Annual Review of Applied Linguistics

Table of Contents - Volume 22 - 2002  



DISCOURSE IN THE CLASSROOM

11. TEACHERS' USES OF THE TARGET AND FIRST LANGUAGES IN SECOND AND FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOMS 1

Miles Turnbull  and Katy Arnett 

Abstract

This chapter reviews recent theoretical and empirical literature regarding teachers' uses of the target (TL) and first (L1) languages in second (SL) and foreign (FL) language classrooms. Theoretically, the article explores several issues related to teachers' use of the L1 and the TL in the classroom: exposure to TL input, student motivation, cognitive considerations, code-switching, and appropriate teacher use of the L1. A review of recent discourse analysis studies examines how much, when, and why FL and SL teachers use the L1 and TL in their pedagogy. The article also presents findings from studies that have considered teachers' self-reports and teachers' and learners' beliefs and attitudes regarding the use of the L1 and the TL in FL and SL classrooms. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research.


Footnotes

1 We are very grateful to Alister Cumming, Sharon Lapkin, Charlene Polio and Merrill Swain for useful feedback on an earlier version of this paper.