) Instantiated features and the use of “rules.” [LRB]Google Scholar
Brooks, R. L. & Vokey, R. J. (1991) Abstract analogies and abstracted grammars: Comments on Reber (1989) and Mathews et al. (1989). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 120:316-23. [LRB, aEMP, PR]Google Scholar
Bruner, J., Goodnow, J. & Austin, G. (1956) A study of thinking. Transaction Publishers. [ JAH]Google Scholar
Burzio, L. (2002) Missing players: Phonology and the past-tense debate. Lingua 112:157-99. [GL]Google Scholar
Byrne, R. M. J. (1989) Suppressing valid inferences with conditionals. Cognition 31:61-83. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Calvo, F. & Colunga, E. (2003) The statistical brain: Reply to Marcus’ The Algebraic Mind. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, ed. Alterman, R. & Kirsh, D., pp. 210-15. Erlbaum. [FCG]Google Scholar
Campion, J., Lane, R., Brander, G. & Koritsas, E. (1996) A task model to develop principles of decision aiding. In: Proceedings of the Second International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Market Bosworth, UK, September 24-26, 1996. [JC]Google Scholar
Caramazza, A. & Mahon, B. Z. (2003) The organization of conceptual knowledge: Evidence from category-specific semantic deficits. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7:354-61. [JD]Google Scholar
Carruthers, P. (2000) Phenomenal consciousness: A naturalistic theory. Cambridge University Press. [DED]Google Scholar
Cazden, C. B. (1968) The acquisition of noun and verb inflections. Child Development 39:433-48. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Chater, N. (1997) Simplicity and the mind. The Psychologist 495-98. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Chater, N. (1999) The search for simplicity: A fundamental cognitive principle? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 52A:273-302. [rEMP]Google Scholar
Chater, N. & Hahn, U. (1997) Representational distortion, similarity and the Universal Law of Generalization. In: Proceedings of the Similarity and Categorization Workshop, eds. Ramscar, M., Hahn, U., Cambouropolous, E. & Pain, H.. 97: 31-36. University of Edinburgh. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Chater, N. & Oaksford, M. (2000) The rational analysis of mind and behavior. Synthese 122:93-131. [EH]Google Scholar
Cheng, P. W. & Holyoak, K. J. (1985) Pragmatic reasoning schemas. Cognitive Psychology 17:391-416. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Chertkow, H., Bub, D., Deaudon, C. & Whitehead, V. (1997) On the status of object concepts in aphasia. Brain and Language 58:203-32. [JD]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1957) Semantic structures. Mouton. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1965) Aspects of the theory of syntax. MIT Press. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. & Miller, G. A. (1958) Finite state languages. Information and Control 1:91-112. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Churchland, P M. (1990) Cognitive activity in artificial grammar neural networks. In: An invitation to cognitive science, vol. 3: Thinking, ed. Osherson, D. N. & Smith, E. E.. MIT Press. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Clahsen, H. (1999) The dual nature of the language faculty: A case study of German inflection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:991-1013. [GM]Google Scholar
Clark, A. & Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1993) The cognizer’s innards: A philosophical and psychological perspective on the development of thought. Mind and Language 8(4):487-519. [AC]Google Scholar
Cleeremans, A. (1997) Principles for implicit learning. In: How implicit is implicit knowledge?, ed. Berry, D., pp. 95-234. Oxford University Press. [AC]Google Scholar
Cleeremans, A. & McClelland, J. L. (1991) Learning the structure of event sequences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 120:235-53. [AC]Google Scholar
Cohen, R., Kelter, S. & Woll, G. (1980) Analytical competence and language impairment in aphasia. Brain and Language 10:341-47. [JD]Google Scholar
Cowan, N. (2001) The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:87-185. [WD]Google Scholar
Crain, S. (1991) Language acquisition in the absence of experience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:597-650. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Cronbach, L. J. & Meehl, P. (1955) Construct validation in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin 52:281-382. [DED]Google Scholar
Cross, C. & Nute, D. (1998) Conditional logic. In: Handbook of philosophical logic: Vol. 3: Extensions of classical logic, second edition, ed. Gabbay, D. & Guenthner, F.. Reidel. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Dahan, D., Magnuson, J. S., Tanenhaus, M. K. & Hogan, E. M. (2001) Subcategorical mismatches and the time course of lexical access: Evidence for lexical competition. Language and Cognitive Processes 16:507-34. [BM]Google Scholar
Davidoff, J. & Roberson, D. (2004) Preserved thematic and impaired taxonomic categorisation: A case study. Language and Cognitive Processes 19:137-74. [JD]Google Scholar
Davies, M. (1995) Two notions of implicit rule. In: Philosophical perspectives, vol. 9: Connectionist and philosophical psychology, ed. Tomberlin, J.. Ridgeview [aEMP]Google Scholar
Dienes, Z. (1992) Connectionist and memory-array models of Artificial Grammar Learning. Cognitive Science 16:41-79. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Dienes, Z., Altmann, G. T. & Gao, S. (1999) Mapping across domains without feedback: A neural network model of transfer of implicit knowledge. Cognitive Science 23:53-82. [PFD, aEMP]Google Scholar
Diesendruck, G., Gelman, S. A. & Lebowitz, K. (1998) Conceptual and linguistic biases in children’s word learning. Developmental Psychology 34:823-39. [GD]Google Scholar
Diesendruck, G., Markson, L. & Bloom, P. (2003) Children’s reliance on creator’s intent in extending names for artifacts. Psychological Science 14:164-68. [GD]Google Scholar
Dominey, P F, Lelekov, T., Ventre-Dominey, J. & Jeannerod, M. (1998) Dissociable processes for learning the surface and abstract structure sensorimotor sequences. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10(6):734-51. [PFD]Google Scholar
Driver, J. (1996) Enhancement of selective listening by illusory mislocation of speech sounds due to lip-reading. Nature 381:66-68. [OV]Google Scholar
Duch, W., Adamczak, R. & Grabczewski, K. (2001) A new methodology of extraction, optimization and application of crisp and fuzzy logical rules. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 12:277-306. [WD]Google Scholar
Duch, W. & Grudzmski, K. (2001) Prototype based rules - A new way to understand the data. In: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Washington, D.C., 15-19 July 2001, ed. Marko, K. & Werbos, P, pp. 1858-63. IEEE Press. [WD]Google Scholar
Duch, W., Setiono, R. & Zurada, J. M. (2004) Computational intelligence methods for rule-based data understanding. Proceedings of the IEEE 92:771-805. [WD]Google Scholar
Dulany, D. E. (1997) Consciousness in the explicit (deliberative) and implicit (evocative). In: Scientific approaches to consciousness, ed. Cohen, J. & Schooler, J., pp. 179-212. Erlbaum. [DED]Google Scholar
Dulany, D. E. (1999) Consciousness, connectionism, and intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:154-55. [DED]Google Scholar
Dulany, D. E. (2003) Strategies for putting consciousness in its place. Journal of Consciousness Studies 10:33-43. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Dulany, D. E. (2004) Higher order representation in a mentalistic metatheory. In: Higher order thought theories of consciousness, ed. Gennaro, R. J. pp. 315-38. John Benjamins. [DED]Google Scholar
Dulany, D. E., Carlson, R. A. & Dewey, G. I. (1984) A case of syntactical learning and judgment: How conscious and how abstract? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113:541-55. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Dummett, M. (1975) Wang’s paradox. Synthese 30:301-24. [JD]Google Scholar
Elman, J. L. (1996) Rethinking innateness: A connectionist perspective on development. MIT Press. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Erickson, M. A. & Kruschke, J. K. (1998) Rules and exemplars in category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 127:107-40. [WD, aEMP]Google Scholar
Estes, W. K. (1994) Classification and cognition. Oxford University Press. [EES]Google Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T. (1972) Interpretation and matching bias in a reasoning task. British Journal of Psychology 24:193-99. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T. (1991) Theories of human reasoning: The fragmented state of the art. Theory and Psychology 1:83-105. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T., Newstead, S. E. & Byrne, R. J. M. (1991) Human reasoning: The psychology of deduction. Erlbaum. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T. & Over, D. E. (1996) Rationality and reasoning. Psychology Press. [EH]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. & Pylyshyn, Z. (1988) Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critique. Cognition 28:3-71. [FCG, aEMP]Google Scholar
Franklin, S., Howard, D. & Patterson, K. (1995) Abstract word anomia. Cognitive Neuropsychology 12:549-66. [JD]Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. (2000) Neurodynamics: An exploration in mesoscopic brain dynamics. Springer-Verlag. [FCG]Google Scholar
Gabbay, D. M. (1985) Theoretical foundations for non-monotonic reasoning in expert systems. In: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Logics and Models of Concurrent Systems, ed. Apt, K. R. pp. 439-59. Springer-Verlag. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Gallaway, C. & Richards, B. (1994) Input and interaction in language acquisition. Cambridge University Press. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Gardner, H. & Zurif, E. B. (1976) Critical reading of words and phrases in aphasia. Brain and Language 3:173-90. [JD]Google Scholar
Gati, I. & Tversky, A. (1984) Weighting common and distinctive features in perceptual and conceptual judgments. Cognitive Psychology 16:341-470. [ABM]Google Scholar
Gelman, S. A. & Markman, E. M. (1986) Categories and induction in young children. Cognition 23:183-209. [GD]Google Scholar
Gelman, S. A. & Wellman, H. M. (1991) Insides and essences: Early understanding of the non-obvious. Cognition 38:213-44. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Gentner, D. (1983) Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy. Cognitive Science 7:155-70. [ABM]Google Scholar
Gentner, D. (1988) Metaphor as structure mapping: The relational shift. Child Development 48:1034-39. [JD]Google Scholar
Gentner, D. & Markman, A. B. (1997) Structural alignment in analogy and similarity. American Psychologist 52(1):45-56. [ABM]Google Scholar
Gentner, D. & Medina, J. (1998) Similarity and the development of rules. Cognition 65:263-97. [JD, EH, aEMP]Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G. & Regier, T. (1996) How do we tell an association from a rule? Comment on Sloman (1996) Psychological Bulletin 119:23-26. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Gluck, M. A. & Bower, G. H. (1988) From conditioning to category learning: An adaptive network model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 8:3750. [DED]Google Scholar
Goel, V, Gold, B., Kapur, S. & Houle, S. (1997) The seats of reason: A localization study of deductive and inductive reasoning using PET (O15) blood flow technique. NeuroReport 8:1305-10. [EH]Google Scholar
Gold, E. M. (1967) Language identification in the limit. Informa-tion and Control 16:447-74. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Goldstein, K. (1948) Language and language disturbances. Grune and Stratton. [JD]Google Scholar
Goldstone, R. L. (1994a) The role of similarity in categorization: Providing a groundwork. Cognition 52:125-57. [JAH, aEMP]Google Scholar
Goldstone, R. L. (1994b) Influences of categorization on perceptual discrimination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 123:178-200. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Goldstone, R. L. (1995) Effects of categorization on color perception. Psychological Science 6:298-304. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Goldstone, R. L. (1998) Perceptual learning. Annual Review of Psychology 49:585-612. [GL, rEMP]Google Scholar
Goldstone, R. L. (1999) Similarity. In: MIT encyclopaedia of the cognitive sciences, ed. Wilson, R. A. & Keil, F. C., pp. 763-65. MIT Press. [GL, OV]Google Scholar
Goldstone, R. L. & Barsalou, L. W. (1998) Reuniting perception and conception. Cognition 65:231-62. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Goldstone, R. L., Medin, D. L. & Gentner, D. (1991) Relational similarity and the non-independence of features in similarity judgments. Cognitive Psychology 23:222-64. [LRB]Google Scholar
Goldstone, R. L. & Son, J. (in press) Similarity. In: Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning, ed. Holyoak, K. & Morrison, R.. Cambridge University Press. [OV]Google Scholar
Goldstone, R. L., Steyvers, M. & Larimer, K. (1996) Categorical perception of novel dimensions. In: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, ed. Cottrell, G. W. pp. 243-48. Erlbaum. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Goodglass, H., Hyde, M. R. & Blumstein, J. (1969) Frequency, picturability and availability of nouns in aphasia. Cortex 5:104-19. [JD]Google Scholar
Goodman, N. (1972) Seven strictures on similarity. In: Problems and precis, ed. Goodman, N., pp. 437-47. Bobbs-Merrill. [JAH, aEMP]Google Scholar
Gow, D. (2001) Assimilation and anticipation in continuous spoken word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language 45:133-39. [BM]Google Scholar
Gow, D. (2002) Does English coronal place assimilation create lexical ambiguity? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 28(1):163-79. [BM]Google Scholar
Gow, D. W. Jr. (2003) Feature parsing: Feature cue mapping in spoken word recognition. Perception and Psychophysics 65(4):575-90. [BM]Google Scholar
Gow, D. W. Jr. & Gordon, P C. (1995) Lexical and prelexical influences on word segmentation: Evidence from priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 21(2):344-59. [BM]Google Scholar
Gow, D. W. & Holcomb, P. (2002) Electrophysiological correlates of place assimilation context effects. Paper presented at the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, November, 2002, Kansas City, MO. [BM]Google Scholar
Gow, D. W., McMurray, B. & Tanenhaus, M. K. (2003) Eye movements reveal the time course of multiple context effects in the perception of assimilated speech. Poster presented at The 44th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomics Society, November, 2003, Vancouver, Canada. [BM]Google Scholar
Griggs, R. A. (1983) The role of problem content in the selection task and in the THOG problem. In: Thinking and reasoning: Psychological approaches, ed. St, J.. Evans, B. T.. Routledge. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Griggs, R. A. & Cox, J. R. (1982) The elusive thematic-materials effect in Wason’s selection task. British Journal of Psychology 73:407-20. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Grossman, M. (1981) A bird is a bird is a bird: Making reference with and without superordinate categories. Brain and Language 12:313-31. [JD]Google Scholar
Grossman, M., Smith, E. E., Koenig, P, Glosser, G., DeVita, L., Moore, P & McMillan, C. (2002) The neural basis for categorization in semantic memory. Neuroimage 17:1549-61. [EES]Google Scholar
Guenther, F. H., Husain, F. T., Cohen, M. A. & Shinn-Cunningham, B. G. (1999) Effects of categorization and discrimination training on auditory perceptual space. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106:2900-12. [GL]Google Scholar
Gupta, P. & Touretzky, D. S. (1994) Connectionist models and linguistic theory: Investigations of stress systems in language. Cognitive Science 18:1-50. [TMB]Google Scholar
Hadley, R. (1993) The “explicit / implicit” distinction. Technical Report CSS-IS TR93-02, Simon Frasier University. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Hadley, R. (1999) Connectionism and novel combinations of skills: Implications for cognitive architecture. Minds and Machines 9:197-221. [FCG]Google Scholar
Hahn, U. & Chater, N. (1998) Similarity and rules: Distinct? Exhaustive? Empirically distinguishable? Cognition 65:197-230. [aEMP, RR, OV, UH]Google Scholar
Hahn, U. & Nakisa, R. C. (2000) German inflection: Single or dual route? Cognitive Psychology 41:313-60. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Hahn, U., Prat-Sala, M. & Pothos, E. M. (2002) How similarity affects the ease of rule application. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, eds. Gray, W. D. & Schunn, C. D., Erlbaum. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Halle, M. & Vergnaud, J. R. (1987) An essay on stress. MIT Press. [TMB]Google Scholar
Hammer, R. & Diesendruck, G. (2005) The role of dimensional distinctiveness in children’s and adults’ artifact categorization. Psychological Science 16:137-44. [GD]Google Scholar
Hannah, S. D. & Brooks, L. R. (submitted a) Biasing of categorization decisions: Mediation by the perceptual familiarity of features and by learned attention patterns. [LRB] (submitted b) Feature appearance as a determiner of feature importance in classification. [LRB]Google Scholar
Hare, M., Elman, J. L. & Daugherty, K. G. (1995) Default generalization in connectionist networks. Language and Cognitive Processes 10:601-30. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Harman, G. (1999) Reasoning, meaning, and mind. Oxford University Press. [EH]Google Scholar
Harnad, S., ed. (1987) Categorical perception. Cambridge University Press. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Heit, E. (1997) Knowledge and concept learning. In: Knowledge, concepts, and categories, ed. Lamberts, K. & Shanks, D., pp. 7-41. Psychology Press. [EH, aEMP]Google Scholar
Heit, E. (1998) A Bayesian analysis of some forms of inductive reasoning. In: Rational models of cognition, ed. Oaksford, M. & Chater, N., pp. 248-74. Oxford University Press. [EH]Google Scholar
Hempel, C. G. (1952) Fundamentals of concept formation in the empirical sciences. University of Chicago Press. [DED]Google Scholar
Henaff Gonon, M. A., Bruckert, R. & Michel, F. (1989) Lexicalization in an anomic patient. Neuropsychologia 27:391-407. [JD]Google Scholar
Henle, M. (1962) On the relation between logic and thinking. Psychological Review 69:366-78. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J., Vaughan, W. J. R., Mumford, D. B. & Kosslyn, S. M. (1989) Teaching pigeons an abstract relational rule: Insideness. Perception and Psychophysics 46:56-64. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Hinton, G. E. (1986) Learning distributed representations of concepts. Paper presented at the 8th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Amherst, MA, August 1986. [AC]Google Scholar
Hintzman, D. L. (1986) “Schema abstraction” in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review 93:411-28. [arEMP]Google Scholar
Howard, D. & Patterson, K. E. (1992) The Pyramids and Palm Trees Test. Thames Valley Test Company. [JD]Google Scholar
Hummel, J. E. & Holyoak, K. J. (1997) Distributed representations of structure: A theory of analogical access and mapping. Psychological Review 104(3):427-66. [TMB, ABM]Google Scholar
Inhelder, B. & Piaget, J. (1958) The growth of logical thinking. Basic Books. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Isham, C. J. (1989) Lectures on groups and vector spaces. World Scientific. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. S. (1975) Morphological and semantic regularities in the lexicon. Language 51:639-71. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Joanisse, M. F. & Seidenberg, M. S. (1999) Impairments in verb morphology after brain injury: A connectionist model. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96:7592-97. [rEMP]Google Scholar
Johansen, M. K. & Palmeri, T. J. (2002) Are there representational shifts during category learning? Cognitive Psychology 45:482-553. [EH, UH]Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P N. (1993) Precis of Deduction. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16:323-80. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P N. (1994) Mental models and probabilistic thinking. Cognition 50:189-209. [EH]Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N., Legrenzi, P., Girotto, V., Legrenzi, M. A. & Caverni, J. P. (1999) Naive probability: A mental model theory of extensional reasoning. Psychological Review 106:62-88. [EH]Google Scholar
Johnstone, T. & Shanks, D. R. (1999) Two mechanisms in implicit grammar learning? Comment on Meulemans and Van der Linden (1997) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Leaning, Memory, and Cognition 25:524-31. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Juola, P. & Plunkett, K. (1998) Why double dissociations don’t mean much. In: Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, ed. Gernsbacher, M. A. & Derry, S. J., pp. 561-66. Erlbaum. [rEMP]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1972) Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology 3:430-54. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Kaplan, A. S. & Murphy, G. L. (2000) Category learning with minimal prior knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 26:829-46. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Katz, J. (1972) Semantic theory. Harper & Row. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Keil, F. C. (1989) Concepts, kinds and cognitive development. MIT Press. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Keil, F. C. (1995) The growth of causal understanding of natural kinds. In: Causal cognition, ed. Sperber, D., Premack, D. & Premack, A.. Oxford University Press. [GD]Google Scholar
Keil, F. C., Smith, C., Simons, D. J. & Levin, D. T. (1998) Two dogmas of conceptual empiricism: Implications for hybrid models of the structure of knowledge. Cognition 65:103-35. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Kelso, J. A. S. (1995) Dynamic patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior. MIT Press. [FCG]Google Scholar
Kelter, S., Cohen, R., Engel, D., List, G. & Strohner, H. (1976) Aphasic disorders in matching tasks involving conceptual analysis and covert naming. Cortex 12:383-94. [JD]Google Scholar
Kim, N. S. & Ahn, W. K. (2002) Clinical psychologists’ theory-based representations of mental disorders predict their diagnostic reasoning and memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 131(4):451-76. [ABM]Google Scholar
Knowlton, B. & Squire, L. (1994) The information acquired during artificial grammar learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20:79-91. [aEMP, RR]Google Scholar
Knowlton, B. & Squire, L. (1996) Artificial grammar learning depends on implicit acquisition of both abstract and exemplar-specific information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 22:169-81. [aEMP, RR]Google Scholar
Koepcke, K. M. (1988) Schemes in German plural formation. Lingua 74:303-35. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Kolodner, J. L. (1992) An introduction to Case-Based reasoning. Artificial Intelligence Review 6:3-34. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Komatsu, L. K. (1992) Recent views of conceptual structure. Psychological Bulletin 112:500-26. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Kruschke, J. K. (1992) ALCOVE: An exemplar-based connectionist model of category learning. Psychological Review 99:22-44. [FGA, EH, aEMP]Google Scholar
Ladefoged, P & Broadbent, D. E. (1957) Information conveyed by vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 29:98-104. [GL]Google Scholar
Lamberts, K. (2000) Information-accumulation theory of speeded categorization. Psychological Review 107:227-60. [EH]Google Scholar
Lamberts, K. & Shanks, D., eds. (1997) Knowledge, concepts, and categories. MIT Press. [OV]Google Scholar
Leland, J. (1994) Generalized similarity judgments: An alternative explanation for choice anomalies. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 9:151-72. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Levi, I. (1980) The enterprise of knowledge. MIT Press. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Levi, I. (1986) The paradoxes of Allais and Ellsberg. Economics and Philosophy 2:2356. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Levi, I. (1996) For the sake of the argument: Ramsey test conditionals, inductive inference, and non-mono-tonic reasoning. Cambridge University Press. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1973) Counterfactuals. Blackwell. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Liberman, A. M., Harris, K. S., Hoffman, H. S. & Griffith, B. C. (1957) The discrimination of speech sounds within and across phoneme boundaries. Journal of Experimental Psychology 54(5):358-68. [BM]Google Scholar
Liberman, A. M., Harris, K. S., Kinney, J. & Lane, H. (1961) The discrimination of relative onset-time of the components of certain speech and non-speech patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology 61:379. [BM]Google Scholar
Livingston, K. R., Andrews, J. K. & Harnad, S. (1998) Categorical perception effects induced by category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 24:732-53. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Macaluso, E., Frith, C. & Driver, J. (2000) Modulation of human visual cortex by crossmodal spatial attention. Science 289:1206-1208. [OV]Google Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. (1983) Conditioning and associative learning. Oxford University Press. [aEMP]Google Scholar
MacWhinney, B. (1993) The (il)logical problem of language acquisition. In: Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, ed. Polsen, M. C. Erlbaum. [aEMP]Google Scholar
MacWhinney, B. (2001) The competition model: The input, the context, and the brain. In: Cognition and second language instruction, ed. Robinson, P., pp. 69-90. Cambridge University Press. [PR]Google Scholar
Maddox, W. T., Ashby, F. G. & Bohil, C. J. (2003) Delayed feedback effects on rule-based and information-integration category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 29:650-62. [FGA]Google Scholar
Maddox, W. T., Ashby, F. G., Ing, A. D. & Pickering, A. D. (2004a) Disrupting feedback processing interferes with rule-based but not information- integration category learning. Memory and Cognition 32:582-91. [FGA]Google Scholar
Maddox, W. T., Bohil, C. J. & Ing, A. D. (2004b) Evidence for a procedural learning-based system in perceptual category learning. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 11:945-52. [FGA]Google Scholar
Malt, B. C. (1990) Features and beliefs in the mental representations of categories. Journal of Memory and Language 29:289-315. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Marcus, G. F. (2001) The algebraic mind: Integrating connectionism and cognitive science. MIT Press. [PFD, GM, aEMP]Google Scholar
Marcus, G. F. & Berent, I. (2003) Are there limits to statistical learning? Science 300:53-54. [FCG]Google Scholar
Marcus, G. F., Brinkmann, U., Clahsen, H., Wiese, R. & Pinker, S. (1995) German inflection: The exception that proves the rule. Cognitive Psychology 29:189256. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Marcus, G. F., Vijayan, S., Bandi Rao, S. & Vishton, P M. (1999) Rule learning by seven-month-old infants. Science 283:77-80. [AC, FCG, aEMP]Google Scholar
Markman, A. B. (2001) Structural alignment, similarity and the internal structure of category representations. In: Similarity and categorization, ed. Hahn, U. & Ramscar, M., pp. 190-30. Oxford University Press. [JD]Google Scholar
Markman, A. B. & Ross, B. H. (2003) Category use and category learning. Psychological Bulletin 129:592-615. [EH]Google Scholar
Marr, D. (1982) Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information. W. H. Freeman. [arEMP]Google Scholar
McClelland, L. J. & Rumelhart, E. D. (1986) Distributed memory and the representation of general and specific information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 114:159-88. [aEMP]Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L., St. John, M. & Taraban, R. (1989) Sentence comprehension: A parallel distributed processing approach. Language and Cognitive Processes 4:287-335. [GL]Google Scholar
McGee, V. (1985) A counterexample to modus ponens. Journal of Philosophy 82:462-71. [HA-C]Google Scholar
McKinley, S. C. & Nosofsky, R. M. (1995) Investigations of exemplar and decision bound models in large, ill-defined category structures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 21:128-48. [aEMP]Google Scholar
McMurray, B., Aslin, R., Tanenhaus, M., Spivey, M. & Subik, D. (in preparation). Two “B” or not 2 /b/: Categorical perception in lexical and nonlexical tasks. [BM]Google Scholar
McMurray, B., Tanenhaus, M. & Aslin, R. (2002) Gradient effects of within- category phonetic variation on lexical access. Cognition 86(2):B33-42. [BM]Google Scholar
McMurray, B., Tanenhaus, M., Aslin, R. & Spivey, M. (2003) Probabilistic constraint satisfaction at the lexical/phonetic interface: Evidence for gradient effects of within-category VOT on lexical access. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 32(1):77-97. [BM]Google Scholar
Medin, D. L., Goldstone, R. L. & Gentner, D. (1993) Respects for similarity. Psychological Review 100(2):254-78. [ABM]Google Scholar
Medin, D. L. & Ortony, A. (1989) Psychological essentialism. In: Similarity and analogical reasoning, ed. Vosniadou, S. & Ortony, A.. Cambridge University Press. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Medin, D. L. & Ross, B. H. (1989) The specific character of abstract thought: Categorization, problem solving and induction. In: Advances in the psychology of human intelligence, vol. 5, ed. Sternberg, R. S. pp. 189-223. Erlbaum. [ABM, aEMP]Google Scholar
Medin, D. L. & Schaffer, M. M. (1978) Context theory of classification learning. Psychological Review 85(3):207-38. [aEMP, EES]Google Scholar
Medin, D. L. & Smith, E. E. (1981) Strategies and classification learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 7:241-53. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Medin, D. L., Wattenmaker, W. D. & Hampson, S. E. (1987) Family resemblance, conceptual cohesiveness, and category construction. Cognitive Psychology 19:242-79. [EH]Google Scholar
Meulemans, T. & van der Linden, M. (1997) Associative chunk strength in artificial grammar learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23:1007-28. [aEMP, RR]Google Scholar
Miozzo, M. (2003) On the processing of regular and irregular forms of verbs and nouns: Evidence from neuropsychology. Cognition 87:101-27. [rEMP]Google Scholar
Mitchell, T. (1997) Machine learning. McGraw Hill. [WD]Google Scholar
Murphy, G. L. & Medin, D. L. (1985) The role of theories in conceptual coherence. Psychological Review 92:289-316. [arEMP]Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1973) You can’t play 20 questions with nature and win: Projective comments on the papers in this symposium. In: Visual information processing, ed. Chase, W. G. pp. 283-308. Academic Press. [JGW]Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1990) Unified theories of cognition. Harvard University Press. [rEMP]Google Scholar
Nijenhuis, J. T. & van der Flier, H. (2002) The correlation of g with attentional and perceptual-motor ability tests. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences 33:287-97. [rEMP]Google Scholar
Nosofsky, R. M. (1986) Attention, similarity and the identification-categorization relationship. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 115(1):39-57. [DED, EES]Google Scholar
Nosofsky, R. M. (1988) Similarity, frequency, and category representation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 14:54-65. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Nosofsky, R. M. (1989) Further tests of an exemplar-similarity approach to relating identification and categorization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Perception and Psychophysics 45:279-90. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Nosofsky, R. M. (1990) Relations between exemplar-similarity and likelihood models of classification. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 34:393-418. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Nosofsky, R. M. (1991) Tests of an exemplar model for relating perceptual classification and recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 17:3-27. [FCG, arEMP]Google Scholar
Nosofsky, R. M., Clark, S. E. & Shin, H. J. (1989) Rules and exemplars in categorization, identification, and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2:282-304. [JAH, aEMP]Google Scholar
Nosofsky, R. M. & Johansen, M. K. (2000) Exemplar-based accounts of “multiple- system” phenomena in perceptual categorization. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 7:375-402. [EH]Google Scholar
Nosofsky, R. B. & Zaki, S. R. (1998) Dissociations between categorization and recognition in amnesic and normal individuals: An exemplar-based interpretation. Psychological Science 9:247-55. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Nygaard, L. C. & Pisoni, D. B. (1998) Talker-specific learning in speech perception. Perception and Psychophysics 60:355-76. [GL]Google Scholar
Oaksford, M. & Chater, N. (1994) A rational analysis of the selection task as optimal data selection. Psychological Review 101:608-31. [arEMP, SS]Google Scholar
Osherson, D. N. (1990) Judgment. In: Thinking: An invitation to cognitive science, ed. Osherson, D. N. & Smith, E. E.. MIT Press. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Osherson, D. N., Perani, D., Cappa, S., Schnur, T., Grassi, F. & Fazio, F. (1998) Distinct brain loci in deductive versus probabilistic reasoning. Neuropsychologia 36:369-76. [EH]Google Scholar
Osherson, D. N., Smith, E. E., Wilkie, O., Lopez, A. & Shafir, E. (1990) Category- based induction. Psychological Review 97(2):185-200. [EH, ABM, aEMP]Google Scholar
Pacton, S., Perruchet, P, Fayol, M. & Cleeremans, A. (2001) Implicit learning out of the lab: The case of orthographic regularities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 130(3):401-26. [AC]Google Scholar
Paris, J. B. (1994) The uncertain reasoners companion: A mathematical perspective. Cambridge University Press. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Parsons, L. M. & Osherson, D. N. (2001) New evidence for distinct right and left brain systems for deductive versus probabilistic reasoning. Cerebral Cortex 11:954-65. [EH]Google Scholar
Patalano, A. L., Smith, E. E., Jonides, J. & Koeppe, R. A. (2002) PET evidence for multiple strategies of categorization. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioural Neuroscience 1(4):360-70. [EES]Google Scholar
Pearce, J. M. (1987) A model for stimulus generalization in Pavlovian conditioning. Psychological Review 94:61-73. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Perruchet, P. & Pacteau, C. (1990) Synthetic grammar learning: Implicit rule abstraction or explicit fragmentary knowledge? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 119:264-75. [TMB, aEMP]Google Scholar
Perruchet, P. & Vinter, A. (2002) The self-organizing consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(3):297-329. [DED]Google Scholar
Pickering, M. J. & Branigan, H. P (1999) Syntactic priming in language production. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3:136-42. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (1979) Formal models of language learning. Cognition 7:217-83. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (1994) The language instinct. Morrow. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (1999) Words and rules: The ingredients of language, 1st edition. Basic Books. [GM, EES]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. & Prince, A. (1988) On language processing and connectionism: Analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language acquisition. Cognition 28:73-193. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. & Ullman, M. (2002) The past and future of the past tense. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6:456-63. [FCG]Google Scholar
Plunkett, K. & Marchman, V. A. (1991) U-shaped learning and frequency effects in a multi-layered perceptron: Implications for child language acquisition. Cognition 38:43-102. [WD, aEMP]Google Scholar
Plunkett, K. & Marchman, V. A. (1993) From rote learning to system building: Acquiring verb morphology in children and connectionist nets. Cognition 48(1):21-69. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Plunkett, K & Nakisa, R. C. (1997) A connectionist model of the Arabic plural system. Language and Cognitive Processes 12:807-36. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Pollard, P. (1982) Human reasoning: Some possible effects of availability. Cognition 12:65-96. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. & Keele, S. W. (1968) On the genesis of abstract ideas. Journal of Experimental Psychology 77:353-63. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Pothos, E. M. & Bailey, T. M. (2000) The importance of similarity in artificial grammar learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 26:847-62. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Pothos, E. M. & Chater, N. (2002) A simplicity principle in unsupervised human categorization. Cognitive Science 26:303-43. [arEMP]Google Scholar
Pothos, E. M. & Hahn, U. (2000) So concepts aren’t definitions, but do they have necessary *or* sufficient features? British Journal of Psychology 91:439-50. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Prince, A. & Smolensky, P. (1993) Optimality theory: Constraint interaction in generative grammar. Technical Report No. 2. Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science. [TMB]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1975) The meaning of “meaning.” In: Mind, language and reality: Philosophical papers, vol 2, ed. Putnam, H.. Cambridge University Press. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Ramscar, M. (2002) The role of meaning in inflection: Why the past tense does not require a rule. Cognitive Psychology 45:45-94. [FCG, GL, aEMP]Google Scholar
Reber, A. R., Allen, R. & Regan, S. (1985) Syntactical learning and judgment, still unconscious and still abstract: Comment on Dulany, Carlson, and Dewey. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 114:17-24. [rEMP]Google Scholar
Reber, A. S. (1967) Implicit learning of artificial grammars. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 6:317-27. [aEMP, RR]Google Scholar
Reber, A. S. (1989) Implicit learning and tacit knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118:219-35. [aEMP, PR]Google Scholar
Reber, A. S. & Allen, R. (1978) Analogic and abstraction strategies in synthetic grammar learning: A functional interpretation. Cognition 6:189-221. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Redington, F. M. & Chater, N. (1996) Transfer in artificial grammar learning: Methodological issues and theoretical implications. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 125:123-38. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Reed, S. K. (1972) Pattern recognition and categorization. Cognitive Psychology 3:382-407. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Regehr, G. & Brooks, L. R. (1995) Category organization in free classification: The organizing effect of an array of stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 21:347-63. [UH]Google Scholar
Rips, L. J. (1983) Cognitive processes in propositional reasoning. Psychological Review 90:38-71. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Rips, L. J. (1989) Similarity, typicality, and categorization. In: Similarity and analogical reasoning, ed. Vosniadou, S. & Ortony, A., pp. 21-59. Cambridge University Press. [DED, aEMP, EES]Google Scholar
Rips, L. J. (1994) The psychology of proof: Deductive reasoning in human thinking. MIT Press. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Rips, L. J. (2001) Necessity and natural categories. Psychological Bulletin 127:827-52. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Rips, L. J. & Collins, A. (1993) Categories and resemblance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 122:468-86. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Roberson, D., Davidoff, J. & Braisby, N. (1999) Similarity and categorisation: Neuropsychological evidence for a dissociation in explicit categorisation tasks. Cognition 71:1-42. [JD]Google Scholar
Robinson, P. (1996) Consciousness, rules, and instructed second language acquisition. Lang. [PR]Google Scholar
Robinson, P. (2002) Effects of individual differences in intelligence, aptitude, and working memory on adult incidental SLA: A replication and extension of Reber, Walkenfield and Hernstadt, 1991. In: Individual differences and instructed language learning, ed. Robinson, P., pp. 211-66. John Benjamins. [PR]Google Scholar
Robinson, P. (2005) Cognitive abilities, chunking, and frequency effects in artificial grammar and incidental L2 learning: Replications of Reber, Wakenfeld, and Hernstadt (1991) and Knowlton and Squire (1996) and their relevance to SLA. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 27(2):235-68. [PR]Google Scholar
Rosch, E. & Mervis, C. B. (1975) Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories. Cognitive Psychology 7:573-605. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Rubinstein, A. (1988) Similarity and decision making under risk (Is there a utility theory resolution of the Allais paradox?). Journal of Economic Theory 46:14553. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Rubinstein, A. (1997) Modeling bounded rationality. MIT Press. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E. & McClelland, J. L. (1986) On learning the past tenses of English verbs: Implicit rules or parallel distributed processing? In: Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition. vol. 2: Psychological and biological models, ed. McClelland, J. L. Rumelhart, D. E. & the PDP Research Group. MIT Press. [aEMP, UH]Google Scholar
Saffran, J. R., Aslin, R. N. & Newport, E. L. (1996) Statistical learning by 8-month old infants. Science 274:1926-28. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Schalkoff, R. (1992) Pattern recognition. Statistical, structural and neural approaches. Wiley. [WD]Google Scholar
Schank, R. C. (1982) Dynamic memory: A theory of learning in people and computers. Cambridge University Press. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Schneider, W, Chein, J. & McHugo, M. (2003) A model of automatic/controlled processing in the brain. Paper presented at the 44th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Vancouver, Canada, November 6-9, 2003. [DED]Google Scholar
Schroyens, W., Schaeken, W. & Handley, S. (2003) In search of counter examples: Deductive rationality in human reasoning. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 56A:1129-45. [rEMP]Google Scholar
Schyns, P. G., Goldstone, R. L. & Thibaut, J. (1998) Development of features in object concepts. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21:1-54. [EH, GL]Google Scholar
Schyns, P. G. & Oliva, A. (1999) Dr. Angry and Mr. Smile: When categorization flexibly modifies the perception of faces in rapid visual presentations. Cognition 69:243-65. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Searle, J. (1980) Rules and causation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:1-61. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Searle, J. (1992) The rediscovery of the mind. MIT Press. [AC]Google Scholar
Searle, J. Seidenberg, M. S. & Elman, J. L. (1999) Networks are not “hidden rules.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3:288-89. [FCG]Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S., MacDonald, M. C. & Saffran, J. R. (2003) Are there limits to statistical learning? - Response. Science 300:54. [FCG]Google Scholar
Semenza, C., Bisiacchi, P. & Romani, L. (1992) Naming disorders and semantic representations. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 21:349-64. [JD]Google Scholar
Semenza, C., Denes, G., Lucchese, D. & Bisiacchi, P. (1980) Selective deficit of conceptual structures in aphasia: Class versus thematic relations. Brain and Language 10:243-48. [JD]Google Scholar
Servan-Schreiber, E. & Anderson, J. R. (1990) Learning artificial grammars with competitive chunking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 16:592-608. [TMB]Google Scholar
Shanks, D. R. & Darby, R. J. (1998) Feature- and rule-based generalization in human associative learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 24:405-15. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Shanks, D. R., Johnstone, T. & Kinder, A. (2002) Modularity and artificial grammar learning. In: Implicit learning: An empirical, philosophical and computational consensus in the making, ed. French, R. M. & Cleeremans, A., pp. 93-120. Psychology Press. [RR]Google Scholar
Shanks, D. R., Johnstone, T. & Staggs, L. (1997) Abstraction processes in artificial grammar learning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Section A: Human Experimental Psychology 50(1):216-52. [AC]Google Scholar
Shanks, D. R. & St. John, M. F. (1994) Characteristics of dissociable human learning systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:367-447. [DED]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1987) Toward a universal law of generalization for psychological science. Science 237:1317-23. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Singley, M. K. & Anderson, J. R. (1989) The transfer of cognitive skill. Harvard University Press. [ABM]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1936) Conditioning and extinction and their relation to drive. Journal of General Psychology 14:296-317. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1957) Verbal behavior. Appleton. [JC]Google Scholar
Sloman, S. A. (1993) Feature-based induction. Cognitive Psychology 25:231-80. [EH]Google Scholar
Sloman, S. A. (1996) The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin 119:3-22. [EH, aEMP]Google Scholar
Sloman, S. A. & Rips, L. J. (1998) Similarity as an explanatory construct. Cognition 65:87-101. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Smith, E. E., Langston, C. & Nisbett, R. E. (1992) The case for rules in reasoning. Cognitive Science 16:1-40. [aEMP, EES]Google Scholar
Smith, E. E. & Medin, D. L. (1981) Categories and concepts. Harvard University Press. [EES]Google Scholar
Smith, E. E. & Osherson, D. N. (1989) Similarity and decision making. In: Similarity and analogical reasoning, ed. Vosniadou, S. & Ortony, A., pp. 60-71. Cambridge University Press. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Smith, E. E., Patalano, A. L. & Jonides, J. (1998) Alternative strategies of categorization. Cognition 65:167-96. [EH, aEMP, RR]Google Scholar
Smith, E. E. & Sloman, S. A. (1994) Similarity- vs. rule-based categorization. Memory and Cognition 22:377-86. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Smith, L. B. (1989) A model of perceptual classification in children and adults. Psychological Review 96:125-44. [EH]Google Scholar
Smith, L. B., Jones, S. S. & Landau, B. (1996) Naming in young children: A dumb attentional mechanism. Cognition 60:143-71. [GD]Google Scholar
Spalding, T. L. & Murphy, G. L. (1996) Effects of background knowledge on category construction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 22:525-38. [EH]Google Scholar
Spencer, J. P & Thelen, E., eds. (2003) Special issue: Connectionist and dynamic systems approaches to development. Developmental Science 4(4). [FCG]Google Scholar
Spohn, W. (1988) A general non-probabilistic theory of inductive inference. In: Causation in decision, belief change and statistics, ed. Harper, W. & Skyrms, B., pp. 105-34. Reidel. [HA-C]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (1999) Who is rational? Studies of individual differences in reasoning. Erlbaum. [EH]Google Scholar
Sternberg, S. (1966) High-speed scanning in human memory. Science 153:652-54. [FGA]Google Scholar
Tesar, B. (1997) An iterative strategy for learning metrical stress in optimality theory. In: The Proceedings of the 21st Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, ed. Hughes, E., Hughes, M. & Greenhill, A., pp. 615-26. Cascadilla Press. [TMB]Google Scholar
Thelen, E., Schoner, G., Scheier, C. & Smith, L. (2001) The dynamics of embodiment: A field theory of infant perseverative reaching. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24(1):1-86. [FCG]Google Scholar
Thelen, E. & Smith, L. (1994) A dynamic systems approach to the development of perception and action. MIT Press. [FCG]Google Scholar
Tversky, A. (1977) Features of similarity. Psychological Review 84(4):327-52. [ABM, aEMP, OV]Google Scholar
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1983) Availability: A heuristic for judging the frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology 5:207-232. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Ullman, M. T. (2001) The neural basis of lexicon and grammar in first and second language: The declarative/procedural model. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 4(2):105-22. [EES]Google Scholar
Vignolo, L. A. (1999) Disorders of conceptual thinking in aphasia. In: Handbook of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, ed. Denes, G. & Pizzamiglio, L., pp. 273-88. Psychology Press. [JD]Google Scholar
Vilarroya, O. (2002) The dissolution of mind. Rodopi (VIBS). [OV]Google Scholar
Vokey, J. R. & Brooks, L. R. (1992) Salience of item knowledge in learning artificial grammar. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20:328-44. [aEMP, PR]Google Scholar
Vroomen, J. & de Gelder, B. (2000) Sound enhances visual perception: Crossmodal effects of auditory organization on visual perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 26:1583-90. [OV]Google Scholar
Wagner, U., Gais, S., Haider, H., Verleger, R. & Born, J. (2004) Sleep inspires insight. Nature 427(6972):352-55. [AC]Google Scholar
Waldron, E. M. & Ashby, F. G. (2001) The effects of concurrent task interference on category learning: Evidence for multiple category learning systems. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 8:168-76. [FGA]Google Scholar
Warrington, E. K. (1975) The selective impairment of semantic memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 27:635-57. [JD]Google Scholar
Wason, P. C. (1960) On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 12:129-40. [JAH, aEMP]Google Scholar
Wason, P. C. (1966) Reasoning. In: New horizons in psychology, vol 1, pp. 135-51. Penguin. [SS]Google Scholar
Wason, P. C. & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1972) The psychology of reasoning: Structure and content. Harvard University Press. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Wasserman, E. A. & Miller, R. R. (1997) What’s elementary about associative learning? Annual Review of Psychology 48:573-607. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Whittlesea, B. W. A. & Dorken, M. D. (1993) Incidentally, things in general are particularly determined: An episodic-processing account of implicit learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 122:227-48. [RR]Google Scholar
Willingham, D. B., Wells, L. A., Farrell, J. M. & Stemwedel, M. E. (2000) Implicit motor sequence learning is represented in response locations. Memory and Cognition 28:366-75. [FGA]Google Scholar
Wills, S. & Mackintosh, N. J. (1998) Peak shift on an artificial dimension. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 51B:1-31. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Wisniewski, E. J. (1995) Prior knowledge and functionally relevant features in concept learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21:449-68. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Wisniewski, E. J. & Medin, D. L. (1994) On the interaction of theory and data in concept learning. Cognitive Science 18:221-81. [EH]Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1953/1998) Philosophical investigations. Blackwell. [aEMP]Google Scholar
Wolff, J. G. (1999) Probabilistic reasoning as information compression by multiple alignment, unification and search: An introduction and overview. Journal of Universal Computer Science 5(7):418-62. URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.AI/0307010. [JGW]Google Scholar
Wolff, J. G. (2000) Syntax, parsing and production of natural language in a framework of information compression by multiple alignment, unification and search. Journal of Universal Computer Science 6(8):781-829. URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.AI/0307014. [JGW]Google Scholar
Wolff, J. G. (2003a) Information compression by multiple alignment, unification and search as a unifying principle in computing and cognition. Artificial Intelligence Review 19(3):193-230. URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.AI/0307025. [JGW]Google Scholar
Wolff, J. G. (2003b) Unsupervised grammar induction in a framework of information compression by multiple alignment, unification and search. In: Proceedings of the workshop and tutorial on learning context-free grammars, eds. de la Higuera, C., Adriaans, P., van Zaanen, M. & Oncina, J.. ECML/PKDD 2003, Cavtat-Dubrovnik, Croata. URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.AI/0311045. [JGW]Google Scholar
Wright, C. (1975) On the coherence of vague predicates. Synthese 30:325-65. [JD]Google Scholar
Zurif, E., Caramazza, A., Meyerson, R. & Galvin, J. (1974) Semantic feature representation for normal and aphasic language. Brain and Language 1:16787. [JD]Google Scholar