Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T06:37:55.277Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Challenges and growth: the development of the interdisciplinary field of institutional analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2007

ELINOR OSTROM
ELINOR OSTROM*
Affiliation:
Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University; Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity, Arizona State University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

This article briefly describes some of the intellectual challenges during the last half-century to the traditional fields of economics and political science: the public choice approach, the tragedy of the commons debate, the ‘new’ institutional economics, and behavioral game theory. Then, the components of a basic institutional analysis framework are presented that provide a general method for analyzing public economies and diverse forms of collective action. Empirical research related to metropolitan public economies, common-pool resources, and behavioral game theory is summarized that has contributed to the field of institutional analysis. The last section concludes that the macro foundations of institutional analysis appear firmer than the micro foundations related to the model of the individual to be used and discusses this puzzle.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Institutional Economics , Volume 3 , Issue 3 , December 2007 , pp. 239 - 264
Copyright
Copyright © The JOIE Foundation 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. A. 2006, Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Acheson, J. 2003, Capturing the Commons: Devising Institutions to Manage the Maine Lobster Industry, Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.Google Scholar
Ahn, T. K., Ostrom, E., and Walker, J. 2003, ‘Heterogeneous Preferences and Collective Action’, Public Choice, 117: 295–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alchian, A. A. 1950, ‘Uncertainty, Evolution, and Economic Theory’, Journal of Political Economy, 58: 211–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alt, J., Levi, M., and Ostrom, E. (eds) 1999, Competition and Cooperation: Conversations with Nobelists about Economics and Political Science, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Aoki, M. 2001, Toward a Comparative Institutional Analysis, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Araral, E. 2005. ‘Bureaucratic Incentives, Path Dependence, and Foreign Aid: An Empirical Institutional Analysis of Irrigation in the Philippines’, Policy Sciences, 38 (2–3): 131–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrow, K. 1951, Social Choice and Individual Values, 2nd edition, New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Axelrod, R. and Cohen, M. D. 2000, Harnessing Complexity: Organizational Implications of a Scientific Frontier, New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Bardhan, P. and Dayton-Johnson, J. 2002, ‘Unequal Irrigators: Heterogeneity and Commons Management in Large-Scale Multivariate Research’, in Ostrom, E., Dietz, T., Dolsak, N., Stern, P., Stonich, S., and Weber, E. (eds), Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp. 87–112.Google Scholar
Barry, B. and Hardin, R. 1982, Rational Man and Irrational Society? An Introduction and Source Book, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Bentley, A. 1935, The Process of Government, Evanston, IL: Principia Press.Google Scholar
Berkes, F. 1985, ‘Fishermen and ‘the Tragedy of the Commons’, Environmental Conservation, 12: 199–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkes, F. (ed.) 1989, Common Property Resources: Ecology and Community-Based Sustainable Development, London: Belhaven Press.Google Scholar
Berkes, F. Forthcoming, ‘Community-Based Conservation in a Globalized World’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bickers, K. and Williams, J. T. 2001, Public Policy Analysis: A Political Economy Approach, New York: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Black, D. 1958, The Theory of Committees and Elections, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Blomquist, W. 1992, Dividing the Waters: Governing Groundwater in Southern California, San Francisco, CA: ICS Press.Google Scholar
Bolton, G. E. and Ockenfels, A. 2000, ‘ERC: A Theory of Equity, Reciprocity and Competition’, American Economic Review, 90: 166–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyne, G. A. 1992, ‘Local Government Structure and Performance: Lessons from America?’, Public Administration, 70: 333–357.Google Scholar
Buchanan, J. M. and Tullock, G. 1962, The Calculus of Consent, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Camerer, C. F. 2003, Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Camerer, C. F. and Thaler, R. H. 1995, ‘Anomalies: Ultimatums, Dictators and Manners’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9: 109–120.Google Scholar
Cameron, L. 1995, ‘Raising the Stakes in the Ultimatum Game: Experimental Evidence from Indonesia’, discussion paper, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.Google Scholar
Cardenas, J.-C. 2000, ‘How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field’, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2: 305–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardenas, J.-C., Stranlund, J. K., and Willis, C. E. 2000, ‘Local Environmental Control and Institutional Crowding-Out’, World Development, 28 (10): 1719–1733.Google Scholar
Casari, M. and Plott, C. R. 2003, ‘Decentralized Management of Common Property Resources: Experiments with a Centuries-Old Institution’, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 51: 217–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, K. S., Godby, R., Mestelman, S., and Muller, R. A. 1997, ‘Equity Theory and the Voluntary Provision of Public Goods’, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 32: 349–364.Google Scholar
Coase, R. 1937, ‘The Nature of the Firm’, Economica, 4: 386–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, J. 2004, ‘How to Identify Trust and Reciprocity’, Games and Economic Behavior, 46: 260–281.Google Scholar
Crawford, S. E. S. and Ostrom, E. 2005, ‘A Grammar of Institutions’, in Ostrom, E. (ed.), Understanding Institutional Diversity, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 137–174. Originally published in American Political Science Review, 89 (1995): 582–600.Google Scholar
Dávila, A. and Mora, M. T. 2007, ‘Civic Engagement and High School Academic Progress’, CIRCLE working paper no. 52, College Park, University of Maryland, School of Public Policy.Google Scholar
Davis, D. D. and Holt, C. 1993, Experimental Economics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dayton-Johnson, J. 2000, ‘Choosing Rules to Govern the Commons: A Model with Evidence from Mexico’, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 42: 19–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Moor, M., Shaw-Taylor, L., and Warde, P. (eds) 2002, The Management of Common Land in Northwest Europe, c. 1500–1850, Belgium: BREPOLS Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denzau, A. T. and North, D. C. 1994, ‘Shared Mental Models: Ideologies and Institutions’, Kyklos, 47: 3–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diermeier, D. 1995, ‘Commitment, Deference, and Legislative Institutions’, American Political Science Review, 89: 344–355.Google Scholar
Dietz, T., Ostrom, E., and Stern, P. 2003, ‘The Struggle to Govern the Commons’, Science, 302: 1907–1912.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiLorenzo, T. 1983, ‘Economic Competition and Political Competition: An Empirical Note’, Public Choice, 40: 203–209.Google Scholar
Downs, A. 1957, An Economic Theory of Democracy, New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Farrell, J. and Rabin, M. 1996, ‘Cheap Talk’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10: 103–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fehr, E. and Gächter, S. 2000, ‘Cooperation and Punishment in Public Goods Experiments’, American Economic Review, 90: 980–994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folke, C. and Berkes, F. 1998, Linking Social and Ecological Systems, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gibson, C., Andersson, K., Ostrom, E., and Shivakumar, S. 2005, The Samaritan's Dilemma: The Political Economy of Development Aid, New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gintis, H. 2000, ‘Beyond homo economicus: Evidence from Experimental Economics’, Ecological Economics, 35: 311–322.Google Scholar
Gordon, H. S. 1954, ‘The Economic Theory of a Common Property Resource: The Fishery’, Journal of Political Economy, 62: 124–142.Google Scholar
Green, D. and Shapiro, I. 1994, Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in Political Science, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Güth, W. and Kliemt, H. 1998, ‘The Indirect Evolutionary Approach: Bridging the Gap Between Rationality and Adaptation’, Rationality and Society, 10: 377–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Güth, W., Schmittberger, R., and Schwarze, B. 1982, ‘An Experimental Analysis of Ultimatum Bargaining’, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 3: 367–388.Google Scholar
Hanushek, E. A. 1986, ‘The Economics of Schooling: Production and Efficiency in Public Schools’, Journal of Economic Literature, 24: 1141–1177.Google Scholar
Hardin, G. 1968, ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’, Science, 162: 1243–1248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawkins, B. W. and Ihrke, D. M. 1999, ‘Reexamining the Suburban Exploitation Thesis in American Metropolitan Areas’, Publius, 29: 109–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Fehr, E., and Gintis, H. (eds) 2004, Foundations of Human Sociality: Economic Experiments and Ethnographic Evidence from Fifteen Small-Scale Societies, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hodgson, G. M. 1998, ‘The Approach of Institutional Economics’, Journal of Economic Literature, 36: 166–192.Google Scholar
Hodgson, G. M. 2004, ‘Opportunism Is Not the Only Reason Why Firms Exist: Why An Explanatory Emphasis on Opportunism May Mislead Management Strategy’, Industrial and Corporate Change, 13: 401–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holt, C. A. 2007, Markets, Games, and Strategic Behavior, Boston, MA: Pearson-Addison Wesley.Google Scholar
Houghe, L. and Marks, G. 2001, Multi-Level Governance and European Integration, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Ito, M., Saijo, T., and Une, M. 1995, ‘The Tragedy of the Commons Revisited: Identifying Behavioral Principles’, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 28: 311–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janssen, M. 2006, ‘Historical Institutional Analysis of Social Ecological Systems’, Journal of Institutional Economics, 2 (2): 127–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janssen, M. A. and Ahn, T. K. 2006, ‘Learning, Signaling, and Social Preferences in Public-Good Games’, Ecology and Society 11 (2): 21. [online]: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art21/Google Scholar
Kagel, J. and Roth, A. E. (eds) 1995, Handbook of Experimental Economics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keohane, R. O. 1984, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Keohane, R. O. 2001, ‘Governance in a Partially Globalized World’, American Political Science Review, 95: 1–13.Google Scholar
Keohane, R. O. and Ostrom, E. (eds) 1995, Local Commons and Global Interdependence: Heterogeneity and Cooperation in Two Domains, London: Sage.Google Scholar
Krehbiel, K. 1988, ‘Spatial Models of Legislative Choice’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 8: 259–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhnert, S. 2001, ‘An Evolutionary Theory of Collective Action: Schumpeterian Entrepreneurship for the Common Good’, Constitutional Political Economy, 12: 13–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lam, W. F. 1998, Governing Irrigation Systems in Nepal: Institutions, Infrastructure, and Collective Action, Oakland, CA: ICS Press.Google Scholar
Lam, W. F. 2006, ‘Foundation of a Robust Social-Ecological System: Irrigation Systems in Taiwan’, Journal of Institutional Economics, 2: 203–226.Google Scholar
Langbein, L. I. and Bess, R. 2002, ‘Sports in School: Source of Amity or Antipathy?’, Social Science Quarterly, 83 (2): 436–454.Google Scholar
Lansing, J. S. and Kremer, J. 1993, ‘Emergent Properties of Landscape’, American Anthropologist, 95: 97–115.Google Scholar
Levi, M. 1988, Of Rule and Revenue, Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Levine, D. K. 1998, ‘Modeling Altruism and Spitefulness in Experiments’, Review of Economic Dynamics, 1: 593–622.Google Scholar
McCay, B. and Acheson, J. M. 1987, The Question of the Commons: The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources, Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
McGinnis, M. (ed.) 1999, Polycentricity and Local Public Economies: Readings from the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
McGinnis, M. D. and Williams, J. T. 2001, Compound Dilemmas: Democracy, Collective Action, and Superpower Rivalry, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Meinzen-Dick, R. Forthcoming, ‘Beyond Panaceas in Water Institutions’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milgrom, P. R., North, D. C., and Weingast, B. R. 1990, ‘The Role of Institutions in the Revival of Trade: The Law Merchant, Private Judges, and the Champagne Fairs’, Economics and Politics, 2: 1–23.Google Scholar
Miller, G. 1992, Managerial Dilemmas: The Political Economy of Hierarchy, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moe, T. 1984, ‘The New Economics of Organization’, American Journal of Political Science, 28: 739–777.Google Scholar
Monroe, K. R. 2005, Perestroika! The Raucous Revolution in Political Science, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Morrow, C. E. and Hull, R. W. 1996, ‘Donor-Initiated Common Pool Resource Institutions: The Case of the Yanesha Forestry Cooperative’, World Development, 24: 1641–1657.Google Scholar
Myint, T. 2003, ‘Democracy in Global Environmental Governance: Issues, Interests, and Actors in Mekong and Rhine Basins’, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 10: 287–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagendra, H. Forthcoming, ‘Drivers of Reforestation in Human-Dominated Forests’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 104.Google Scholar
National Research Council 1986, Proceedings of the Conference on Common Property Resource Management, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
National Research Council 2002, ‘The Drama of the Commons’, in Ostrom, E., Dietz, T., Dolsak, N., Stern, P., Stonich, S., and Weber, E. (eds), Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Netting, R. McC. 1993, Smallholders, Householders: Farm Families and the Ecology of Intensive, Sustainable Agriculture, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Niskanen, W. A. and Levy, M. 1974, ‘Cities and Schools: A Case for Community Government in California’, University of California, Graduate School of Public Policy, Berkeley.Google Scholar
North, D. C. 1981, Structure and Change in Economic History, New York: Norton.Google Scholar
North, D. C. 1990a, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
North, D. C. 1990b, ‘A Transaction Cost Theory of Politics’, Journal of Theoretical Politics, 2: 355–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, D. C. 2005, Understanding the Process of Institutional Change, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Oakerson, R. J. 1999, Governing Local Public Economies: Creating the Civic Metropolis, Oakland, CA: ICS Press.Google Scholar
Oakerson, R. J. and Parks, R. B. 1989, ‘Local Government Constitutions: A Different View of Metropolitan Governance’, American Review of Public Administration, 19: 279–294.Google Scholar
Oates, W. E. 2005, ‘Toward a Second-Generation Theory of Fiscal Federalism’, International Tax and Public Finance, 12: 349–374.Google Scholar
Olson, M. 1965, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. 1990, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. 1996, ‘Crossing the Great Divide: Coproduction, Synergy, and Development’, World Development, 24: 1073–1087.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. 2005, Understanding Institutional Diversity, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. 2007, ‘Institutional Rational Choice: An Assessment of the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework’, in Sabatier, P. A. (ed.), Theories of the Policy Process, 2nd edition, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 21–64.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. and Ahn, T. K. (eds) 2003, Foundations of Social Capital, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E., Gardner, R., and Walker, J. 1994, Rules, Games, and Common-Pool Resources, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. and Nagendra, H. 2006, ‘Insights on Linking Forests, Trees, and People from the Air, on the Ground, and in the Laboratory’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103 (51): 19224–19231.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. and Walker, J. 1997, ‘Neither Markets nor States: Linking Transformation Processes in Collective Action Arenas’, in Mueller, D. C. (ed.), Perspectives on Public Choice: A Handbook, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 35–72.Google Scholar
Ostrom, V. 1986, ‘A Fallabilist's Approach to Norms and Criteria of Choice’, in Kaufmann, F. X., Majone, G., and Ostrom, V. (eds), Guidance, Control, and Evaluation in the Public Sector, Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 229–249.Google Scholar
Ostrom, V., Feeny, D., and Picht, H. (eds) 1993, Rethinking Institutional Analysis and Development: Issues, Alternatives, and Choices, 2nd edition, San Francisco, CA: ICS Press.Google Scholar
Ostrom, V. and Ostrom, E. 1977, ‘Public Goods and Public Choices’, in Savas, E. S. (ed.), Alternatives for Delivering Public Services: Toward Improved Performance, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 7–49.Google Scholar
Ostrom, V., Tiebout, C., and Warren, R. 1961, ‘The Organization of Government in Metropolitan Areas: A Theoretical Inquiry’, American Political Science Review, 55: 831–842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parks, R. B., Baker, P., Kiser, L., Oakerson, R. J., Ostrom, E., Ostrom, V., Percy, S. L., Vandivort, M., Whitaker, G. P., and Wilson, R. 1999, ‘Consumers as Coproducers of Public Services: Some Economic and Institutional Considerations’, in McGinnis, M. (ed.), Polycentricity and Local Public Economies: Readings from the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 381–391.Google Scholar
Pinkerton, E. (ed.) 1989, Co-operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar
Plott, C. R. 1986, ‘Rational Choice in Experimental Markets’, Journal of Business, 59: 301–327.Google Scholar
Poel, D. H. 2000, ‘Amalgamating Perspectives: Citizen Responses to Municipal Consolidation’, Canadian Journal of Regional Sciences, 23: 31–48.Google Scholar
Prakash, A. and Potoski, M. 2006, The Voluntary Environmentalists: Green Clubs, ISO 14001, and Voluntary Environmental Regulations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, R., with Leonardi, R. and Nanetti, R. 1993, Making Democracy Work, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, R. 2000, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Rabin, M. 1993, ‘Incorporating Fairness into Game Theory and Economics’, American Economic Review, 83: 1281–1302.Google Scholar
Rae, D. W. 1969, ‘Decision-Rules and Individual Values in Constitutional Choice’, American Political Science Review, 63: 40–53.Google Scholar
Riker, W. H. 1962, A Theory of Political Coalitions, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Riker, W. H. 1967, ‘Bargaining in a Three-Person Game’, American Political Science Review, 61: 642–656.Google Scholar
Rojas, F. 2006, ‘Sociological Imperialism in Three Theories of the Market’, Journal of Institutional Economics, 2: 339–363.Google Scholar
Roth, A., Prasnikar, V., Okuno-Fujiwara, M., and Zamir, S. 1991, ‘Bargaining and Market Behavior in Jerusalem, Ljubljana, Pittsburgh, and Tokyo: An Experimental Study’, American Economic Review, 81: 1068–1095.Google Scholar
Ruttan, V. W. 2003, Social Science Knowledge and Economic Development: An Institutional Design Perspective, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Ruttan, V. W. 2006, ‘Social Science Knowledge and Induced Institutional Innovation: An Institutional Design Perspective’, Journal of Institutional Economics, 2: 249–272.Google Scholar
Sally, D. 1995, ‘Conversation and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas: A Meta-Analysis of Experiments from 1958 to 1992’, Rationality and Society, 7: 58–92.Google Scholar
Schneider, M. 1986, ‘Fragmentation and the Growth of Government’, Public Choice, 48: 255–263.Google Scholar
Shepsle, K. A. 1979, ‘Institutional Arrangements and Equilibrium in Multidimensional Voting Models’, American Journal of Political Science, 23: 27–60.Google Scholar
Shepsle, K. A. 1986, ‘Institutional Equilibrium and Equilibrium Institutions’, in Weisberg, H. (ed.), Political Science: The Science of Politics, New York: Agathon Press.Google Scholar
Shepsle, K. A. 1989, ‘Studying Institutions: Some Lessons from the Rational Choice Approach’, Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1: 131–149.Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. [1947] 1965, Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-making Processes in Administrative Organization, New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. 1972, ‘Theories of Bounded Rationality’, in McGuire, C. B. and Radner, R. (eds), Decision and Organization: A Volume in Honor of Jacob Marschak, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 161–176.Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. 1999, ‘The Potlatch between Economics and Political Science’, in Alt, J., Levi, M., and Ostrom, E. (eds), Competition and Cooperation: Conversations with Nobelists about Economics and Political Science, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 112–119.Google Scholar
Slonim, R. and Roth, A. 1998, ‘Learning in High Stakes Ultimatum Games: An Experiment in the Slovak Republic’, Econometrica, 66: 569–596.Google Scholar
Smith, V. 1976, ‘Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory’, American Economic Review, 66: 274–279.Google Scholar
Smith, V. and Walker, J. M. 1993, ‘Rewards, Experience and Decision Costs in First Price Auctions’, Economic Inquiry, 31: 237–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sproule-Jones, M. 1993, Governments at Work: Canadian Parliamentary Federalism and Its Public Policy Effects, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Stephens, G. R. and Wikstrom, N. 2000, Metropolitan Government and Governance: Theoretical Perspectives, Empirical Analysis, and the Future, New York: Oxford University.Google Scholar
Summers, A. A. and Wolfe, B. 1977, ‘Do Schools Make a Difference?’, American Economic Review, 67 (4): 639–652.Google Scholar
Swanson, C. B. 2002, ‘Spending Time or Investing Time? Involvement in High School Curricular and Extracurricular Activities as Strategic Action’, Rationality and Society, 14 (4): 431–471.Google Scholar
Tang, S. Y. 1992, Institutions and Collective Action: Self-Governance in Irrigation, San Francisco, CA: ICS Press.Google Scholar
Teske, P., Schneider, M., Mintrom, M., and Best, S. 1993, ‘Establishing the Micro Foundations of a Macro Theory: Information, Movers, and the Competitive Local Market for Public Goods’, American Political Science Review, 87: 702–713.Google Scholar
Truman, D. B. 1951, The Government Process, New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Vatn, A. 2005, Institutions and the Environment, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Wade, R. 1988, ‘The Management of Irrigation Systems: How to Evoke Trust and Avoid the Prisoners’ Dilemma’, World Development, 16: 489–500.Google Scholar
Wagner, R. E. and Weber, W. E. 1975, ‘Competition, Monopoly, and the Organization of Government in Metropolitan Areas’, Journal of Law and Economics, 18: 661–684.Google Scholar
Walker, J. and Ostrom, E. 2007, ‘Trust and Reciprocity as Foundations for Cooperation: Individuals, Institutions, and Context’, Working Paper, Bloomington: Indiana University, Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis.Google Scholar
Weingast, B. R. 1989, ‘Floor Behavior in the US Congress: Committee Power under the Open Rule’, American Political Science Review, 83: 795–816.Google Scholar
Weingast, B. R., Shepsle, K. A., and Johnsen, C. 1981, ‘The Political Economy of Benefits and Costs: A Neoclassical Approach to Distributive Politics’, Journal of Political Economy, 89: 642–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, O. E. 1975, Markets and Hierarchies, Analysis and Antitrust Implications: A Study in the Economics of Internal Organization, New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. 1985, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting, New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Young, O., Berkhout, F., Gallopin, G., Janssen, M., Ostrom, E., and Van Der Leeuw, S. 2006, ‘The Globalization of Socio-Ecological Systems: An Agenda for Scientific Research’, Global Environmental Change, 16: 304–316.Google Scholar