Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T05:58:08.179Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Pre-slaughter conditions, animal stress and welfare: current status and possible future research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 October 2008

E. M. C. Terlouw ,
C. Arnould ,
B. Auperin ,
C. Berri ,
E. Le Bihan-Duval ,
V. Deiss ,
F. Lefèvre ,
B. J. Lensink  and
L. Mounier
E. M. C. Terlouw*
Affiliation:
Herbivore Research Unit, INRA – Theix, 63122 St, Genès, Champanelle, France
C. Arnould
Affiliation:
Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR – INRA 85 – CNRS 6175, Université de Tours – Haras Nationaux, Centre INRA de Tours-Nouzilly, 37380 Nouzilly, France
B. Auperin
Affiliation:
Station commune de Recherches en Ichtyophysiologie, Biodiversité et Environnement, INRA Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
C. Berri
Affiliation:
Station de Recherches Avicoles, INRA – Centre de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
E. Le Bihan-Duval
Affiliation:
Station de Recherches Avicoles, INRA – Centre de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
V. Deiss
Affiliation:
Herbivore Research Unit, INRA – Theix, 63122 St, Genès, Champanelle, France
F. Lefèvre
Affiliation:
Station commune de Recherches en Ichtyophysiologie, Biodiversité et Environnement, INRA Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
B. J. Lensink
Affiliation:
Herbivore Research Unit, INRA – Theix, 63122 St, Genès, Champanelle, France Institut Supérieur d’Agriculture Lille, 48, boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
L. Mounier
Affiliation:
Herbivore Research Unit, INRA – Theix, 63122 St, Genès, Champanelle, France Unité Gestion des élevages, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l’étoile, France
*
E-mail: claudia.terlouw@clermont.inra.fr
Get access

Abstract

The present paper describes the main procedures used to slaughter fowl, pigs, calves and adult cattle, sheep, and farmed fish, starting on the farm and ending with the death of the animal at the abattoir. It reviews the currently known causes of stress, indicated by behavioural and physiological measurements on the animal level, and by post-mortem muscle metabolism. During the pre-slaughter period, psychological stress is due to changes of environment, social disturbances and handling, and physical stress is due to food deprivation, climatic conditions, fatigue, and sometimes pain. The exact causes of stress depend, however, on the characteristics of each species, including the rearing system. For fowl, bird catching and crating, duration and climatic conditions of transport and of lairage and shackling are the main known pre-slaughter stress factors. For pigs, stress is caused by fighting during mixing of pens, loading and unloading conditions, and introduction in the restrainer. Handling and novelty of the situation contribute to the stress reactions. For veal calves and adult cattle, disruption of the social group, handling, loading and sometimes unloading conditions, fatigue, novelty of the situation and for calves mixing with unfamiliar animals are known stress factors. Gathering and yarding of extensively reared lambs and sheep causes stress, particularly when shepherd dogs are used. Subsequent transport may induce fatigue, especially if sheep are commercialised through auctions or markets. In farmed fish, stress is predominantly related to environmental aspects such as temperature, oxygen, cleanliness of the water and, to a certain extent, stocking density and removal of the fish from the water. If transport and lairage conditions are good and their durations not too long, they may allow pigs, calves and adult cattle, sheep, and fish to rest. For certain species, it was shown that genetic origin and earlier experience influence reactions to the slaughter procedure. Stunning techniques used depend on the species. Pigs and fowl are mostly electrically or gas-stunned, while most adult cattle are stunned with a captive bolt pistol. Calves and sheep may be electrically stunned or with a captive bolt pistol. Various stunning methods exist for the different farmed fish species. Potential causes of stress associated with the different stunning procedures are discussed. The paper addresses further consequences for meat quality and possible itineraries for future research. For all species, and most urgently for fish, more knowledge is needed on stunning and killing techniques, including gas-stunning techniques, to protect welfare.

Keywords

behaviourmuscle metabolismphysiologyslaughterstress
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 2 , Issue 10 , October 2008 , pp. 1501 - 1517
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anil, MH, McKinstry, JL, Gregory, NG, Wotton, SB, Symonds, H 1995a. Welfare of calves-2. Increase in vertebral artery blood flow following exsanguination by neck sticking and evaluation of chest sticking as an alternative slaughter method. Meat Science 41, 113–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anil, MH, McKinstry, JL, Wotton, SB, Gregory, NG 1995b. Welfare of calves-1. Investigations into some aspects of calf slaughter. Meat Science 41, 101–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anon 2004. Welfare aspects of animal stunning and killing methods. Scientific Report of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related to welfare aspects of the main systems of stunning and killing the main commercial species of animals. European Food Safety Authority. Retrieved June 2004, from http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/Scientific_Opinion/opinion_ahaw_02_ej45_stunning_report_v2_en1,0.pdfCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azam, K, Mackie, IM, Smith, J 1989. The effect of slaughter method on the quality of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) during storage on ice. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 24, 69–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bager, F, Braggins, TJ, Devine, CE, Graafhuis, AE, Mellor, DJ, Tavener, A, Upsdell, MP 1992. Onset of insensibility at slaughter in calves: effects of electroplectic seizure and exsanguination on spontaneous electrocortical activity and indices of cerebral metabolism. Research in Veterinary Science 52, 162–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldock, NM, Sibly, RM 1990. Effects of handling and transportation on the heart rate and behaviour of sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28, 15–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandeen, J, Leatherland, JF 1997. Transportation and handling stress of white suckers raised in cages. Aquaculture International 5, 385–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barton-Gade P 2004. Effect of rearing system and mixing at loading on meat quality and transport and lairage behaviour of slaughter pigs. In Sustainable Pork Production: Welfare, Quality, Nutrition and Consumer Attitudes, European Workshop of the EU 5th FP Action, Copenhague, Denmark, June, pp. 102–112.Google Scholar
Barton-Gade P 2008. Effect of rearing system and mixing at loading on transport and lairage behaviour and meat quality: comparison of outdoor and conventionally raised pigs. Animal, in press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bassett, JM, Hinks, NT 1969. Micro-determination of corticosteroids in ovine peripheral plasma: effects of venipuncture, corticotrophin insulin and glucose. Journal of Endocrinology 44, 387–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beattie, VE, Burrows, MS, Moss, BW, Weatherup, RN 2002. The effect of food deprivation prior to slaughter on performance, behaviour and meat quality. Meat Science 62, 413–418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bendall, JR 1973. Post-mortem changes in muscle. InStructure and function of Muscle (ed. GH Bourne), p. 243. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berri, C, Debut, M, Santé-Lhoutellier, V, Arnould, C, Boutten, B, Sellier, N, Baéza, E, Jehl, N, Jégo, Y, Duclos, MJ, Le Bihan-Duval, E 2005. Variations in chicken breast meat quality: implications of struggle and muscle glycogen content at death. British Poultry Science 46, 572–579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilgili, SF 1992. Electrical stunning of broilers – basic concepts and carcass quality implications: a review. Journal of Applied Poultry Science 1, 135–146.Google Scholar
Boissy, A, Manteuffel, G, Jensen, MB, Moe, RO, Spruijt, B, Keeling, LJ, Winckler, C, Forkman, B, Dimitrov, I, Langbein, J, Bakken, M, Veissier, I, Aubert, A 2007. Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare. Physiology & Behavior 92, 375–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bond, JJ, Warner, RD 2007. Ion distribution and protein proteolysis affect water holding capacity of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum in meat of lamb subjected to antemortem exercise. Meat Science 75, 406–414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bond, JJ, Can, LA, Warner, RD 2004. The effect of exercise stress, adrenaline injection and electrical stimulation on changes in quality attributes and proteins in Semimembranosus muscle of lamb. Meat Science 68, 469–477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyd, CE 1982. Water Quality Management for Pond Fish Culture. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, RH, Hall, SJG, Broom, DM 1996. Behavioural and cortisol response of pigs and sheep during transport. Veterinary Record 138, 233–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bray, AR, Graafhuis, AE, Chrystall, BB 1989. The cumulative effect of nutritional, shearing and preslaughter washing stresses on the quality of lamb meat. Meat Science 25, 59–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brelin, D, Petersson, E, Winberg, S 2005. Divergent stress coping styles in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta). Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1040, 239–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broom, DM 2003. Transport stress in cattle and sheep with details of physiological, ethological and other indicators. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 110, 83–88.Google ScholarPubMed
Broom, DM, Goode, JA, Hall, SJG, Lloyd, DM, Parrott, RF 1996. Hormonal and physiological effects of a 15 h road journey in sheep: comparison with the responses to loading, handling and penning in the absence of transport. British Veterinary Journal 152, 593–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, SN, Knowles, TG, Edwards, JE, Warriss, PD 1999. Relationship between food deprivation before transport and aggression in pigs held in lairage before slaughter. Veterinary Record 145, 630–634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, SN, Knowles, TG, Wilkins, LJ, Chadd, SA, Warriss, PD 2005. The response of pigs to being loaded or unloaded onto commercial animal transporters using three systems. The Veterinary Journal 170, 91–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burritt, EA, Provenza, FD 1997. Effect of an unfamiliar location on the consumption of novel and familiar foods by sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 54, 317–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cashman, PJ, Nicol, CJ, Jones, RB 1989. Effects of transportation on the tonic immobility fear reactions of broilers. British Poultry Science 30, 211–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaloupkova, H, Illmann, G, Neuhauserova, K, Tomanek, M, Valis, L 2007. Preweaning housing effects on behavior and physiological measures in pigs during the suckling and fattening periods. Journal of Animal Science 85, 1741–1749.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chandroo, KP, Duncan, IJH, Moccia, RD 2004. Can fish suffer?: perspectives on sentience, pain, fear and stress: International Society for Applied Ethology Special Issue: A selection of papers from the 36th ISAE International Congress. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 86, 225–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chevillon, P 2001. Opération de pré-ab attage et d’anesthésie, la réduction des stress améliore le bien-être des porcs. Viandes et Produits Carnés 22, 95–102.Google Scholar
Cnaani, A, Tinman, S, Avidar, Y, Ron, M, Hulata, G 2004. Comparative study of biochemical parameters in response to stress in Oreochromis aureus, O. mossambicus and two strains of O. niloticus. Aquaculture Research 35, 1434–1440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cockram, MS 2007. Criteria and potential reasons for maximum journey times for farm animals destined for slaughter. International Society for Applied Ethology Special Issue. A Selection of Papers from the 39th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology (ISAE), Tokyo, Japan, August 2005. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 106, 234–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cockram, MS, Kent, JE, Goddard, PJ, Waran, NK, McGilp, IM, Jackson, RE, Muwanga, GM, Prytherch, S 1996. Effect of space allowance during transport on the behavioural and physiological responses of lambs during and after transport. Animal Science 62, 461–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cockram, MS, Kent, JE, Jackson, RE, Goddard, PJ, Doherty, OM, McGilp, IM, Fox, A, Studdert-Kennedy, TC, McConnell, TI, O’Riordan, T 1997. Effect of lairage during 24 h of transport on the behavioural and physiological responses of sheep. Animal Science 65, 391–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cockram, MS, Kent, JE, Waran, NK, McGilp, IM, Jackson, RE, Amory, JR, Southall, EL, O’Riordan, T, McConnell, TI, Wilkins, BS 1999. Effects of a 15 h journey followed by either 12 h starvation or ad libitum hay on the behaviour and blood chemistry of sheep. Animal Welfare 8, 135–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cockram, MS, Kent, JE, Goddard, PJ, Waran, NK, Jackson, RE, McGilp, IM, Southall, EL, Amory, JR, Mcconnell, TI, O’Riordan, T, Wilkins, BS 2000. Behavioural and physiological responses of sheep to 16 h transport and a novel environment post-transport. Veterinary Journal 159, 139–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cockram, MS, Baxter, EM, Smith, LA, Bell, S, Howard, CM, Prescott, RJ, Mitchell, MA 2004. Effect of driver behaviour, driving events and road type on the stability and resting behaviour of sheep in transit. Animal Science 79, 165–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, CJ, Devine, CE, Tavener, A, Gilbert, KV 1992. Contribution of amino acid transmitters to epileptiform activity and reflex suppression in electrically head stunned sheep. Research in Veterinary Science 52, 48–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cook, CJ, Devine, CE, Gilbert, KV, Smith, DD, Maasland, SA 1995. The effects of electrical head-only stun duration on electroencephalographic-measured seizure and brain amino acid neurotransmitter release. Meat Science 40, 137–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daly, CC, Whittington, PE 1986. Concussive methods for pre-slaughter stunning in sheep: effects of captive bolt stunning in the poll position on brain function. Research in Veterinary-Science 41, 353–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daly, CC, Whittington, PE 1989. Investigation into the principal determinants of effective captive bolt stunning sheep. Research in Veterinary Science 46, 406–408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daly, CC, Gregory, NG, Wotton, SB, Whittington, PE 1986. Concussive methods for preslaughter stunning in sheep: assessment of brain function using cortical evoked responses. Research in Veterinary-Science 41, 349–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daly, CC, Gregory, NG, Wotton, SB 1987. Captive bolt stunning of cattle; effects on brain function and role of bolt velocity. British Veterinary Journal 143, 574–580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daly, CC, Kallweit, E, Ellendorf, F 1988. Cortical function in cattle during slaughter, conventional captive bolt stunning followed by exsanguination compared with shechita slaughter. Veterinary Record 122, 325–329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Danley, ML, Kenney, PB, Mazik, PM, Kiser, R, Hankins, JA 2005. Effects of carbon dioxide exposure on intensively cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, physiological responses and fillet attributes. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 36, 249–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawkins, MS 1990. From an animal’s point of view: motivation, fitness and animal welfare. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13, 1–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debut, M, Berri, C, Baeza, E, Sellier, N, Arnould, C, Guemene, D, Jehl, N, Boutten, B, Jego, Y, Beaumont, C, Le Bihan-Duval, E 2003. Variation of chicken technological meat quality in relation to genotype and preslaughter stress conditions. Poultry Science 82, 1829–1838.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Debut, M, Berri, C, Arnould, C, Guemené, D, Santé-Lhoutellier, V, Sellier, N, Baéza, E, Jehl, N, Jégo, Y, Beaumont, C, Le Bihan-Duval, E 2005. Behavioural and physiological responses of three chicken breeds to pre-slaughter shackling and acute heatstress. British Poultry Science 46, 527–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deiss, V, Astruc, T, Ferreira, C, Terlouw, C 2006. Anesthésie gazeuse des porcs: I. Réponses physiologiques et comportementales à différents mélanges gazeux. Viandes et Produits Carnés 25, 71–82.Google Scholar
De Jong, IC, Prelle, IT, Van de Burgwal, JA, Lambooij, E, Korte, SM, Blokhuis, HJ, Koolhaas, JM 2000. Effects of rearing conditions on behavioural and physiological responses of pigs to preslaughter handling and mixing at transport. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80, 451–458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Jonge, F, Bokkers, EAM, Schouten, WGP, Helmond, FA 1996. Rearing piglets in a poor environment, developmental aspects of social stress in pigs. Physiology and Behavior 60, 389–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Désiré, L, Veissier, I, Despres, G, Boissy, A 2004. On the way to assess emotions in animals; do lambs (ovis aries) evaluate an event through its suddenness, novelty, or unpredictability? Journal of Comparative Psychology 118, 363–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodman, NH 1977. Observations on the use of the Wernburg dip-lift carbon dioxide apparatus for pre-slaughter anaesthesia of pigs. British Veterinary Journal 133, 71–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donaldson, EM 1981. The pituitary-interrenal axia as an indicator of stress in fish. In Stress and fish (ed. AD Pickering), pp. 11–48. Academic press, London, UK.Google Scholar
D’Souza, DN, Dunshea, FR, Warner, RD, Leury, BJ 1998. The effect of handling pre-slaughter and carcass processing rate post-slaughter on pork quality. Meat Science 50, 429–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, IJH 1996. Animal welfare in terms of feelings. Acta Agriculture Scandinavia 27, 29–35.Google Scholar
Duncan, IJH, Slee, GS, Kettlewell, P, Berry, P, Carlisle, AJ 1986. Comparison of the stressfulness of harvesting broiler chickens by machine and by hand. British Poultry Science 27, 109–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durand D, Gladine C, Veissier I, Boisssy A, Rock E and Bauchart D. Plant extracts rich in polyphenols and vitamin E act synergically to prevent oxidative stress in sheep fed n-3 PUFA rich diets. Journal of Animal Science, submitted.Google Scholar
Edwards, MR, McMurtry, JP, Vasilatos-Younken, R 1999. Relative insensitivity of avian skeletal muscle glycogen to nutritive status. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 16, 239–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erikson, U, Hultmann, L, Erik Steen, J 2006. Live chilling of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) combined with mild carbon dioxide anaesthesia: I. Establishing a method for large-scale processing of farmed fish. Aquaculture 252, 183–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandez, X, Meunier-Salaun, M-C, Mormede, P 1994. Agonistic behavior, plasma stress hormones and metabolites in response to dyadic encounters in domestic pigs: interrelationships and effect of dominance status. Physiology & Behavior 56, 841–847.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finnie, JW 1993. Brain damage caused by a captive bolt pistol. Journal of Comparitive Pathology 109, 253–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fordham, DP, Lincoln, GA, Ssewannyana, E, Rodway, RG 1989. Plasma beta-endorphin and cortisol concentrations in lambs after handling, transport and slaughter. Animal Production 49, 103–107.Google Scholar
Fordyce, G, Whythes, JR, Shorthose, WR, Underwood, DW, Shepherd, RK 1988. Cattle temperaments in extensive beef herds in Northern Queensland 2. Effect of temperament on carcass and meat quality. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, 689–693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foury, A, Devillers, N, Sanchez, MP, Griffo, H, LeRoy, P, Mormede, P 2005. Stress hormones, carcass composition and meat quality in Large White X Duroc pigs. Meat Science 69, 703–707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, BM, Kettlewell, PJ, Manning, ACC, Berry, PS 1984. Stress of transportation for broilers. Veterinary Records 114, 286–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gentle, MJ, Tilston, VL 2000. Nociceptors in the legs of poultry: implications for potential pain in preslaughter shackling. Animal Welfare 9, 227–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerritzen, MA, Lambooij, E, Hillebrand, SJW, Lankhaar, JAC, Pieterse, C 2000. Behavioral responses of broilers to different gaseous atmospheres. Poultry Science 79, 928–933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geverink, NA, Engel, B, Lambooij, E, Wiegant, VM 1996. Observations on behaviour and skin damage of slaughter pigs and treatment during lairage. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 50, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geverink, NA, Buhnemann, A, Vandeburgwal, JA, Lambooij, E, Blokhuis, HJ, Wiegant, VM 1998. Responses of slaughter pigs to transport and lairage sounds. Physiology & Behavior 63, 667–673.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geverink, NA, Jong, IC, Lambooij, E, Blokhuis, HJ, Wiegant, VM 1999. Influence of housing conditions on responses of pigs to preslaughter treatment and meat quality. Journal of animal science 79, 285–291.Google Scholar
Grandin, T 2001. Cattle vocalizations are associated with handling and equipment problems at beef slaughter plants. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 71, 191–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grandin, T 2006. Progress and challenges in animal handling and slaughter in the US: Sentience in Animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100, 129–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, NG 1994. Preslaughter handling, stunning and slaughter. Meat Science 36, 45–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregory, NG 1998. Animal welfare and meat science. CABI Publishing, New York.Google Scholar
Gregory, NG, Bell, JC 1987. Duration of wing flapping in chickens shackled before slaughter. Veterinary Record 121, 567–569.Google ScholarPubMed
Gregory, NG, Wilkins, LJ 1989. Broken bones in domestic fowl: handling and processing damage in end-of-lay battery hens. British Poultry Science 30, 555–562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregory, NG, Wilkins, LJ 1990. Broken bones in chickens: effect of stunning and processing in broilers. British Poultry Science 31, 53–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, NG, Wotton, SB 1984a. Sheep slaughtering procedures I. Survey of abattoir practice. British Veterinary Journal 140, 281–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregory, NG, Wotton, SB 1984b. Sheep slaughtering procedures II. Time to loss of brain responsiveness after exsanguination or cardiac arrest. British Veterinary Journal 140, 354–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregory, NG, Wotton, SB 1986. Effect of slaughter on the spontaneous and evoked activity of the brain. British Poultry Science 27, 195–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregory, NG, Raj, ABM, Audsley, ARS, Daly, CC 1990. Effects of carbon dioxide on man. In The use of carbon dioxide for the stunning of slaughter pigs. Report of a meeting of experts held in Heeze from the 26–27th January 1990. Flieschwirtschaft 70, 1173–1174.Google Scholar
Gregory, NG, Shaw, FD, Whitford, JC, Patterson-Kane, JC 2006. Prevalence of ballooning of the severed carotid arteries at slaughter in cattle, calves and sheep. Meat Science 74, 655–657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregory, NG, Lee, CJ, Widdicombe, JP 2007. Depth of concussion in cattle shot by penetrating captive bolt. Meat Science 77, 499–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greiveldinger, L, Veissier, I, Boissy, A 2007. Emotional experience in sheep: predictability of a sudden event lowers subsequent emotional responses. Physiology & Behavior 92, 675–683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grigor, PN, Cockram, MS, Steele, WB, McIntyre, J, Williams, CL, Leushuis, IE, Van Reenen, CG 2004. A comparison of the welfare and meat quality of veal calves slaughtered on the farm with those subjected to transportation and lairage. Livestock Production Science 91, 219–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, SJG, Broom, DM, Kiddy, GNS 1998. Effect of transportation on plasma cortisol and packed cell volume in different genotypes of sheep. Small Ruminant Research 29, 233–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hambrecht, E, Eissen, JJ, Newman, DJ, Smits, CHM, den Hartog, LA, Verstegen, MWA 2005. Negative effects of stress immediately before slaughter on pork quality are aggravated by suboptimal transport and lairage conditions. Journal of Animal Science 83, 440–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helfrich, LA, Bark, R, Liston, CR, Weigmann, DL, Mefford, B 2004. Live transport of striped bass and rainbow trout using a hidrostal pump. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 35, 268–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemre, GI, Krogdahl, Å 1996. Effect of handling and fish size on secondary changes in carbohydrate metabolism in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Aquaculture Nutrition 2, 249–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemsworth, PH, Barnett, JL, Hofmeyr, C, Coleman, GJ, Dowling, S, Boyce, J 2002. The effects of fear of humans and pre-slaughter handling on the meat quality of pigs. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 493–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hewson, PI, Russell, R 1989. The welfare of poultry at slaughter. The State Veterinary Journal 43, 75–81.Google Scholar
Hoenderken, R, Van Logtestijn, JG, Sybesma, W, Spanjaard, WJM 1979. Kohlendioxid-Betäubung von Schlachtshweinen. Fleischwirtschaft 59, 1572–1578.Google Scholar
Huidobro, A, Mendes, R, Nunes, M 2001. Slaughtering of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) in liquid ice: influence on fish quality. European Food Research and Technology 213, 267–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarvis, AM, Cockram, MS 1994. Effects of handling and transport on bruising of sheep sent directly from farms to slaughter. Veterinary Record 135, 523–527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarvis, AM, Cockram, MS, McGilp, IM 1996. Bruising and biochemical measures of stress dehydration and injury determined at slaughter in sheep transported from farms or markets. British Veterinary Journal 152, 719–722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jittinandana, S, Kenney, PB, Slider, SD, Mazik, P, Bebak-Williams, J, Hankins, JA 2003. Effect of fish attributes and handling stress on quality of smoked Arctic char fillets. Journal of Food Science 68, 57–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, RB, Satterlee, DG, Cadd, GG 1998. Struggling responses of broiler chickens shackled in groups on a moving line: effects of light intensity, hoods, and ‘curtains’. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 58, 341–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jongman, EC, Barnett, JL, Hemsworth, PH 2000. The aversiveness of carbon dioxide stunning in pigs and a comparison of the CO2 stunner crate vs. the V-restrainer. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 67, 67–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kannan, G, Mench, JA 1996. Influence of different handling methods and crating periods on plasma corticosterone concentrations in broilers. British Poultry Science 37, 21–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kannan, G, Heath, JL, Wabeck, CJ, Mench, JA 1997a. Shackling of broilers: effects on stress responses and breast meat quality. British Poultry Science 38, 323–332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kannan, G, Heath, JL, Wabeck, CJ, Souza, MC, Howe, JC, Mench, JA 1997b. Effects of crating and transport on stress and meat quality characteristics in broilers. Poultry Science 76, 523–529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenny, FJ, Tarrant, PV 1987a. The physiological and behavioural responses of crossbred Friesian steers to short-haul transport by road. Livestock Production Science 17, 63–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenny, FJ, Tarrant, PV 1987b. The reaction of young bulls to short-haul road transport. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17, 209–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenny, FJ, Tarrant, PV 1987c. The behaviour of young Friesian bulls during social re-grouping at an abattoir. Influence of an overhead electrified wire grid. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 18, 233–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kent, J 1997. Stress in transported sheep. Comparative Clinical Pathology 7, 163–166.Google Scholar
Kestin, S, Wotton, S, Adams, S 1995. The effect of CO2, concussion or electrical stunning of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on fish welfare. Abstract of poster. Aquaculture Europe ‘95, Trondheim, Norway, 9th–12th August 1995. European Aquaculture Society, Special Publication 23, 380.Google Scholar
Kettlewell, PJ, Mitchell, MA 1994. Catching, handling and loading of poultry for road transportation. World’s Poultry Science Journal 50, 54–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, DH, Woo, JH, Lee, CY 2004. Effects of stocking density and transportation time of market pigs on their behaviour, plasma concentrations of glucose and stress-associated enzymes and carcass quality. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 1, 116–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klont, RE, Hulsegge, B, Hoving-Bolink, AH, Gerritzen, MA, Kurt, E, Winkelman-Goedhart, HA, De Jong, IC, Kranen, RW 2001. Relationships between behavioral and meat quality characteristics of pigs raised under barren and enriched housing conditions. Journal of Animal Science 79, 2835–2843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knierim, U, Gocke, A 2003. Effect of catching broilers by hand or machine on rates of injuries and dead-on-arrivals. Animal Welfare 12, 63–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowles, TG 1999. A review of the road transport of cattle. Veterinary Records 144, 197–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knowles, TG, Brown, SN, Warriss, PD, Phillips, AJ, Dolan, SK, Hunt, P, Ford, JE, Edwards, JE, Watkins, PE 1995a. Effects on sheep of transport by road for up to 24 h. The Veterinary Record 29, 431–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowles, TG, Warriss, PD, Brown, SN, Edwards, JE, Mitchell, MA 1995b. Response of broilers to deprivation of food and water for 24 h. British Veterinary Journal 151, 197–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotula, KL, Wang, Y 1994. Characterization of broiler meat quality factors as influenced by feed withdrawal time. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 3, 103–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhlmann, H, Munkner, W 1996. Gutacterliche Stellungnahme zum tierschutzgerechten BetubenTuten von Aalen in gruflren Mengen. Fischer & Teichwirtschaft 47, 404–495.Google Scholar
Lambooij, E, Spanjaard, W 1982. Electrical stunning of veal calves. Meat Science 6, 15–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambooij, E, Gerritzen, MA, Engel, B, Hillebrand, SJW, Lankhaar, J, Pieterse, C 1999. Behavioural responses during exposure of broiler chickens to different gas mixtures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 62, 255–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambooij, E, Van de Vis, JW, Kloosterboer, RJ, Pieterse, C 2002. Welfare aspects of live chilling and freezing of farmed eel (Anguilla anguilla L.): neurological and behavioural assessment. Aquaculture 210, 159–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambooij, E, Hulsegge, B, Klont, RE, Winkelman-Goedhart, HA, Reimert, HGM, Kranen, RW 2004. Effects of housing conditions of slaughter pigs on some post mortem muscle metabolites and pork quality characteristics. Meat Science 66, 855–862.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawrence, AB, Terlouw, EMC, Illius, AW 1991. Individual differences in behavioural responses of pigs exposed to non-social and social challenges. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 30, 73–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lensink, BJ, Boivin, X, Pradel, P, Le Neindre, P, Veissier, I 2000a. Reducing veal calves’ reactivity to people by providing additional human contact. Journal of Animal Science 78, 1213–1218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lensink, BJ, Fernandez, X, Boivin, X, Pradel, P, Le Neindre, P, Veissier, I 2000b. The impact of gentle contacts on ease of handling, welfare and growth of calves and on quality of veal meat. Journal of Animal Science 78, 1219–1226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lensink, BJ, Fernandez, X, Cozzi, G, Florand, L, Veissier, I 2001. The influence of farmers’ behavior on calves’ reactions to transport and quality of veal meat. Journal of Animal Science 79, 642–652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lines, J, Kestin, S 2004. Electrical stunning of fish: the relationship between the electric field strength and water conductivity. Aquaculture 241, 219–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martoft, L, Lomholt, L, Kolthoff, C, Rodriguez, BE, Jensen, EW, Jorgensen, PF, Pedersen, HD, Forslid, A 2002. Effects of CO2 anaesthesia on central nervous system activity in swine. Laboratory Animals 36, 115–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marx, H, Brunner, B, Weinzierl, W 1997. Methods of stunning freshwater fish: impact on meat quality and aspects of animal welfare. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel und Untersuchung Forsching A 204, 282–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marx, H, Sengmuller-Sieber, T, Hoffmann, R, Stolle, A 1999. Stress and product quality of trout, catfish and flounder at stunning and slaughtering. Archiv für Lebensmittelhygiene 50, 37–40.Google Scholar
Maule, AG, Schreck, CB, Bradford, S, Barton, BA 1988. Physiological effects of collecting and transporting emigrating juvenile chinook salmon past dams on the Columbia river. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 117, 245–261.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazeaud, MM, Mazeaud, F, Donaldson, EM 1977. Primary and secondary effects of stress in fish: some new data with a general review. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 106, 201–212.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miles, HM, Loehner, SM, Michaud, DT, Salivar, SL 1974. Physiological responses of hatchery reared muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) to handling. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 103, 336–342.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, MA, Kettlewell, PJ 1994. Road transportation of broiler chickens: induction of physiological stress. World’s Poultry Science Journal 50, 57–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, MA, Sandercock, DA 1995. Creatine kinase isoenzyme profiles in the plasma of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus), effects of acute heat stress. Research in Veterinary Science 59, 30–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, MA, Kettlewell, PJ, Maxwell, MH 1992. Indicators of physiological stress in broiler chickens during road transportation. Animal Welfare 1, 91–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mok, EYM, Munro, AD 1998. Effects of dopaminergic drugs on locomotor activity in teleost fish of the genus Oreochromis (Cichlidae): involvement of the telencephalon. Physiology & Behavior 64, 227–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morzel, M, Van de Vis, H 2003. Effect of the slaughter method on the quality of raw and smoked eels (Anguilla anguilla L.). Aquaculture Research 34, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morzel, M, Sohier, S, Van de Vis, JW 2003. Evaluation of slaughtering methods of turbots with respect to animal protection and flesh quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 82, 19–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morzel, M, Chambon, C, Lefèvre, F, Paboeuf, G, Laville, E 2006. Modifications of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) muscle proteins by preslaughter activity. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 54, 2997–3001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morzel, M, Terlouw, C, Chambon, C, Micol, D, Picard, B 2008. Muscle proteome and meat eating qualities of Longissimus thoracis of ‘Blonde d'Aquitaine’ young bulls: A central role of HSP27 isoforms. Meat Science 78, 297–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mounier, L, Dubroeucq, H, Andanson, S, Veissier, I 2006. Variations in meat pH of beef bulls in relation to conditions of transfer to slaughter and previous history of the animals. Journal of Animal Science 84, 1567–1576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakayama, T, Toyoda, T, Ooi, A 1996. Delay in rigor mortis of red sea-bream by spinal cord destruction. Fish Sciences 62, 478–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nijdam, E, Delezie, E, Lambooij, E, Nabuurs, MJ, Decuypere, E, Stegeman, JA 2005. Feed withdrawal of broilers before transport changes plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations. Poultry Science 84, 1146–1152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Connell, NE, Beattie, VE, Moss, BW 2004. Influence of social status on the welfare of growing pigs housed in barren and enriched environments. Animal Welfare 13, 425–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olsson, IAS, De Jonge, FH, Schuurman, T, Helmond, FA 1999. Poor rearing conditions and social stress in pigs, repeated social challenge and the effect on behavioural and physiological responses to stressors. Behavioural Processes 46, 201–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Overli, O, Olsen, RE, Lovik, F, Ringo, E 1999. Dominance hierarchies in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus L., differential cortisol profiles of dominant and subordinate individuals after handling stress. Aquaculture Research 30, 259–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozogul, Y, Ozogul, F 2004. The effects of slaughtering methods on sensory, chemical and microbiological quality of rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) stored in ice and MAP. European Food Research and Technology 219, 211–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, LJ, Bajoie, KC, Catille, S, Cadd, GG, Satterlee, DG, Jones, RB 1997. Sex and shank diameter affect struggling behaviour of shackled broilers. Poultry Science 76 (Suppl. 1), 88.Google Scholar
Parrott, RF, Misson, BH, De la Riva, CF 1994. Differential stressor effects on the concentrations of cortisol, prolactin and catecholamines in the blood of sheep. Research in Veterinary Science 56, 234–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parrott, RF, Lloyd, DM, Goode, JA 1997. Stress hormone responses of sheep to food and water deprivation at high and low ambient temperatures. Animal Welfare 5, 45–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perez, MP, Palacio, J, Santolaria, MP, Acena, MC, Chacon, G, Gascon, M, Calvo, JH, Zaragoza, P, Beltran, JA, Garcia-Belenguer, S 2002. Effect of transport time on welfare and meat quality in pigs. Meat Science 61, 425–433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersen, GV 1978. Factors associated with wounds and bruises in lambs. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 26, 6–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickering, D, Pottinger, TG 1987. Poor water quality suppresses the cortisol response of salmonid fish to handling and confinement. Journal of Fish Biology 30, 363–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickering, D, Pottinger, TG, Sumpter, JP, Carragher, JF, Le Bail, PY 1991. Effects of acute and chronic stress on the levels of circulating growth hormone in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. General and Comparative Endocrinology 83, 86–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Portavella, M, Vargas, JP, Torres, B, Salas, C 2002. The effects of telencephalic pallial lesions on spatial, temporal, and emotional learning in goldfish. Brain Research Bulletin 57, 397–399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pottinger, TG, Carrick, TR 2000. Contrasting seasonal modulation of the stress response in male and female rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology 56, 667–675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raj, ABM 1996. Aversive reactions of turkeys to argon, carbon dioxide, and a mixture of carbon dioxide and argon. Veterinary Record 138, 592–593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raj, M, Gregory, NG 1990. Investigation into batch stunning/killing of chickens using carbon dioxide or argon-induced hypoxia. Research in Veterinary Science 49, 364–366.Google Scholar
Raj, M, Gregory, NG 1993. Time to loss of somatosensory evoked potentials and onset of changes in the spontaneous electroencephalogram of turkeys during gas stunning. Veterinary Record 133, 318–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raj, ABM, Gregory, NG 1995. Welfare implications of the gas stunning of pigs 1. Determination of aversion to the initial inhalation of carbon dioxide or argon. Animal Welfare 4, 273–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raj, ABM, Gregory, NG 1996. Welfare implications of the gas stunning of pigs 2. Stress of induction of anaesthesia. Animal Welfare 5, 71–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raj, ABM, O’Callaghan, M 2004. Effect of amount and frequency of head-only stunning currents on the electroencephalogram and somatosensory evoked potentials in broilers. Animal Welfare 13, 159–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raj, ABM, Wotton, SB, Gregory, NG 1992. Changes in the somatosensory evoked potentials and spontaneous electroencephalogram of hens during stunning with a carbon dioxide and argon mixture. British Veterinary Journal 148, 147–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raj, ABM, Johnson, SP, Wotton, SB, McInstry, J 1997. Welfare implications of gas stunning pigs, 3. The time to loss of somatosensory evoked potentials and spontaneous electrocorticogram of pigs during exposure to gases. The Veterinary Journal 153, 329–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randall, JM 1993. Environmental parameters necessary to define comfort for pigs, cattle and sheep in livestock transporters. Animal Production 57, 299–307.Google Scholar
Robb, DHF, Kestin, SC 2002. Methods used to kill fish: field observations and literature reviewed. Animal Welfare 11, 269–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robb, DHF, Wotton, SB, McKinstry, JL, Sørensen, NK, Kestin, SC 2000. Commercial slaughter methods used on Atlantic salmon: determination of the onset of brain failure by electroencephalography. Veterinary Record 147, 298–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robb, DHF, Wotton, SB, Van de Vis, JW 2002. Preslaughter electrical stunning of eels. Aquaculture Research 33, 37–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, B, Moeller, D, Veland, JO, Imsland, A, Slinde, E 2002. The effect of stunning methods on rigor mortis and texture properties of atlantic salmon (salmo salar). Journal of Food Science 67, 1462–1466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, B, Imsland, A, Slinde, E 2003. Effect of electric field strength and current duration on stunning and injuries in market-sized Atlantic salmon held in seawater. North American Journal of Aquaculture 65, 8–13.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, B, Slinde, E, Robb, DHF 2006. Field evaluation of live chilling with CO2 on stunning Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the subsequent effect on quality. Aquaculture Research 37, 799–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, B, Slinde, E, Robb, DHF 2007. Percussive stunning of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the relation between force and stunning. Aquacultural Engineering 36, 192–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruff, N, FitzGerald, RD, Cross, TF, Teurtrie, G, Kerry, JP 2002. Slaughtering method and dietary alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation affect rigor mortis and fillet shelf-life of turbot Scophthalmus maximus L. Aquaculture Research 33, 703–714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rushen, J, Boissy, A, Terlouw, EMC, De Passillé, AMB 1999. Opioid peptides and behavioural and physiological responses of diary cows to social isolation in unfamiliar surroundings. Journal of Animal Science 77, 2918–2924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sams, AR, Mills, KA 1993. The effect of feed withdrawal duration on responsiveness of broiler pectoralis to rigor mortis acceleration. Poultry Science 72, 1789–1796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanudo, C, Alfonso, M, San Julian, R, Thorkelsson, G, Valdimarsdottir, T, Zygoyiannis, D, Stamataris, C, Piasentier, E, Mills, C, Berge, P, Dransfield, E, Nute, GR, Enser, M, Fisher, AV 2007. Regional variation in the hedonic evaluation of lamb meat from diverse production systems by consumers in six European countries. Meat Science 75, 610–621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sartorelli, P, Dominoni, S, Agnes, F 1992. Influence of duration of simulated transport on plasma stress markers in the calf. Journal of Veterinary Medecine A 39, 401–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sato, K, Uratsujt, S, Sato, M, Mochizuki, S, Shigemura, Y, Ando, M, Nakamura, Y, Ohtsuki, K 2002. Effect of slaughter method on degradation of intramuscular type V collagen during short term chilled storage of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus. Journal of Food Biochemistry 26, 415–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schatzmann, U, Jäggin-Schmucker, N 2000. Elektrobetäubung von erwachsenen rindern vor dem blutentzug. Schweizer Archiv Für Tierheilkunde 142, 304–308.Google Scholar
Schmolke, SA, Li, YZ, Gonyou, HW 2004. Effects of group size on social behavior following regrouping of growing–finishing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 88, 27–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schouten WGP 1986. Rearing conditions and behaviour in pigs. PhD Thesis, WUR, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Schutt-Abraham, I, Wormuth, H-J, Fessel, J 1983. Stunning of animals for slaughter. In Stunning of animals for slaughter (ed. G Eikelenboom), pp. 187–196. Martinus Nijhoff, Netherlands.Google Scholar
Sigholt, T, Erikson, U, Rustad, T, Johansen, S, Nordvedt, TS, Seland, 1997. Handling stress and storage temperature affect meat quality of farmed-raised Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Journal of Food Science 62, 898–905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simmons, NJ, Young, OA, Dobbie, PM, Singh, K, Thompson, BC, Speck, PA 1997. Post-mortem calpain-system kinetics in lamb: effects of clenbuterol and preslaughter exercise. Meat Science 47, 135–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skjervold, PO, Fjoera, SV, Østby, PB, Einen, O 2001. Live chilling and crowding stress before slaughter of Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 192, 265–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sneddon, LU 2003. Trigeminal somatosensory innervation of the head of a teleost fish with particular reference to nociception. Brain Research 972, 44–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sparrey, JM, Wotton, SB 1997. The design of pig stunning tong electrodes – a review. Meat Science 47, 125–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sparrey, JM, Kettlewell, PJ, Paice, MER 1992. A model of current pathways in electrical waterbath stunners used for poultry. British Poultry Science 33, 907–916.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Specker, JL, Schreck, CB 1980. Stress responses to transportation and fitness for marine survival in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 37, 765–769.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarrant, PV 1990. Transportation of cattle by road. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28, 153–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tejada, M, Huidobro, A 2002. Quality of farmed gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) during ice storage related to the slaughter method and gutting. European Food Research and Technology 215, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terlouw, C 2005. Stress reactions at slaughter and meat quality in pigs: genetic background and prior experience. A brief review of recent findings. Livestock Production Science 94, 125–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terlouw EMC, Rybarczyk P 2008. Explaining and predicting differences in meat quality through stress reactions at slaughter: the case of Large White and Duroc pigs. Meat Science 79, 795–805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terlouw, EMC, Boissy, A, Blinet, P 1998. Behavioural responses of cattle to the odours of blood and urine from conspecifics and to the odour of faeces from carnivores. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 57, 9–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terlouw C, Astruc T, Monin G 2004. Effect of genetic background, rearing and slaughter conditions on behaviour, physiology and meat quality of pigs. In Sustainable pork production: welfare, quality, nutrition and consumer attitudes, European Workshop of the EU 5th FP action, Copenhague, Denmark, June.Google Scholar
Terlouw, EMC, Porcher, J, Fernandez, X 2005. Repeated handling of pigs during rearing. II. Effect of reactivity to humans on aggression during mixing and on meat quality. Journal of Animal Science 83, 1664–1672.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
TierSchlV, 1999. Verordnung zur Änderung der Tierschlachtung, Verordnung vom 25-11-1999. BGB1, Nr 54, 10-12-1999.Google Scholar
Tort, L, Montero, D, Robaina, L, Fernandez-Palacios, H, Izquierdo, MS 2001. Consistency of stress response to repeated handling in the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata Linnaeus. Aquaculture Research 32, 593–598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Troeger, K 2002. Blutentzug sofort nach Stromfluss-Ende. Fleischwirtschaft 7, 22–25.Google Scholar
Van de Vis, H, Kestin, S, Robb, D, Oehlenschläger, J, Lambooij, B, Münkner, W, Kuhlmann, H, Kloosterboer, K, Tejada, M, Huidobro, A, Ottera, H, Roth, B, Sorensen, NK, Akse, L, Byrne, H, Nesvadba, P 2003. Is humane slaughter of fish possible for industry? Aquaculture Research 34, 211–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van de Water, G, Heylen, T, Swinnen, K, Geers, R 2003. The impact of vertical vibrations on the welfare of calves. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 110, 111–114.Google ScholarPubMed
Velarde, A, Ruiz-de-la-Torre, L, Stub, C, Diestre, A, Manteca, X 2000. Factors affecting the effectiveness of head-only electrical stunning in sheep. Veterinary Record 147, 40–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verheijen, FJ, Flight, WFG 1997. Decapitation and brining: experimental tests show that after these commercial methods for slaughtering eel Anguilla anguilla (L.), death is not instantaneous. Aquaculture Research 28, 361–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voisinet, BD, Grandin, T, O’Connor, SF, Tatum, JD, Deesing, MJ 1997. Bos indicus– cross feedlot cattle with excitable temperaments have tougher meat and a higher incidence of boderline dark cutters. Meat Science 46, 367–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Borell, E, Schäffer, D 2005. Legal requirements and assessment of stress and welfare during transportation and pre-slaughter handling of pigs. Livestock Production Science 97, 81–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Mickwitz, VG, Heer, A, Demmler, T, Rehder, H, Seidler, M 1989. Tierschutz-und tierseuchengerechtes töten von Rindern, schweinen und schafen mit hilfe einer transportablen elektro-anlage zur schlachttierbetäubung (schermer, typ EC). Deutsche Tieräztliche Wochenschrift 96, 85–156.Google ScholarPubMed
Wagner, EJ, Driscoll, DM 1994. Physiological stress responses of cutthroat trout to loading by fish pump, conveyor, or dip net. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 4, 19–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warriss, PD, Kestin, SC, Brown, SN, Wilkins, LJ 1984. The time required for recovery from mixing stress in young bulls and the prevention of dark cutting beef. Meat Science 10, 53–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warriss, PD, Bevis, EA, Brown, SN, Edwards, JE 1992. Longer journeys to processing plants are associated with higher mortality in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 33, 201–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warriss, PD, Wilkins, LJ, Knowles, TG 1999. The influence of ante-mortem handling on poultry meat. In Poultry meat science (ed. RI Richardson and GC Mead), pp. 217–230. CABI Publishing, Oxon.Google Scholar
Wedemeyer, GA 1992. Transporting and handling smolts. World Aquaculture 23, 47–50.Google Scholar
Wotton, SB, Gregory, NG 1986. Pig slaughtering procedures: time to loss of brain responsiveness after exsanguination of cardiac arrest. Research in Veterinary Science 40, 148–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wotton, SB, Gregory, NG 1991. How to prevent prestun electric shocks in waterbath stunners. Turkeys 39, 15 and 30.Google Scholar
Wotton, SB, O’Callaghan, M 2002. Electrical stunning of pigs: the effect of applied voltage on impedance to current flow and the operation of a fail-safe device. Meat Science 60, 203–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wotton, SB, Gregory, NG, Whittington, PE, Parkman, ID 2000. Electrical stunning of cattle. The Veterinary Record 9, 681–684.Google Scholar