Donald R. Griffin a1 a1 Concord Field Station, Harvard University, Bedford, MA 01730
griffin@fas.harvard.edu
Abstract
In animals' natural lives, uncertainty is normal; and certainty, exceptional. Evaluating ambiguous information is essential for survival: Does what is seen, heard, or smelled mean danger? Does that gesture mean aggression or fear? Is he confident or uncertain? If they are conscious of anything, the content of animals' awareness probably includes crucial uncertainties, both their own and those of others.
