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The circular internal hydraulic jump

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2008

S. A. THORPE  and
I. KAVCIC
S. A. THORPE*
Affiliation:
School of Ocean Sciences, Marine Science Laboratories, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5EY, UK
I. KAVCIC
Affiliation:
Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac bb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
*
†Author to whom correspondence should be addressed at: ‘Bodfryn’, Glanrafon, Llangoed, Anglesey LL58 8PH, UK; oss413@sos.bangor.ac.uk
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Abstract

Circular hydraulic jumps are familiar in single layers. Here we report the discovery of similar jumps in two-layer flows. A thin jet of fluid impinging vertically onto a rigid horizontal plane surface submerged in a deep layer of less-dense miscible fluid spreads radially, and a near-circular internal jump forms within a few centimetres from the point of impact with the plane surface. A jump is similarly formed as a jet of relatively less-dense fluid rises to the surface of a deep layer of fluid, but it appears less stable or permanent in form. Several experiments are made to examine the case of a downward jet onto a horizontal plate, the base of a square or circular container. The inlet Reynolds numbers, Re, of the jet range from 112 to 1790. Initially jumps have an undular, laminar form with typically 2–4 stationary waves on the interface between the dense and less-dense layers but, as the depth of the dense layer beyond the jump increases, the transitions become more abrupt and turbulent, resulting in mixing between the two layers. During the transition to a turbulent regime, single and sometimes moving multiple cusps are observed around the periphery of jumps. A semi-empirical model is devised that relates the parameters of the laboratory experiment, i.e. flow rate, inlet nozzle radius, kinematic viscosity and reduced gravity, to the layer depth beyond the jump and the radius at which an undular jump occurs. The experiments imply that surface tension is not an essential ingredient in the formation of circular hydraulic jumps and demonstrate that stationary jumps can exist in stratified shear flows which can be represented as two discrete layers. No stationary circular undular jumps are found, however, in the case of a downward jet of dense fluid when the overlying, less-dense, fluid is stratified, but a stationary turbulent transition is observed. This has implications for the existence of stationary jumps in continuously stratified geophysical flows: results based on two-layer models may be misleading. It is shown that the Froude number at which a transition of finite width occurs in a radially diverging flow may be less than unity.

Type
Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 610 , 10 September 2008 , pp. 99 - 129
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

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