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The Emergence of Capitalist Relations in South Asante Cocoa-Farming, C. 1916–331

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2009

Extract

The notion of capitalist relations in Ghanaian cocoa-farming is familiar, yet their development has been relatively little studied. In Amansie district, Asante, capitalist relations of production developed as a result rather than as a cause of the cocoa ‘take-off’, c. 1900–16. This paper examines their emergence, which occurred largely during the subsequent period of much slower growth and generally lower prices. The introduction and spread of regular wage-labour, the widening and deepening burden of rent on ‘stranger’ cocoa farms, the proliferation of ‘advances’, and the introduction of farm mortgaging are described, together with the accompanying decline of slavery, pawning, and other non-wage forms of labour. Colonial officials ineffectually deplored the growth of money-lending and, to a lesser extent, that of wage-labour. From the mid-1930s, however, the tendency towards greater separation of labour from control of the farm was partly reversed by a new insistence by northern labourers on the replacement of annual wage contracts by a managerial form of share-cropping. This demand was sustained against the opposition of farmowners and despite persistent unemployment, an achievement made possible by the migrants continued foothold in subsistence agriculture in their home areas. This case of migrant labourers successfully challenging the extension of wage relations raises questions concerning the relationships between commercial agriculture and ‘precapitalist’ social relations of production in Africa generally.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1987

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References

2 The usefulness of this and other definitions of capitalism in understanding nineteenth and early twentieth century Asante rural history is examined in Austin, G., ‘Rural capitalism and the growth of cocoa-farming in South Ashanti, to 1924 (Ph.D. thesis, Birmingham University, 1984) (hereafter ‘Growth’).Google Scholar

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89 Share-croppers had been commonly employed earlier in cocoa-farming in the Gold Coast Colony, especially by Akuapim farmers. In contrast to the Asante case discussed here, it was used primarily as an employer' device to save capital. The newly employed labourer would be entitled to all the crop he plucked from the owner's existing farm, on condition he assisted the owner to establish new ones. As the yield of the original farm increased, the labourer's share would be reduced: to a third, and perhaps later to a (smaller) fixed sum per load (nkotokuano). (Hill, Migrant Cocoa-Farmers, 188: cf. her The Gold Coast Cocoa Farmer (London, 1956), 11–12, 15–16).Google Scholar See also Sutton, Inez, ‘Labour in commercial agriculture in Ghana in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries’, J. Afr. Hist. XXIV (1983), 472–3.Google Scholar

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