Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T00:37:39.835Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The New Wave of Regionalism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 August 2003

Edward D. Mansfield  and
Helen V. Milner
Get access

Extract

Economic regionalism appears to be growing rapidly. Why this has occurred and what bearing it will have on the global economy are issues that have generated considerable interest and disagreement. Some observers fear that regional economic institutions—such as the European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Mercosur, and the organization of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)—will erode the multilateral system that has guided economic relations since the end of World War II, promoting protectionism and conflict. Others argue that regional institutions will foster economic openness and bolster the multilateral system. This debate has stimulated a large and influential body of research by economists on regionalism's welfare implications.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Organization , Volume 53 , Issue 3 , Summer 1999 , pp. 589 - 627
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aitken, Norman D. 1973. The Effect of the EEC and EFTA on European Trade: A Temporal and Cross- Section Analysis. American Economic Review 63 (5):881–92.Google Scholar
Anderson, Kym, and Richard, Blackhurst. 1993. Introduction and Summary. In Regional Integration and the Global Trading System, edited by Kym Anderson and Richard Blackhurst, 1–15. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Anderson, Kym, and Hege, Norheim. 1993. History, Geography, and Regional Economic Integration. In Regional Integration and the Global Trading System, edited by Kym, Anderson and Richard, Blackhurst, 19–51. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Bagwell, Kyle, and Robert W., Staiger. 1997. Regionalism and Multilateral Tariff Cooperation. NBER Google Scholar
Working Paper 5921. Cambridge,Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.Google Scholar
Balassa, Bela A. 1961. The Theory of Economic Integration. Homewood, Ill.: Irwin.Google Scholar
Baldwin, DavidA. 1985. Economic Statecraft. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Richard E., and Anthony J., Venables. 1995. Regional Economic Integration. In Handbook of International Economics, Vol. 3, edited by Gene M. Grossman and Kenneth Rogoff, 1597–1644. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Robert E. 1993. Adapting the GATT to a More Regionalized World: A Political Economy Perspective. In Regional Integration and the Global Trading System, edited by KymAnderson and Richard Blackhurst, 387–407. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Bhagwati, Jagdish. 1968. Trade Liberalization Among LCDs, Trade Theory, and GATT Rules. In Value, Capital, and Growth: Essays in Honour of Sir John Hicks, edited by J. N. Wolfe, 21–43. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press.Google Scholar
———. 1991. The World Trading System at Risk. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
———. 1993. Regionalism and Multilateralism: An Overview. In New Dimensions in Regional Integration, edited by Jaime deMelo and Arvind Panagariya, 22–51. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bhagwati, Jagdish, and Arvind, Panagariya. 1996. Preferential Trading Areas and Multilateralism—Google Scholar
Strangers, Friends, or Foes? In The Economics of Preferential Trade Agreements, edited by Jagdish Google Scholar
Bhagwati and Arvind Panagariya, 1–78.Washington, D.C.: AEI Press Google Scholar
Birch, Melissa H. 1996. Economic Policy and the Transition to Democracy in Paraguay. In Economic Policy and the Transition to Democracy: The Latin American Experience, edited by Juan Antonio Morales and Gary McMahon, 166–90. New York: St.Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Bond, Eric, and Constantinos, Syropoulos. 1996a. Trading Blocs and the Sustainability of Interregional Cooperation. In The New Transatlantic Economy, edited by Matthew B. Canzoneri, Wilfred J. Ethier, and Vittorio Grilli, 118–41. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
———. 1996b.The Size of Trading Blocs: Market Power andWorldWelfare Effects. Journal of International Economics 40 (3–4):411–37.Google Scholar
Busch, Marc L., and Helen V., Milner. 1994.The Future of the International Trading System: International Firms, Regionalism, and Domestic Politics. In Political Economy and the Changing Global Order, edited by Richard Stubbs and Geoffrey R. D. Underhill, 259–76. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry. 1984. Economic Structure and International Security: The Limits of the Liberal Case. International Organization 38 (4):597–624.Google Scholar
Cohen, Benjamin J. 1997. The Political Economy of Currency Regions. In The Political Economy of Regionalism, edited by Edward D., Mans. eld and Helen V., Milner, 50–76. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
———. 1998. The Geography of Money. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Condliffe, J. B. 1940. The Reconstruction of World Trade. New York:W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Cooper, Charles A., and Benton, F.Massell. 1965a. A New Look at Customs Union Theory. The Economic Journal 75:742–47.Google Scholar
———. 1965b. Toward a General Theory of Customs Unions for Developing Countries. Journal of Political Economy 73 (5):461–76.Google Scholar
de Melo, Jaime, and Arvind, Panagariya. 1993. Introduction. In New Dimensions in Regional Integration, edited by Jaime de Melo and Arvind Panagariya, 3–21. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
de Melo, Jaime, and Arvind, Panagariya. 1993. The New Regionalism: A Country Perspective. In New Dimensions in Regional Integration, edited by Jaime de Melo and Arvind Panagariya, 159–93. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Deutsch, Karl W., Sidney A., Burrell, Robert A., Kann, Maurice, Lee, Jr., Martin, Lichterman, Raymond, E. Lindgren, Francis L. , and Richard W., Van Wagenen. 1957. Political Community and the North AtlanticArea: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Downs, GeorgeW., David M., Rocke, and Peter N., Barsoom. 1998.Managing the Evolution ofMultilateralism. International Organization 52 (2):397–419.Google Scholar
Eichengreen, Barry, and Jeffrey A., Frankel. 1995. EconomicRegionalism: Evidence from Two Twentieth- Century Episodes. North American Journal of Economics and Finance 6 (2):89–106.Google Scholar
Farber, Henry S., and Joanne, Gowa. 1997. Common Interests or Common Polities? Reinterpreting the Democratic Peace. Journal of Politics 59 (2):393–417.Google Scholar
Ferna?ndez, Raquel. 1997. Returns to Regionalism: An Evaluation of Non-Traditional Gains from RTAs. NBERWorking Paper 5970. Cambridge,Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.Google Scholar
Finger, J. Michael. 1993. GATT's Influence on Regional Arrangements. In New Dimensions in Regional Integration, edited by Jaime de Melo and Arvind Panagariya, 128–48. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fischer, Stanley. 1993. Prospects for Regional Integration in the Middle East. In New Dimensions in Regional Integration, edited by Jaime de Melo and Arvind Panagariya, 423–48. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fishlow, Albert, and Stephan, Haggard. 1992. The United States and the Regionalization of the World Economy. Paris: OECD Development Center Research Project on Globalization and Regionalization.Google Scholar
Foroutan, Faezeh. 1993. Regional Integration in Sub-Saharan Africa: Past Experience and Future Prospects. In New Dimensions in Regional Integration, edited by Jaime de Melo and Arvind Panagariya, 234–71. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Frankel, Jeffrey A. 1993. Is Japan Creating a Yen Bloc in East Asia and the Paci. c? In Regionalism and Rivalry: Japan and the United States in Paci. c Asia, edited by Jeffrey A. Frankel and Miles Kahler, 53–85. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Frankel, Jeffrey A., and . 1998. Regionalization ofWorld Trade and Currencies: Economics and Politics. In The Regionalization of the World Economy, edited by Jeffrey A. Frankel, 189–219. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Frankel, Jeffrey A., Ernesto, Stein, and Shang-Jin, Wei. 1995. Trading Blocs and the Americas: The Natural, the Unnatural, and the Super-Natural. Journal of Development Economics 47 (1):61–95.Google Scholar
Frankel, Jeffrey A. 1991. Invested Interests: The Politics of National Economic Policies in a World of Global Finance. International Organization 45 (4):425–51.Google Scholar
Gilpin, Robert. 1975. U.S. Power and the MultinationalCorporation: The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
———. 1987. The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Gowa, Joanne. 1994. Allies, Adversaries, and International Trade. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Grieco, Joseph M. 1997. Systemic Sources of Variation in Regional Institutionalization in Western Europe, East Asia, and the Americas. In The Political Economy of Regionalism, edited by Edward D. Mans. eld and Helen V. Milner, 164–87. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Grossman, Gene M., and Elhanan, Helpman. 1994. Protection by Sale. American Economic Review 84 (4):833–50.Google Scholar
———. 1995.The Politics of Free Trade Agreements. American Economic Review 85 (4):667–90. Gunter, Frank R. 1989. Customs Union Theory: Retrospect and Prospect. In Economic Aspects of Regional Trading Arrangements, edited by David Greenaway, Thomas Hyclak, and Robert J. Thornton, 1–30. New York: HarvesterWheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Haas, Ernst B. 1958. The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces, 1950–1957. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan. 1997. Regionalism in Asia and the Americas. In The Political Economy of Regionalism, edited by Edward D. Mans. eld and Helen V. Milner, 20–49. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Robert R., Kaufman. 1995. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Steven B., Webb, eds. 1994. Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hine, Robert C. 1994. International Economic Integration. In Surveys in International Trade, edited by David Greenaway and L. AlanWinters, 234–72. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Albert O. [1945] 1980. NationalPower and the Structure of Foreign Trade. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
———. 1981.Essays in Trespassing: Economics to Politics and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hoekman, Bernard, and Michael, Leidy. 1993. Holes and Loopholes in Integration Agreements: History and Prospects. In Regional Integration and the Global Trading System, edited by Kym Anderson and Richard Blackhurst, 218–45. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Hurrell, Andrew. 1995. Regionalism in Theoretical Perspective. In Regionalism in World Politics, edited by Louise Fawcett and Andrew Hurrell, 37–73. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Irwin, Douglas A. 1993. Multilateral and Bilateral Trade Policies in the World Trading System: An Historical Perspective. In New Dimensions in Regional Integration, edited by Jaime de Melo and Arvind Panagariya, 90–119. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Harry G. 1965. TheWorld Economy at the Crossroads: A Survey of Current Problems of Money, Trade, and Economic Development. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Kahler, Miles. 1995. International Institutions and the Political Economy of Integration. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Katzenstein, Peter J. 1997a. Introduction: Asian Regionalism in Comparative Perspective. In Network Power: Japan and Asia, edited by Peter J. Katzenstein and Takashi Shiraishi, 1–44. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
———, ed. 1997b. Tamed Power: Germany in Europe. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. Google Scholar
Kemp, Murray C., and Henry, V.Wan, Jr. 1976.An Elementary Proposition Concerning the Formation of Customs Unions. Journal of International Economics 6 (1):95–97.Google Scholar
Kenwood, A. G., and A. L., Lougheed. 1971. The Growth of the International Economy 1820–1960: An Introductory Text. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O. 1984. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O., and Joseph S., Nye. 1977. Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Kindleberger, Charles P. 1973. The World in Depression, 1929–1939. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
———. 1975. The Rise of Free Trade in Western Europe, 1820–1875. Journal of Economic History 35 (1):20–55.Google Scholar
Krasner, Stephen D. 1976. State Power and the Structure of International Trade. World Politics 28 (3): 317–47.Google Scholar
Krueger, Anne O. 1993. Political Economy of Policy Reform in Developing Countries. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
———. 1995. Free Trade Agreements Versus Customs Unions. NBER Working Paper 5084. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.Google Scholar
———. 1997. Problems with Overlapping Free Trade Areas. In Regionalism Versus Multilateral Trade Arrangements, edited by Takatoshi, Ito and Anne O., Krueger, 9–24. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Krugman, Paul. 1991a. The Move to Free Trade Zones. In Policy Implications of Trade and Currency Zones: A Symposium, sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 7–41. Kansas City, Mo.: Federal Reserve Bank.Google Scholar
———. 1991b. Economic Geography. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
———. 1993. Regionalism Versus Multilateralism: Analytical Notes. In New Dimensions in Regional Integration, edited by Jaime de Melo and Arvind Panagariya, 58–79. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kupchan, Charles A. 1997. Regionalizing Europe's Security: The Case for a New Mitteleuropa. In The Political Economy of Regionalism, edited by Edward D. Mans. eld and Helen V. Milner, 209–38. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Lake, David A. 1988. Power, Protection, and Free Trade: International Sources of U.S. Commercial Strategy. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Lawrence, Robert Z. 1996. Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Deeper Integration. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Linnemann, Hans. 1966. An Econometric Study of International Trade Flows. Amsterdam: North- Holland.Google Scholar
Mans. eld, Edward D. 1998. The Proliferation of Preferential Trading Arrangements. Journal of Conflict Resolution 42 (5):523–43.Google Scholar
Mans. eld, Edward D., and Rachel, Bronson. 1997. Alliances, Preferential Trading Arrangements, and International Trade. American Political Science Review 91 (1):94–107.Google Scholar
Mans. eld, Edward D, and Jack, Snyder. 1995. Democratization and the Danger of War. International Security 20 (1):5–38.Google Scholar
Mans. eld, Edward D., Jon C., Pevehouse, and David H., Bearce. Forthcoming.Preferential Trading Arrangements and Military Disputes. Security Studies 9 (1).Google Scholar
McKeown, Timothy J. 1991.A Liberal Trading Order? The Long-Run Pattern of Imports to the Advanced Capitalist States. International Studies Quarterly 35 (2):151–72.Google Scholar
McMillan, Susan M. 1997. Interdependence and Conflict. Mershon International Studies Review 41 (1): 33–58.Google Scholar
Milner, Helen V. 1997. Industries, Governments, and the Creation of Regional Trade Blocs. In The Political Economy of Regionalism, edited by Edward D., Mans. eld and Helen V., Milner, 77–106. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, Andrew. 1998. The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Nogue?s, Julio J., and . 1993. LatinAmerica's Integration and the Multilateral Trading System. In New Dimensions in Regional Integration, edited by Jaime de Melo and Arvind Panagariya, 278–313. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nye, Joseph S., Jr. 1971. Peace in Parts: Integration and Conflict in Regional Organization. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
———. 1988. Neorealism and Neoliberalism. World Politics 40 (2): 235–51.Google Scholar
Olson, Mancur. 1993. Discussion. In New Dimensions in Regional Integration, edited by Jaime de, Melo and Arvind, Panagariya, 122–27. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Oneal, John R., and Bruce M., Russett. 1997. The Classical LiberalsWere Right: Democracy, Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950–1985. International Studies Quarterly 41 (2):267–94.Google Scholar
Oye, Kenneth A. 1992. Economic Discrimination and Political Exchange:World Political Economy in the 1930s and 1980s. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Padoan, Pier Carlo. 1997. Regional Agreements as Clubs: The European Case. In The Political Economy of Regionalism, edited by Edward D., Mans. eld and Helen V., Milner, 107–33. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Perroni, Carlo, and John, Whalley. 1996.How Severe Is Global Retaliation Risk Under Increasing Regionalism? American Economic Review (Papers and Proceedings) 86 (2):57–61.Google Scholar
Petri, Peter A. 1993. The East Asian Trading Bloc: An Analytical History. In Regionalism and Rivalry: Japan and the United States in Paci. c Asia, edited by Jeffrey A., Frankel and Miles, Kahler, 21–48. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pollard, Sidney. 1974. European Economic Integration 1815–1970. London:Thames and Hudson. Pomfret, Richard W. T. 1988. Unequal Trade: The Economics of Discriminatory International Trade Policies. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Remmer, Karen L. 1998. Does Democracy Promote Interstate Cooperation? Lessons from the Mercosur Region. International Studies Quarterly 42 (1):25–52.Google Scholar
Russett, BruceM. 1967. InternationalRegions and the InternationalSystem: A Study in Political Ecology. Chicago: Rand-McNally.Google Scholar
Sandholtz, Wayne, and John, Zysman. 1989. 1992: Recasting the European Bargain. World Politics 42 (1):95–128.Google Scholar
Saxonhouse, Gary R. 1993. Pricing Strategies and Trading Blocs in East Asia. In Regionalism and Rivalry: Japan and the United States in Paci. c Asia, edited by Jeffrey A., Frankel and Miles, Kahler, 89–119. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Serra, Jaime, Guillermo Aguilar, Jose? Co?rdoba, Gene Grossman, Carla Hills, John Jackson, Julius Katz, Pedro Noyola, and Michael Wilson. 1997. Reflections on Regionalism: Report of the Study Group on International Trade.Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Snidal, Duncan. 1985. The Limits of Hegemonic Stability Theory. International Organization 39 (4):579– 614.Google Scholar
Srinivasan, T. N. 1993. Discussion. In New Dimensions in Regional Integration, edited by Jaime, deMelo and Arvind, Panagariya, 84–89. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Summers, Lawrence H. 1991. Regionalism and the World Trading System. In Policy Implicationsof Trade and Currency Zones: A Symposium, sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 295–301. Kansas City,Mo.: Federal Reserve Bank.Google Scholar
Thompson, William R. 1973. The Regional Subsystem:AConceptual Explication and Propositional Inventory. International Studies Quarterly 17 (1):89–117.Google Scholar
Tinbergen, Jan. 1962. Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.Google Scholar
Tornell, Aaron, and Gerardo, Esquivel. 1997. The Political Economy of Mexico's Entry into NAFTA. In Regionalism Versus Multilateral Trade Arrangements, edited by Takatoshi Ito and Anne O. Krueger, 25–56. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Viner, Jacob. 1950. The Customs Union Issue. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
Whalley, John. 1998.Why Do Countries Seek Regional Trade Agreements? In The Regionalizationof the World Economy, edited by Jeffrey A., Frankel, 63–83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Winters, L. Alan. 1993. The European Community:A Case of Successful Integration? In New Dimensions in Regional Integration, edited by Jaime de Melo and Arvind Panagariya, 202–28. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Winters, L. Alan, and Zhen, KunWang. 1994. Eastern Europe's InternationalTrade.Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Wonnacott, Paul. 1996. Beyond NAFTA: The Design of a Free Trade Agreement of the Americas. In The Economics of Preferential Trade Agreements, edited by Jagdish Bhagwati and Arvind Panagariya, 79–107.Washington, D.C.: AEI Press.Google Scholar
Wonnacott, Paul, and Mark, Lutz. 1989. Is There a Case for Free Trade Areas? In Free Trade Areas and U.S. Trade Policy, edited by Jeffrey J. Schott, 59–84. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar
World Trade Organization. 1995. Regionalism and theWorld Trading System. Geneva:World Trade Organization.Google Scholar
———. 1996. Annual Report 1996: Trade and Foreign Direct Investment. Vol. 1. Geneva: World Trade Organization.Google Scholar
Yarbrough, BethV., and Robert, M.Yarbrough. 1992.Cooperation and Governance in InternationalTrade: The Strategic OrganizationalApproach. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
———. 1997. Dispute Settlement in International Trade: Regionalism and Procedural Coordination. In The Political Economy of Regionalism, edited by Edward D., Mans. eld and Helen V., Milner, 134–63. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar