Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-sxzjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T02:17:30.034Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Anglo-German Industrial Productivity Puzzle, 1895–1935: A Restatement and a Possible Resolution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2008

ALBRECHT RITSCHL*
Affiliation:
Professor, Economic History Department, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE. E-mail: A.O.Ritschl@lse.ac.uk.

Abstract

International productivity comparisons are often plagued by discrepancies between benchmark estimates and time series extrapolations. Broadberry and Burhop present both types of evidence for the Anglo-German comparison. For their preferred data, they find only a minimal German productivity lead prior to World War I, while use of a revised industrial output series for Germany by Ritschl leads to implausible results. This article presents further time series revisions and substantial corrections to the Broadberry and Burhop benchmark estimate. Results strongly suggest a considerable German productivity lead over Britain prior to World War I, which eroded during and after the war.

Type
ARTICLES
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Board of Trade. Final Report of the First Census of Production of the United Kingdom (1907). London: HMSO, 1912.Google Scholar
Borchardt, Knut. “A Decade of Debate About Bruenings Economic Policy.” In Economic Crisis and Political Collapse. The Weimar Republic 1924–1933, edited by von Kruedener, Jrgen, 99151. Oxford: Berg, 1990.Google Scholar
Borchardt, Knut. Perspectives on Modern German Economic History and Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 [1982].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadberry, Stephen. “Manufacturing and the Convergence Hypothesis: What the Long Run Data Show.” This Journal 53, no. 4 (1993): 772–95.Google Scholar
Broadberry, Stephen. The Productivity Race: British Manufacturing in International Perspective, 1850–1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadberry, Stephen. “Relative Per-Capita Income Levels in the United Kingdom and the United States since 1870: Reconciling Time-Series Projections and Direct-Benchmark Estimates.” This Journal 63, no. 3 (2003): 852–63.Google Scholar
Broadberry, Stephen, and Burhop, Carsten. “Comparative Productivity in British and German Manufacturing before World War II: Reconciling Direct Benchmark Estimates and Time Series Projections.” This Journal 67, no. 2 (2007): 315–49.Google Scholar
Broadberry, Stephen, and Fremdling, Rainer. “Comparative Productivity in British and German Industry 1907–1937.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 52, no. 4 (1990): 403–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadberry, Stephen, and Ritschl, Albrecht. “Real Wages, Productivity, and Unemployment in Britain and Germany During the 1920s.” Explorations in Economic History 32, no. 3 (1995): 327–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Jong, Herman, Fremdling, Rainer, and Timmer, Marcel. “British and German Manufacturing Compared. A New Benchmark for 1935/36 Based on Double Deflated Value Added.” This Journal 67, no. 2 (2007): 350–77.Google Scholar
Feinstein, Charles H.National Income, Expenditure and Output of the United Kingdom 1855–1965. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Fremdling, Rainer. “Productivity Comparison between Great Britain and Germany, 1855–1913.” Scandinavian Economic History Review 39, no. 1 (1991): 2842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fremdling, Rainer. “Machine Building: A New Benchmark before World War I.” mimeo, University of Groningen (2005).Google Scholar
Fremdling, Rainer. “German Industrial Employment 1925, 1933, 1936, and 1939: A New Benchmark for 1936 and a Note on Hoffmanns Tales.” Jahrbuch fuer Wrtschaftsgeschichte - Economic History Yearbook (2007): 171–95Google Scholar
Fremdling, Rainer, and Staeglin, Reiner. “Die Industrieerhebung von 1936: Ein Input-Output-Ansatz zur Rekonstruktion der Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung fr Deutschland im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert - Ein Arbeitsbericht.” Vierteljahrschrift fr Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 90 (2003): 416428.Google Scholar
Gehrig, Gerhard. “Eine Zeitreihe fr den Sachkapitalbestand.” IFO-Studien 7 (1961): 760.Google Scholar
Gerschenkron, Alexander. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Walther G.Das Wachstum der Deutschen Wirtschaft seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Berlin: Springer, 1965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt. Statistisches Jahrbuch fr das Deutsche Reich 1909. Berlin: Puttkammer & Mhlbrecht, 1909.Google Scholar
Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt. “Berufs- und Volkszhlung vom 12. Juni 1907: Gewerbliche Betriebsstatistik.” Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, N.F. 213 (1910).Google Scholar
Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt. Statistisches Jahrbuch fr das Deutsche Reich 1910. Berlin: Puttkammer & Mhlbrecht, 1910.Google Scholar
Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt. “Die Ergebnisse der deutschen Produktionserhebungen.” Vierteljahrshefte zur Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, Ergnzungsheft zu 1913, III (1913).Google Scholar
Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt. “Tabakanbau im deutschen Zollgebiet im Erntejahr 1914.” Vierteljahrshefte zur Statistik des Deutschen Reichs 23/IV (1914): 106–09.Google Scholar
Landes, David. The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Maddison, Angus. Monitoring the World Economy, 1820–1990. Paris: OECD, 1995.Google Scholar
Maddison, Angus. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. Paris: OECD, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overy, Richard J.“Cars, Roads, and Economic Recovery in Germany, 19328.” Economic History Review 28, no. 3 (1975): 466–83.Google Scholar
Paige, Deborah, and Bombach, Gottfried. A Comparison of National Output and Productivity in the United Kingdom and the United States. Paris: OEEC, 1959.Google Scholar
Ritschl, Albrecht. “Zu hohe Lhne in der Weimarer Republik? Eine Auseinandersetzung mit Holtfrerichs Berechnungen zur Lohnposition der Arbeiterschaft 1925–1932.” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 16 (1990): 375402.Google Scholar
Ritschl, Albrecht. “Spurious Growth in German Output Data, 1925–1938.” European Review of Economic History 8, no. 2 (2004): 201–23.Google Scholar
Rostas, Laszlo. “Industrial Production, Productivity and Distribution in Britain, Germany and the United States.” Economic Journal 53, no. 209 (1943): 3954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rostas, Laszlo. Comparative Productivity in British and American Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948.Google Scholar
Spoerer, Mark. “German Net Investment and the Cumulative Real Wage Position, 1925–1929: On a Premature Burial of the Borchardt Debate.” Historical Social Research 19, no. 4 (1994): 2641.Google Scholar
Spoerer, Mark. Von Scheingewinnen zum Rstungsboom. Die Eigenkapitalrentabilitt der deutschen Industrieaktiengesellschaften 1925–1941. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1996.Google Scholar
Statistisches Reichsamt. Statistisches Jahrbuch fr das Deutsche Reich 1933. Berlin: Puttkammer & Mhlbrecht, 1933.Google Scholar
Tooze, Adam. Statistics and the German State, 1900–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Tooze, Adam. The Wages of Destruction. The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. London: Penguin, 2006.Google Scholar
Verein Deutscher Maschinenbau-Anstalten (VDMA). Die Deutsche Maschinenindustrie. Bericht des Vereins deutscher Maschinenbau-Anstalten ber die Jahre 1925 und 1926. Berlin: VDMA, 1926.Google Scholar
Verein Deutscher Maschinenbau-Anstalten (VDMA). Statistisches Handbuch fr die deutsche Maschinenindustrie 1930. Berlin: VDMA, 1930.Google Scholar
WagemannErnst, ed Ernst, ed. Konjunkturstatistisches Handbuch 1936. Berlin / Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, 1935.Google Scholar
Wagenfhr, Rolf. “Die Industriewirtschaft. Entwicklungstendenzen der deutschen und internationalen Industrieproduktion 1860 bis 1932.” Vierteljahreshefte zur Konjunkturforschung Sonderheft 31 (1933): 370.Google Scholar
Wagenfhr, Rolf. Die deutsche Industrie im Kriege 1939–1945. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1954.Google Scholar
Ward, Marianne, and Devereux, John. “Measuring British Decline: Direct vs. Long-Span Income Measures.” This Journal 63, no. 3 (2003): 826–51.Google Scholar
Ward, Marianne, and Devereux, John. “Relative U.K./U.S. Output Reconsidered: A Reply to Professor Broadberry.” This Journal 64, no. 3 (2004): 879–91.Google Scholar