Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T21:14:58.079Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chemotherapy and avian malaria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

Ann Bishop
Affiliation:
From the Molteno Institute, University of Cambridge

Extract

Malaria is endemic over a wide area of the earth's surface. Although popularly associated with tropical or subtropical countries, it occurs as far north as the south of Sweden and Lake Ladoga in Russia and as far south as Bechuanaland, Swaziland and Natal in South Africa and the Argentine in South America. Though most frequent in low-lying districts it may be found at altitudes as great as 6000–9000 ft.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1942

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Africa, C. M., Dy, F. J. & Soriano, L. T. (1939). Studies on the effect of prontosil on avian malaria. A preliminary report. Acta med. Philippina, 1, 19.Google Scholar
Ainley, A. D. & King, H. (1938). Antiplasmodial action and chemical constitution. Part II. Some simple synthetic analogues of quinine and cinchonine. Proc. roy. Soc. B, 125, 60.Google Scholar
Anschütz, G. (1910). Untersuchungen über direkte Einwirkung des Chinins und Methylenblaus auf Protozoen. Zbl. Bakt. Orig. 54, 277.Google Scholar
Baldwin, A. W. & Robinson, R. (1934). Attempts to find new antimalarials. VIII. Derivatives of 8-ammoalkylaminoquinoline. J. chem. Soc. p. 1264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, M. A. & Komp, W. H. W. (1927). Some observations in the Limon and Panama divisions of the United Fruit Company, with special reference to certain measures for the control of malaria. Rep. Un. Fruit Co. 16th ann. Rep. p. 54.Google Scholar
Barber, M. A., Komp, W. H. W. & Neuman, B. M. (1929). The effect of small doses of plasmochin on the viability of gametocytes of malaria as measured by mosquito infection experiments. Publ. Hlth Rep. Wash. 44, 1409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barger, G. & Robinson, R. (1929). Attempts to find new anti-malarials. J. chem. Soc. p. 2947.Google Scholar
Bass, C. C. & Johns, F. M. (1912). The cultivation of malarial Plasmodia (Plasmodium, vivax and Plasmodium falciparum) in vitro. J. exp. Med. 16, 567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bishop, A., Tate, P. & Thorpe, M. V. (1938). The duration of Plasmodium relictum infections in canaries. Parasitology, 30, 388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bovet, D., Benoit, G. & Altmann, R. (1934). Action thérapeutique de quinoléines à poids moléculaire élevé, homologues de la plasmoquine, sur les Hématozoaires des calfats et des serins. Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 27, 236.Google Scholar
Bovet, D. & Demanche, L. (1933). Nouveaux produits actifs dans le paludisme aviaire: une quinoléine de synthèse agissant sur les schizontes et sur les gamètes (F. 852). Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 51, 528.Google Scholar
Boyd, G. H. (1925). The influence of certain experimental factors upon the course of infections with Plasmodium praecox. Amer. J. Hyg. 5, 818.Google Scholar
Boyd, G. H. (1926). Therapeutic action of quinine hydrochloride and certain quinine derivatives in experimental infections with Plasmodium praecox. Amer. J. Hyg. 6, 173.Google Scholar
Briercliffe, R. & Dalrymple-Champneys, W. (1935 a). The malaria epidemic in Ceylon. Brit. med. J. 1935, 2, 1015.Google Scholar
Briercliffe, R. & Dalrymple-Champneys, W. (1935 b). Discussion on the malaria epidemic in Ceylon. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 29,537.Google Scholar
Brumpt, E. (1937). Schizogonie parfois intense du Plasmodium gallinaceum dans les cellules endothélials des poules. C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 125, 810.Google Scholar
Brünn, W. (1926). Perorale Chininprophylaxe bei der Proteosoma-praecox-Infektion. Zbl. Bakt. Orig. 98, 507.Google Scholar
Buttle, G. A. H. (1939). The action of sulphanilamide and its derivatives with special reference to tropical diseases. Trans. R. Soc trop. med. Hyg. 33, 141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buttle, G. A. H., Henry, T. A. & Trevan, J. W. (1934). The action of the cinchona and certain other alkaloids in bird malaria. II. Biochem. J. 28, 426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buttle, G. A. H., Henry, T. A., Solomon, W., Trevan, J. W. & Gibbs, E. M. (1938). The action of the cinchona and certain other alkaloids in bird malaria. III. Biochem. J. 32, 47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Causey, O. R. (1939). The effect of splenectomy on the course of malarial infection in canaries. Amer. J. Hyg. 30, 93.Google Scholar
Chopra, R. N. & Das Gupta, B. M. (1939). ‘M and B 693’ (2-sulphanilylamipopyridine) in ape malaria. Indian med. Gaz. 74, 201.Google Scholar
Chopra, R. N., Das Gupta, B. M. & Sen, B. (1938). Studies on the action of synthetic antimalarial drugs on Indian strains of malaria. Cilional in the treatment of ‘Crescent Carriers’. Indian med. Gaz. 73, 667.Google ScholarPubMed
Christophers, S. R. & Fulton, J. D. (1938). Observations on the course of Plasmodium knowlesi infection in monkeys (Macacus rhesus), with notes on its treatment by (1) atebrin and (2) 1:11 normal undecane diamidine, together with a note on the action of the latter on bird malaria. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 32, 257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coatney, G. R. (1935). The effect of atebrin and plasmochin on the Haemoproteus infection of the pigeon. Amer. J. Hyg. 21, 249.Google Scholar
Coggeshall, L. T. (1938). Prophylactic and therapeutic effect of sulfonamide compounds in experimental malaria. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., N. Y., 38, 768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coggeshall, L. T. (1940). The selective action of sulfanilamide on the parasites of experimental malaria in monkeys in vivo and in vitro. J. exp. Med. 71, 13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, A. & King, H. (1938). Antiplasmodial action and chemical constitution. Part I. Cinchona alkaloidal derivatives and allied substances. Proc. roy. Soc. B, 125, 49.Google Scholar
Collier, W. A. & Krause, M. (1929). Zur Chemotherapie der Halteridieninfektion des, Reisfinken. Z. Hyg. InfektKr. 110, 522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, W. A. & Warstadt, A. (1931). Untersuchungen über die Wirkung eines neuen Malariamittels bei der Malariainfektion des Kanarienvogels und des Menschen. Klin. Wschr. 10, 987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, W. A., Warstadt, A. & Krause, M. (1931). über Heilversuche am malaria-infizierten Kanarienvogel mit einem neuen Präparat. Z. Hyg. InfektKr. 112, 527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corradetti, A. (1938). Osservazioni sul ciclo schizogonico dei plasmodi nelle cellule dei tessuti e proposta di una nuova classificazione degli Haemosporidiidea. Riv. Parassitologia, 2, 23.Google Scholar
Coulston, F. & Manwell, R. D. (1940). Single-parasite infections and exoerythrocytic schizogony in Plasmodium circumflexum. J. Parasit. Suppl. 26, 27.Google Scholar
Cowan, J. M. (1929). Cinchona in the empire: progress and prospects of its cultivation. Empire For. J. 8, 45.Google Scholar
Das Gupta, B. M. & Chopra, R. N. (1938). Studies on the action of synthetic drugs on simian malaria. Sulphonamide derivatives. Indian med. Gaz. 73, 665.Google Scholar
Decourt, P., Belfort, J. & Schneider, J. (1939). Étude de l'action de l'oxy(diméthyl-aminobutylarnmo) quinoléine sur Plasmodium gallinaceum et Plasmodium falciparum. Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 32, 419.Google Scholar
Durand, P. & Villain, Mme (1939). Dérivés sulfamidés et paludisme du pigeon. Arch. Inst. Pasteur, Tunis, 28, 94.Google Scholar
Fourneau, E., Tréfouel, J. M. and Mme., , Bovet, D. & Benoit, G. (1931). Contribution à la chimiothérapie du paludisme. Essais sur les calfats. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 46, 514.Google Scholar
Fourneau, E., Tréfouel, J., Bovet, D. & Benoit, G. (1933). Contribution à la chimiothérapie du paludisme. Essais sur les calfats. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 50, 731.Google Scholar
Fulton, J. D. (1940). The course of Plasmodium relictum infection in canaries and the treatment of bird and monkey malaria with synthetic bases. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 34, 53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fulton, J. D. & Christophers, S. R. (1938). The inhibitive effect of drugs upon oxygen uptake by Trypanosomes (Trypanosoma rhodesiense) and malaria parasites (Plasmodium knowlesi). Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 32, 77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gavrilov, W., Bobkoff, G. & Laurencin, S. (1938). Essai de culture en tissus de “Plasmodium gallinaceum” (Brumpt). Ann. Soc. belge Méd. trop. 18, 429.Google Scholar
Giemsa, G. (1933). Étude comparative d'échantillons de totaquina, de quinine et d'hydroquinine au point de vue de la toxicité et de l'enicacité dans le paludisme des oiseaux. Riv. Malariologia, 12, 70.Google Scholar
Giemsa, G. & Oesterlin, M. (1933). Chemotherapeutische Studien auf dem Gebiete der Chinaalkaloide. Arch. Schiffs- u. Tropenhyg. 37, Beiheft 4, 6.Google Scholar
Giemsa, G., Weise, W. & Tropp, C. (1926). Chemotherapeutische Studien mit Vogelmalaria (Plasmodium praecox). Arch. Schiffs- u. Tropenhyg. 30, 334.Google Scholar
Giemsa, G. & Werner, H. (1912). Erfahrungen miteinigen Derivaten des Chinins (Aurochin, Chitenin, Diydrochinin, Tetrahydrochinin) bei Malaria. Arch. Schiffs- u. Tropenhyg. 16, Beiheft 4, 65.Google Scholar
Giemsa, G. & Werner, H. (1914). Erfahrungen mit weiteren dem Chinin nahestehenden Alkaloiden und einigen ihrer Derivate bei Malaria. Arch. Schiffs- u. Tropenhyg. 18, Beiheft 5, 81.Google Scholar
Gill, C. A. (1938). The seasonal periodicity of malaria. London: J. and A. Churchill, Ltd.Google Scholar
Gingrich, W. (1932). Immunity to superinfection and cross-immunity in malarial infections of birds. J. prev. Med. Baltimore, 6, 197.Google Scholar
Giovannola, A. (1939). I Plasmodi avian. Riv. Parassitologia, 3, 222.Google Scholar
Glyn-Hughes, F., Lourie, E. M. & Yorke, W. (1938). Studies in chemotherapy. XVII. The action of undecane diamidine in malaria. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 32, 103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gody, A. & Lacorte, J. G. (1928) Action d'un noyau de l'oxy-amino-quinoléine sur les gamètes et les sporozoltes de l'Halteridium du pigeon. C.B. Soc. Biol., Paris, 98, 617.Google Scholar
Goodson, J. A., Herby, T. A. & Macfie, J. W. S. (1930). The action of the cinchona and certain other alkaloids in bird malaria. Biochem. J. 24, 874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grassi, G. B. (1899). Studi di uno zoologo sulla malaria. Mem: Accad. Lincei (v), 3, 299.Google Scholar
Green, R. (1929). Treatment of malaria with Dimeplasmin. Lancet, 216, 1137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guttmann, P. & Ehrlich, P. (1891). über die Wirkung des Methylenblaus bei Malaria. Berl. klin. Wschr. 28, 953.Google Scholar
Hartman, E. (1927). Three species of bird malaria, Plasmodium praecox, P. cathemerium n.sp., and P. inconstans n.sp. Arch. Protistenk. 60, 1.Google Scholar
Hegner, R. & Manwell, R. D. (1927). The effects of plasmochin on bird malaria. Amer. J. trop. Med. 7, 279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hegner, R., Shaw, E. H. & Manwell, R. D. (1928). Methods and results of experiments on the effects of drugs on bird malaria. Amer. J. Hyg. 8, 564.Google Scholar
Hegner, R., West, E., Ray, M. & Dobler, M. (1941). A new drug effective against bird malaria. Amer. J. Hyg. 33, 101.Google Scholar
Hehir, P. (1927). Malaria in India. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hewitt, R. (1938). The cultivation of Plasmodium cathemerium for one asexual generation on inspissated egg and rabbit serum. Amer. J. Hyg. 27, 341.Google Scholar
Hewitt, R. (1940). Bird malaria. Amer. J. Hyg. Monographic Series, 15.Google Scholar
Horovitz, A. & Sautet, J. (1929). Remarques sur la culture des parasites du paludisme. Ann. Parasit. hum. comp. 7, 151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, B. F. (1933). Cinchona and civilization. Pharm. J. 77, 707.Google Scholar
Huff, C. G. (1930). Plasmodium elongatum n.sp., an avian malarial organism with an elongate gametocyte. Amer. J. Hyg. 11, 385.Google Scholar
Huff, C. G. & Bloom, W. (1935). A malarial parasite infecting all blood and blood-forming cells of birds. J. infect. Dis. 57, 315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, S. P. (1920). Malaria at Home and Abroad. London: John Bale, Sons and Danielsson, Ltd.Google Scholar
James, S. P. (1931). The use of plasmoquine in the prevention of malarial infections. Proc. Boy. Acad. Sci. Amst. 34, 1424.Google Scholar
James, S. P. (1939). The incidence of exo-erythrocytic schizogony in Plasmodium gallinaceum in relation to the mode of infection. Trans. B. Soc. trop. med. Hyg. 32, 763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, S. P. & Tate, P. (1937 a). New knowledge of the life-cycle of malaria parasites. Nature, Lond., 139, 545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, S. P. & Tate, P. (1937 b). Laboratory meeting. Trans. R. Soc. trop. med. Hyg. 31, 4.Google Scholar
James, S. P. & Tate, P. (1938). Exo-erythrocytic schizogony in Plasmodium gallinaceum Brumpt, 1935. Parasitology, 30, 128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kikuth, W. (1931). Immunbiologische und chemotherapeutische Studien an verschiedenen Stammen von Vogelmalaria. Zbl. Bakt. 121, 401.Google Scholar
Kikuth, W. (1932). Zur Weiterentwicklung synthetisch dargestellter Malariamittel. über die chemotherapeutische Wirkung des Atebrin. Disch. med. Wschr. 58, 530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kikuth, W. (1933). Chemotherapeutische Versuche mit neuen synthetischen Malariamitteln in ihrer Bedeutung für die Bekämpfung der Malaria. Zbl. Bakt. 127, 172.Google Scholar
Kikuth, W. (1937). Studien über die Sporozoiten der Malariaparasiten. Festschrift, Bernhard Nocht. Hamburg, p. 240.Google Scholar
Kikuth, W. (1938). Zur Weiterentwicklung der Chemotherapie der Malaria. “Certuna”—ein neues Gametenmittel. Klin. Wschr. 17, 524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kikuth, W. & Giovannola, A. (1933). Zur Frage der medikamentösen Malariaprophylaxe auf Grand von experimentellen Untersuchungen an der Vogelmalaria. Riv. Malariologia, 12, 657.Google Scholar
Kikuth, W. & Mudrow, L. (1937). über pigmentlose Schizogonieformen bei Vogelmalaria. Klin. Wschr. 16, 1690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kikuth, W. & Mudrow, L.(1938). Die endothelialen Stadien der Malariaparasiten in Experiment und Theorie. Zbl. Bakt. 142, 113.Google Scholar
Kikuth, W. & Mudrow, L.(1939 a). Chemotherapeutische Untersuchungen den endothelialen Formen (E-Stadien) des Plasmodium cathemerium. Z. ImmunForseh. 95, 285.Google Scholar
Kikuth, W. & Mudrow, L.(1939 b). Die Entwicklung der Sporozoiten von Plasmodium cathemerium im kanarienvogel. Zbl. Bakt. 145, 81.Google Scholar
King, H. & Work, T. S. (1940). Antiplasmodial action and chemical constitution. Part III. Carbinolamines derived from naphthalene and quinoline. J. chem. Soc. p. 1308.Google Scholar
Koch, R. (1899). Ueber die Entwicklung der Malariaparasiten. Z. Hyg. InfektKr. 32, 1.Google Scholar
Kopanaris, P. (1911). Die Wirkung von Chinin, Salvarsan und Atoxyl auf die Proteosoma-(Plasmodium praecox-) Infektion des Kanarienvogels. Arch. Schiffs u. Tropenhyg. 15, 586.Google Scholar
Kritschewski, I. L. & Demidowa, L. W. (1935). Ueber eine noch unbekannte Funktion des retikuloendothelialen Systems. Z. ImmunForseh. 84, 14.Google Scholar
Kritschewski, I. L. & Halperin, E. P. (1933). Ueber Medikamentfestigkeit der Erreger der Vogelmalaria (Plasmodium praecox). Z. ImmunForsch. 79, 149.Google Scholar
Kritschewski, I. L., Magidson, O. J., Halperin, E. P. & Grigorowski, A. M. (1934). Die Synthese chemotherapeutischer Verbindungen. Akridinderivate gegen Malaria. G. Batt. Immun. 13, 685.Google Scholar
Kritschewski, I. L. & Meerson, J. S. (1932). Ueber die Bedeutung des retikuloendothelialen Apparates bei Infektionskrankheiten. IX. Die Rolle des Retikuloendothelial-systems bei Vogelmalaria. Z. ImmunForsch. 76, 499.Google Scholar
Kritschewski, I. L. & Pines, A. (1934). Die Wirkung der Chinolinderivate auf die Gametocyten von Plasmodium praecox. Klin. Wschr. 13, 807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kritschewski, I. L. & Rubinstein, P. L. (1932). Ueber die Medikamentfestigkeit der Erreger von Vogelmalaria (Plasmodium praecox). Z. ImmunForseh. 76, 506.Google Scholar
Kritschewski, I. L. & Sternberg, E. J. (1933). Die Synthese chemotherapeutischer Verbindungen. II. Die Chinolinderivate gegen Malaria. Z. ImmunForseh. 80, 438.Google Scholar
League of Nations (1930). Health Organisation. Report of the malaria commission on its study tour in India. CH/Malaria/147.Google Scholar
League of Nations (1932). Enquiry'into the quinine requirements of malarial countries and the world prevalence of malaria. CH/Malaria/185.Google Scholar
League of Nations (1937). The Treatment of Malaria. Study of synthetic drugs, as compared with quinine, in the therapeutics and prophylaxis of malaria. Bull. Health Org. 6, 895.Google Scholar
Lourie, E. M. (1934 a). Studies on chemotherapy in bird malaria. I. Acquired immunity in relation to quinine treatment in Plasmodium cathemerium infections. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 28, 151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lourie, E. M. (1934 b). Studies on chemotherapy in bird malaria. III. Difference in response to quinine treatment between strains of Plasmodium relictum of widely-separated geographical origins. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 28, 513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lourie, E. M. (1935). Studies on chemotherapy in bird malaria. IV. Failure to promote drug-resistance in Plasmodium cathemerium by prolonged administration of quinine or plas-mochin. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 29, 421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacGilchrist, A. C. (1915). The relative therapeutic value in malaria of the cinchona alkaloids—quinine, cinchonine, quinidine, cinchonidine, and quinoidine, and the two derivatives—hydro-quinine and ethyl-hydro-cupreine (with 149 charts). Ind. J. med. Res. 3, 1.Google Scholar
MacGregor, M. E. & Lee, Chung Un (1929). Preliminary note on the artificial feeding of mosquitoes. Trans. Soc. trap. med. Hyg. 23, 203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackenzie, M. D. (1923). Notes on the epidemiology of malaria in South-East Russia. Lancet, 205, 1225CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magidson, O. J., Delektorskaya, N. M. & Lipowitsch, I. M. (1934). Die Derivate des 8-Aminochinolins als Antimalariapräparate. III. Der Einfluss der Verzweigung der Kette in Stellung 8. Archiv. Pharm. Berl. 272, 74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magidson, O. J. & Grigorowsky, A. M. (1936). Acridin-Verbindungen und ihre Anti-malaria-wirkung. I. Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges. 69, 396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magidson, O. J., Madejeva, O. S. & Rubtzov, M. V. (1935). Die Derivate des 8-Aminochinolins als Antimalariapraparate. IV. Archiv. Pharm. Berl. 273, 320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magidson, O. J. & Strukow, I. T. (1933 a). Die Derivate des 8-Ammochinolins als Antimalariapräparate. I. Die Wirkung von Alkyl in Stellung 6 auf chemotherapeutische Eigenschaften. Archiv. Pharm. Berl. 271, 359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magidson, O. J. & Strukow, I. T. (1933 B). Die Derivate des 8-Aminochinolins als Antimalariapräparate. II. Der Einfluss der Länge der Kette in Stellung 8. Archiv. Pharm. Berl. 271, 569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manwell, R. D. (1930). Further studies on the effect of quinine and plasmochin on the avian malarias. Amer. J. trop. Med. 10, 379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manwell, R. D. (1932). Quinine and plasmochin therapy in Plasmodium rouxi infections, with further notes on the effects of these drugs on the other avian malarias. Amer. J. trop. Med. 12, 123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manwell, R. D. (1933). Effect of atebrin on avian malarias. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., N.Y., 31, 198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manwell, R. D. (1934). Quinine and plasmochin therapy in infections with Plasmodium circumflexum. Amer. J. trop. Med. 14, 45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manwell, R. D. (1935). How many species of avian malaria parasites are there? Amer. J. trop. Med. 15, 265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manwell, R. D. (1936). The status of Plasmodium capistrani. Amer. J. trop. Med. 16, 685.Google Scholar
Manwell, R. D. (1938). The identification of the avian malarias. Amer. J. trop. Med. 18, 565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manwell, R. D. & Goldstein, E. (1939). Exoerythrocytic stages in the asexual cycle of Plasmodium circumflexum. Amer. J. trop. Med. 19, 279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manwell, R. D. & Haring, A. T. (1938). Plasmochin and atebrin therapy in Plasmodium vaughani infections. Riv. Parassitologia, 2, 207.Google Scholar
Martini, E. (1920). Kritische Betrachtungen zur Lehre von der Einheit der Malariaerreger. ' Arch. Schiffs- u. Tropenhyg. 24, 100.Google Scholar
Mauss, H. & Mietzsch, F. (1933). Atebrin, ein neues Heilmittel gegen Malaria. Klin. Wschr. 12, 1276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazza, S. (1924). On the duration of relative immunity in malaria of birds. J. trop. Med-(Hyg.), 27, 98.Google Scholar
Missiroli, A. & Mosna, E. (1934). Sulle proprietà terapeutiche di un prodotto derivato dalla chinina: C. 77-Giemsa. Riv. Malariologia, 13, 148.Google Scholar
Missiroli, A. & Mosna, E. (1938). La sterilizzazione dei gametociti dei plasmodi malarici. Riv. Parassitologia, 2, 55.Google Scholar
Mochkovski, C. (1935). Au sujet des méthodes de la chimiothérapie expérimentale du paludisme. Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 28, 639.Google Scholar
Moldovan, J. (1912). Ueber die Immunitätsverhaltnisse bei der Vogelmalaria. Zbl. Bakt. 66, 105.Google Scholar
Monier, H. M. (1931 a). Essai d'un dérivé de la quinoléine (664 Fourneau) dans la malaria expérimentale. Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 24, 93.Google Scholar
Monier, H. M. (1931 b). Essais thérapeutiques du 710 F. dans quelques oas de paludisme. Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 24, 97.Google Scholar
Morgenroth, J., Abbaham, L. & Schnitzer, R. (1926). Experimentelle Studien zur Malariabehandlung. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 52, 1455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mühlens, P. (1926). Die Behandlung der natürlichen menschlichen Malaria-Infektion mit Plasmochin. Naturwissenschaften, 14, 1154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mühlens, P. (1938). “Certuna”, ein neues Tropikagametenmittel. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 64, 295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niven, J. C. (1938). Sulphanilamide (Prontosil) in the treatment of malaria. Bull. Inst. med. Res. F.M.S. No. 4.Google Scholar
Peter, F. M. (1932). über die Wirkung des Atebrin gegen natürliche Malariainfektion. Dtsch. med. Woch. 58, 533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, R. J. & Huff, C. G. (1940). Review of the literature on exo-erythrocytic schizogony in certain malarial parasites and its relation to the schizogonic cycle in Plasmodium elongatum. Amer. J. trop. Med. 20, 869.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Public Health Commissioner with the Government of India (1935). Annual Report, 1, 41. New Delhi, 1937.Google Scholar
Raffaele, G. (1934). Un ceppo italiano di Plasmodium elongatum. Riv. Malariol. 13, 332.Google Scholar
Raffaele, G. (1936 a). II doppio ciclo schizogonico di Plasmodium elongatum. Riv. Malariol. 15, 309.Google Scholar
Raffaele, G. (1936 b). Presumibili forme iniziali di evoluzione' di Plasmodium relictum. Riv. Malariol. 15, 318.Google Scholar
Raffaele, G. (1938). La fase primaria dell' evoluzione monogonica dei parassiti malarici. Riv. Malariol. 17, 331.Google Scholar
Rodhain, J. (1938). Schizogonie sans pigment chez un pingouin expérimentalement infecte de Plasmodium praecox (relictum). C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 127, 838.Google Scholar
Rodhain, J. & Hendrix, H. (1937). Essais de traitement du. paludisme des oiseaux et des singes au moyen du ‘Paludex’. Bull. Inst. Colon. Belge, 8, 137.Google Scholar
Roehl, W. (1926). Die Wirkung des Plasmochins auf die Vogelmalaria. Naturwissenschaften, 14, 1156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roehl, W. (1927). über Plasmochinbehandlung der natürlichen Malaria. Arch. Schiffs- u. Tropenhyg. 31, Beiheft 1, 48.Google Scholar
Ross, R. (1910). The Prevention of Malaria. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Russell, P. F. (1931 a). Avian malaria studies. I. Prophylactic plasmochin in inoculated avian malaria. Philipp. J. Sci. 46, 305.Google Scholar
Russell, P. F. (1931 b). Avian malaria studies. II. Prophylactic plasmochin versus prophylactic quinine in inoculated malaria. Philipp. J. Sci. 46, 347.Google Scholar
Russell, P. F. (1934). Avian malaria studies. IX. Atabrine as a prophylactic drug in sporozoite infections of avian malaria. Philipp. J. Sci. 54, 483.Google Scholar
Russell, P. F. & Nono, A. M. (1932). Avian malaria studies. VII. Plasmochin as a prophylactic drug in sporozoite infections of avian malaria. Philipp. J. Sci. 49, 595.Google Scholar
Schaudinn, F. (1903). Studien äber krankheitserregende Protozoen. II. Plasmodium vivax (Grassi & Feletti), der Erreger des Tertianfiebers beim Menschen. Arb. GesundhAmt. Berl. 19, 169.Google Scholar
Schulemann, W. (1932). Synthetic anti-malarial preparations. A discussion of the various steps which led to the synthesis and discovery of “Plasmoquine” and a brief account of its use in tropical medicine. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 25, 897.Google Scholar
Schulemann, W. & Memmi, G. (1927). Plasmochin, ein synthetisches gegen die Malariainfektion wirksames Chinolinderivat. Klin. Wschr. 6, 1093.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulemann, W., Schönhöfer, F. & Wingler, A. (1932). Synthese des Plasmochin. Klin. Wschr. 11, 381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sergent, Ed. & Et, (1907). Éludes sur les hématozoaires d'oiseaux. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 21, 251.Google Scholar
Sergent, Ed. & Et, (1921). Étude expérimentale du paludisme. Paludisme des oiseaux à Plasmodium relictum, transmis par Culex pipiens. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Afr. N. 1, 1.Google Scholar
Sergent, Ed. & Et, (1932). Le péril paludéen à J'armée d'orient. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Algér. 10, 316.Google Scholar
Sergent, Ed., Sergent, Et. & Catanei, A. (1929 a). Paludisme des oiseaux. Étude de Plasmodium rouxi chez son hôte vertébré. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Alger. 7, 165.Google Scholar
Sergent, Ed., Sergent, Et. & Catanei, A. (1929 b). Une question de nomenclature. Le nom de Plasmodium praecox doit-il désigner un parasite du paludisme humain ou un parasite du paludisme aviaire? Arch. Inst. Pasteur Alger. 7, 223.Google Scholar
Sergent, Ed., Sergent, Et., Catanei, A., Trenz, F. & Sergent, A. (1931). Étude dè Taction du “710” Fourneau sur le paludisme des oiseaux à Plasmodium relictum (note préliminaire). Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 47, 57.Google Scholar
Sergent, Et. & Ed, (1921 a). Avantages de la quininisation préventive démontrés et précisés expérimentalement (Paludisme des oiseaux). Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 35, 125.Google Scholar
Sergent, Et. & Ed, (1921 b). Étude experimentale du Paludisme. Paludisme des oiseaux (Plasmodium relictum). Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 14, 72.Google Scholar
Sergent, Et., Sergent, Ed. & Catanei, A. (1923). Étude expérimentale du paludisme (Plasmodium relictum). Suite des essais de traitement préventif ou curatif du Paludisme par des produits autres que la quinine: cinchonidine. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Algér. 1, 270Google Scholar
Sergent, Et., Sergent, Ed. & Catanei, A. (1924). Étude expérimentale du Paludisme. des oiseaux (Plasmodium relictum). Suite des essais de traitement par des produits autres que la quinine: cinchonine. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Algér. 2, 443.Google Scholar
Shaw, E. H. (1928). The absorption of chemical compounds by red blood corpuscles and its therapeutic significance in the treatment of bird malaria. Amer. J. Hyg. 8, 583.Google Scholar
Sinton, J. A. (1935). What malaria costs India nationally, socially and economically. Rec. Malaria Survey India, 5, 223Google Scholar
Sinton, J. A. (1935). What malaria costs India nationally, socially and economically. Rec. Malaria Survey India 6, 91.Google Scholar
Sinton, J. A. (1939). Discussion in ‘The action of sulphanilamide and its derivatives with special reference, to tropical diseases.'. Trans. R. Soc. trap. med. Hyg. 33, 160.Google Scholar
Sinton, J. A., Hutton, E. L. & Shute, P. G. (1938). Unsuccessful attempts at causal prophylaxis with Certuna in malignant tertian malaria. Trans. R. Soc. trap. med. Hyg. 32, 419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinton, J. A., Hutton, E. L. & Shute, P. G. (1939). Some successful trials of proseptasine as a true causal prophylactic against infection with Plasmodium falciparum. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 33, 37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sioli, F. (1926). Prüfung des Plasmochins bei der Impfmalaria der Paralytiker. Natur-wissenschaften, 14, 1160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sioli, F. (1932). Über die Wirkung des Atebrin bei der Impfmalaria der Paralytiker. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 58, 531.Google Scholar
Sioli, F. (1938). Prüfung des neuen Malariamittels “Certuna” bei der Impfmalaria der Paralytiker. Klin. Wschr. 17, 527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slotta, K. H. & Behnisch, R. (1935). Hydroeupreinaminoalkyl-äther. Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges. 68, 754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, E. J. (1934). Über die Wirkung des Präparates “R 123” gegen Vogelmalaria. Z. Hyg. InfektKr. 116, 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swellengrebel, N. H. & de Buck, A. (1938). Malaria in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Scheltema and Holkema.Google Scholar
Tarassévitch, L. (1923). Expansion pandémique de la malaria en Russie. Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 16, 71.Google Scholar
Tate, P. & Vincent, M. (1932 a). Influence of light on the gorging of Culex pipiens L. Nature, Lond., 130, 366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tate, P. & Vincent, M. (1932 b). Susceptibility of English Culex pipiens L. to infection with bird malaria. Nature, Lond.,130, 630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tate, P. & Vincent, M. (1933 a). The action of plasmoquine on mosquito-induced malaria of birds. Parasitology, 25, 96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tate, P. & Vincent, M. (1933 b). The action of synthetic quinoline compounds on avian malaria. Parasitology, 25, 411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tate, P. & Vincent, M. (1934 a). The susceptibility of autogenous and anautogenous races of Culex pipiens to infection with avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum). Parasitology, 26, 512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tate, P. & Vincent, M. (1934 b). The action of atebrin on bird malaria. Parasitology, 26, 523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tate, P. & Vincent, M. (1936). The biology of autogenous and anautogenous races of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitology, 28, 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, J. G. & Thomson, D. (1913). The growth and sporulation of the benign and malignant tertian malarial parasites in the culture tube and in the human host. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 7, 509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warstadt, A. & Collier, W. A. (1931). Über die klinischen Ergebnisse der Behandlung Malariakranker mit den Präparaten ‘R 118’ and ‘R 123’. Z. Hyg. InfektionsKr. 112, 534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tate, P. & Vincent, M. (1902). Über die Verbreitung und künstliche Übertragung der Vogelmalaria. Arch. Hyg., Berl., 41, 68.Google Scholar
Tate, P. & Vincent, M. (1908). Studien und Mikrophotogramme zur Kenntnis der Pathogenen Protozoen. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Wenyon, C. M. (1921). The incidence and aetiology of malaria in Macedonia. J. R. Army Med. Cps, 37, 81.Google Scholar
Weener, H. (1911). Über die Behandlung der Malaria mit Ehrlich-Hata 606 und über Chininresistenz bei Malaria. Arch. Schiffs- u. Tropenhyg. 15, 141.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. B. (1936). Report of the malaria unit, Tanga, 1933–4. Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Yorke, W. & Macfie, J. W. S. (1924). Observations on malaria made during treatment of general paralysis. Trans. R. Soc. trop. med. Hyg. 18, 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar