¹ Kramer, Mark, ‘Editor's note’, Journal of Cold War Studies, 1 (1999), pp. 1–2Google Scholar; the Editors, ‘From the editors’, Cold War History, 1 (2000), pp. iv–v.

² Another major focal point for Cold War history is the wonderfully named Machiavelli Center for Cold War Studies, an Italian inter-university network with strong links to the University of Florence.

³ See Harvard University Press's Harvard Cold War Studies Book Series, which is directed by the Harvard Project on Cold War Studies, and the Cold War History Series from Routledge, edited by Odd Arne Westad and Michael Cox.

⁴ ProQuest's Digital National Security Archive, for example, has made available the holdings of the Washington-based National Security Archive, which cover a range of documents on post-war American foreign policy: <http://nsarchive.chadwyck.com> (2 June 2006). See also the Soviet sources on the website of the Harvard Project on Cold War Studies at <http://www.fas.harvard.edu/%7Ehpcws/documents.htm> (2 June 2006); and the Venona files at <http://www.nsa.gov/venona/index.cfm> (2 June 2006).

⁵ Engerman, David C., ‘The romance of economic development and new histories of the Cold War’, Diplomatic History, 28 (2004), pp. 23–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at p. 24.

⁶ Westad, Odd Arne, ‘The new international history of the Cold War: three (possible) paradigms’, Diplomatic History, 24 (2000), pp. 551CrossRefGoogle Scholar–65.

⁷ Odd Arne Westad, The global Cold War: Third World interventions and the making of our time (Cambridge, 2005).

⁸ John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: a new history (New York, 2005). See also Odd Arne Westad and Jussi Hanhimäki, The Cold War: a history in documents and eyewitness accounts (Oxford, 2003).

⁹ For an account of global communism as a pernicious force, see Stéphane Courtois et al., The black book of communism: crimes, terror, repression, trans. Jonathan Murphy and Mark Kramer (Cambridge, MA, 1999). On the Cold War as a product of Soviet hostility, see Robert Conquest, Reflections on a ravaged century (London, 1999), pp. 150–65; John Lewis Gaddis, We now know: rethinking Cold War history (Oxford, 1997).

¹⁰ A useful survey of attitudes towards the history of the Cold War can be found in Michael J. Hogan, ed., The end of the Cold War: its meaning and implications (Cambridge, 1992).

¹¹ For a helpful discussion of the problems associated with omnibus names for the humanistic disciplines, which include ‘the moral sciences’, ‘the social sciences’, and ‘behavioural science’, as well as ‘the human sciences’, see Theodore M. Porter and Dorothy Ross, ‘Introduction: writing the history of social science’, in Theodore M. Porter and Dorothy Ross, eds., The Cambridge history of science, vii:the modern social sciences (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 1–3.

¹² Few historical studies of the ‘politics of science’ in the 1980s failed to refer to the SDI or the SSC. See, for example, Everett Mendelsohn, Merritt Roe Smith, and Peter Weingart, ‘Science and the military: setting the problem’, in Everett Mendelsohn, Merritt Roe Smith, and Peter Weingart, eds., Science, technology and the military (Dordrecht, 1988), pp. xi–xii; David Dickson, The new politics of science (rev. edn, Chicago, 1988), pp. vii–xi; Peter Galison, ‘The many faces of Big Science’, in Peter Galison and Bruce Hevly, eds., Big science: the growth of large-scale research (Stanford, CA, 1992), pp. 1–2. See also the discussion of the political debates surrounding the Superconducting Super Collider in Daniel J. Kevles, The physicists: the history of a scientific community in modern America (rev. edn, Cambridge, MA, 1995), pp. ix–xlii.

¹³ Stuart Leslie, The Cold War and American science: The military-industrial-academic complex at MIT and Stanford (New York, 1993).

¹⁴ Kevles, The physicists, pp. 293–323; Irvin Stewart, Organizing scientific research for war: the administrative history of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (Boston, MA, 1948); Vannevar Bush, Pieces of the action (New York, 1970).

¹⁵ For a survey of the origins of this relationship, see Roger L. Geiger, Research and relevant knowledge: American research universities since World War II (New York, 1993), pp. 6–13.

¹⁶ Forman, Paul, ‘Behind quantum electronics: national security as a basis for physical research in the United States, 1940–1960’, Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 18 (1987), pp. 149–229CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at pp. 152–3.

¹⁷ FDR to Vannevar Bush, 17 Nov. 1944, reprinted in Vannevar Bush, Science – the endless frontier (Washington, DC, 1945), p. 3.

¹⁸ Daniel J. Kevles, ‘The National Science Foundation and the debate over postwar research policy, 1942–1945: a political interpretation of Science – the endless frontier’, in Ronald L. Numbers and Charles E. Rosenberg, eds., The scientific enterprise in America: readings from Isis (Chicago, 1996), pp. 297–319; James G. Hershenberg, James G. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and the making of the nuclear age (New York, 1993); Kargon, Robert and Leslie, Stuart, ‘Imagined geographies: Princeton, Stanford and the boundaries of useful knowledge in postwar America’, Minerva, 32 (1994), pp. 121CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed–43; Leslie, The Cold War and American science; Lowen, Rebecca S., ‘The more things change … : money, power and the professoriate’, History of Education Quarterly, 45 (2005), pp. 438–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Peter Galison, ‘Physics between war and peace’, in Mendelsohn, Smith, and Weingart, eds., Science, technology and the military, pp. 47–86; Kaiser, David, ‘Cold War requisitions, scientific manpower, and the production of American physicists after World War II’, Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 33 (2002), pp. 131–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁹ On the ONR, see S. S. Schweber, ‘The mutual embrace of science and the military: ONR and the growth of physics in the United States after World War II’, in Mendelsohn, Smith and Weingart, eds., Science, technology and the military, pp. 3–45. On RAND see Bruce L. R. Smith, The RAND Corporation: a case study of a nonprofit advisory corporation (Cambridge, MA, 1966); Hounshell, David, ‘The Cold War, RAND, and the generation of knowledge, 1946–1962’, Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 27 (1997), pp. 237–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On the early years of the AEC, see Richard G. Hewlett and Oscar E. Anderson, Jr, The new world, 1939/1946: a history of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, i (University Park, PA, 1962); Richard G. Hewlett and Francis Duncan, Atomic shield, 1947/1952: a history of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, ii (University Park, PA, 1969). On the National Science Foundation, see Thomas Gieryn, Cultural boundaries of science: credibility on the line (Chicago, 1999), pp. 65–114.

²⁰ Rebecca Lowen, Creating the Cold War university: the transformation of Stanford, (Berkeley, CA, 1997), p. 2.

²¹ On the impact of the Korean War on federal science policy, see Forman, ‘Behind quantum electronics’; Daniel Kevles, ‘K₁S₂: Korea, science and the state’, in Galison and Hevly, eds., Big science, pp. 312–33.

²² David Montgomery, ‘Introduction: prosperity under the shadow of the bomb’, in Noam Chomsky, et al., The Cold War and the university: towards an intellectual history of the postwar years (New York, 1997), p. xii. Emphasis added.

²³ Solovey, Mark, ‘Introduction: science and the state during the Cold War: blurred boundaries and a contested legacy’, Social Studies of Science, 31 (2001), pp. 165–70, at p. 168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁴ Ellen Schrecker, No ivory tower: McCarthyism and the universities (New York, 1986); Jessica Wang, American science in an age of anxiety: scientists, anticommunism, and the Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1999); Badash, Lawrence, ‘Science and McCarthyism’, Minerva, 38 (2000), pp. 53–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kaiser, David, ‘The atomic secret in Red hands? American suspicions of theoretical physicists during the early Cold War’, Representations, 90 (2005), pp. 28–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁵ Keuren, David K. van, ‘Cold War science in black and white: US intelligence gathering and its scientific cover at the Naval Research Laboratory, 1948–62’, Social Studies of Science, 31 (2001), pp. 207–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cloud, John, ‘Imagining the world in a barrel: CORONA and the clandestine convergence of the earth sciences’, Social Studies of Science, 31 (2001), pp. 231–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁶ Griffith, Robert, ‘The cultural turn in Cold War studies’, Reviews in American History, 29 (2001), pp. 150–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Another useful summary can be found in Tuck, Stephen, ‘The new American histories’, Historical Journal, 48 (2005), pp. 811–32, at pp. 821–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁷ Costigliola, Frank, ‘“Unceasing pressure for penetration”: gender, pathology, and emotion in George Kennan's formation of the Cold War’, Journal of American History, 83 (1997), pp. 1309–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at p. 1338. See also idem, ‘The nuclear family: tropes of gender and pathology in the Western alliance’, Diplomatic History, 21 (1997), pp. 163–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rosenberg, Emily, ‘Foreign affairs after World War II: connecting sexual and international politics’, Diplomatic History, 18 (1994), pp. 59–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Andrew Rotter, Comrades at odds: culture and Indo–U.S. relations (Ithaca, NY, 2000); Andrew Rotter, ‘Feeding beggars: class, caste, and status in Indo–U.S. relations, 1947–1964’, in Christian G. Appy, ed., Cold War constructions: the political culture of United States imperialism, 1945–1966 (Amherst, MA, 2000), pp. 67–85. Summaries of this literature may be found in Plummer, Brenda Gayle, ‘The changing face of diplomatic history: a literature review’, History Teacher, 38 (2005), pp. 385–400CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hogan, Michael J., ‘The “next big thing”: the future of diplomatic history in a global age’, Diplomatic History, 28 (2004), pp. 1–21, at p. 2CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁸ Rotter, Andrew, ‘Gender relations, foreign relations: the United States and South Asia, 1947–1964’, Journal of American History, 81 (1994), pp. 518–42, at p. 521CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁹ Frances Stonor Saunders, Who paid the piper? The CIA and the cultural Cold War (London, 1999); Penny M. von Eschen, Satchmo blows up the world: jazz ambassadors play the Cold War (Cambridge, MA, 2004); Serge Guilbaut, How New York stole the idea of modern art: abstract expressionism, freedom, and the Cold War, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago, 1985); Krenn, Michael L., ‘“Unfinished business”: segregation and U.S. diplomacy at the 1958 World's Fair’, Diplomatic History, 20 (1996), pp. 591–612CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁰ Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C. E., ‘Shame on US? academic, cultural transfer, and the Cold War – a critical review’, Diplomatic History, 24 (2000), pp. 465–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at p. 469.

³¹ Von Eschen, Satchmo blows up the world; Penny M. von Eschen, ‘Who's the real ambassador? Exploding Cold War racial ideology’, in Appy, ed., Cold War constructions, pp. 110–31.

³² Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War civil rights (Princeton, NJ, 2000).

³³ The earliest studies of American culture in the early Cold War era are Lary May, ed., Recasting America: culture and politics in the age of Cold War (Chicago, 1989); Stephen J. Whitfield, The culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, MD, 1991); and Paul Boyer, By the bomb's early light: American thought and culture at the dawn of the atomic age (New York, 1985). For a useful guide to some of the more recent literature, see Griffiths, , ‘The cultural turn in Cold War studies’. On the dualism of Cold War culture, see K. A. Cuordileone, ‘“Politics in an age of anxiety”: Cold War political culture and the crisis in American masculinity, 1949–1960’, Journal of American History, 87 (2002), pp. 515–45Google Scholar.

³⁴ For major monographs that conclude in the interwar years, see Bruce Kuklick, The rise of American philosophy: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1830–1930 (New Haven, CT, 1977); James Kloppenberg, Uncertain victory: social democracy and progressivism in European and American thought, 1870–1920 (Oxford, 1986); Dorothy Ross, The origins of American social science (Cambridge, 1991). One historian who has ranged across both periods is David Hollinger. See Hollinger, Science, Jews, and secular culture: studies in mid-twentieth-century American intellectual history (Princeton, NJ, 1996).

³⁵ Dorothy Ross, ‘Changing contours of the social science disciplines’, in Porter and Ross, eds., Cambridge history of science, vii, pp. 205–37.

³⁶ Thomas Haskell, Objectivity is not neutrality: explanatory schemes in history (Baltimore, MD, 1998), pp. 63–114, 174–223. See also Thomas Haskell, The emergence of professional social science: the American Social Science Association and the nineteenth century crisis of authority (Urbana, IL, 1977).

³⁷ Ross, Origins of American social science; Dorothy Ross, ‘A historian's view of American social science’, in Ronald G. Walters, ed., Scientific authority & twentieth century America (Baltimore, MD, 1997), pp. 32–49; Mary O. Furner, Advocacy and objectivity: a crisis in the professionalization of American social science (Lexington, KY, 1975); Robert C. Bannister, Sociology and scientism: the American quest for objectivity, 1880–1940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1987).

³⁸ Kuklick, The rise of American philosophy; Bruce Kuklick, A history of philosophy in America, 1720–2000 (Oxford, 2001); Daniel J. Wilson, Science, community and the transformation of American philosophy, 1860–1930 (Chicago, 1990).

³⁹ Kaysen, Carl, ‘Can universities cooperate with the defense establishment?’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 502 (1989), pp. 29–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at p. 39. See also Lambert, Richard D., ‘DoD, social science, and international studies’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 502 (1989), pp. 94–107CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁰ Terence Ball, ‘The politics of social science in postwar America’, in May, ed., Recasting America, pp. 76–92.

⁴¹ An early example of this kind of work can be found in Sigmund Diamond, Compromised campus: the collaboration of universities with the intelligence community, 1945–1955 (New York, 1992).

⁴² Radical History Review, 63 (1995).

⁴³ Noam Chomsky et al., The Cold War and the university; Christopher Simpson, ed., Universities and empire: money and politics in the social sciences during the Cold War (New York, 1998).

⁴⁴ Bernstein, Michael A. and Hunter, Allen, ‘Editors’ introduction’, Radical History Review, 63 (1995), pp. 1–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at p. 5.

⁴⁵ Andre Schriffin, ‘Editor's note’, in Chomsky et al., The Cold War and the university, p. vii.

⁴⁶ Bernstein and Hunter, ‘Editors’ introduction’, p. 3.

⁴⁷ R. C. Lewontin, ‘The Cold War and the transformation of the academy’, in Chomsky et al., The Cold War and the university, p. 2.

⁴⁸ Philip Mirowski, Machine dreams: economics becomes a cyborg science (Cambridge, 2002), p. 153.

⁴⁹ Price, David H., ‘Subtle means and enticing carrots: the impact of funding on American Cold War anthropology’, Critique of Anthropology, 23 (2003), pp. 373–401CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at p. 392.

⁵⁰ Bernstein, Michael A., ‘American economics and the national security state, 1941–1953’, Radical History Review, 63 (1995), pp. 9–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at p. 19.

⁵¹ Michael A. Bernstein, A perilous progress: economists and public purpose in twentieth-century America (Princeton, NJ, 2001), pp. 91–114; Mirowski, Machine dreams; S. M. Amadae, Rationalizing capitalist democracy: the Cold War origins of rational choice liberalism (Chicago, 2003).

⁵² Ellen Herman, ‘Project Camelot and the career of Cold War psychology’, in Simpson, ed., Universities and empire, p. 100. See also Herman, Ellen, ‘The career of Cold War psychology’, Radical History Review, 63 (1995), pp. 53–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ellen Herman, The romance of American psychology: political culture in the age of experts (Berkeley, CA, 1995).

⁵³ Price, ‘Subtle means and enticing carrots’; Laura Nader, ‘The phantom factor: impact of the Cold War on anthropology’, in Chomsky et al., The Cold War and the university, pp. 107–46.

⁵⁴ For example, the stimulus that the experience of government work during the Second World War provided to entrepreneurial anthropologists like Margaret Mead is made explicit in Mabee, Carleton, ‘Margaret Mead and behavioral scientists in World War II: problems in responsibility, truth, and effectiveness’, Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 23 (1987), pp. 3–133.0.CO;2-U>CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁵ On the debates within the social science community on their relationship to federal science policy in the post-war era, see Solovey, Mark, ‘Riding natural scientists’ coattails onto the endless frontier: the SSRC and the quest for scientific legitimacy’, Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 40 (2004), pp. 393–422CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

⁵⁶ Holsti, K. J., ‘Scholarship in an era of anxiety: the study of international politics during the Cold War’, Review of International Studies, 24 (1998), pp. 17–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Oren, Ido, ‘The enduring relationship between the American (national security) state and the state of the discipline’, PS: Political Science and Politics, 34 (2004), pp. 53, 54Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ Schrecker, No ivory tower, p. 339.

⁵⁸ Solberg, Winton U. and Tomilson, Robert W., ‘Academic McCarthyism and Keynesian economics: the Bowen controversy at the University of Illinois’, History of Political Economy, 29 (1997), pp. 55–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For further remarks on anticommunist politics at the University of Illinois, see Wisseman, Nicholas, ‘Falsely accused: Cold War liberalism reassessed’, Historian, 66 (2004), pp. 320–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁹ John McCumber, Time in the ditch: American philosophy and the McCarthy era (Evanston, IL, 2001); George Reisch, How the Cold War transformed philosophy of science: to the icy slopes of logic (Cambridge, 2005).

⁶⁰ Galison, Peter, ‘The Americanization of unity’, Daedalus, 127 (1998), pp. 45–71Google Scholar.

⁶¹ Barry M. Katz, Foreign intelligence: research and analysis in the Office of Strategic Services, 1942–1945 (Cambridge, MA, 1989).

⁶² David L. Szanton, ‘The origin, nature, and challenge of area studies in the United States’, in David L. Szanton, ed., The politics of knowledge: area studies and the disciplines (Berkeley, CA, 2002), available at <http://repositories.cdlib.org/uciaspubs/editedvolumes/3/1> (18 June 2006).

⁶³ Other sources on area studies during the Cold War are Immanuel Wallerstein, ‘The unintended consequences of Cold War area studies’, in Chomsky et al., The Cold War and the university, pp. 195–231; Bruce Cumings, ‘Boundary displacement: area studies and international studies during and after the Cold War’, in Simpson, ed., Universities and empire, pp. 159–88.

⁶⁴ Ron Robin, The making of the Cold War enemy: culture and politics in the military–intellectual complex (Princeton, NJ, 2001), pp. 24–5. For a helpful survey of the behavioural sciences as they stood in the early 1960s, see Bernard Berelson, ed., The behavioral sciences today (New York, 1963).

⁶⁵ Agatha C. Hughes and Thomas P. Hughes, eds., Systems, experts, and computers: the systems approach in management and engineering, World War II and after (Cambridge, MA, 2000); Steve J. Heims, The cybernetics group (Cambridge, MA, 1991); Hounshell, ‘The Cold War, RAND, and the generation of knowledge’, pp. 250–7.

⁶⁶ George Steinmetz, ed., The politics of method in the human sciences: on positivism and its epistemological others (Durham, NC, 2005).

⁶⁷ Mark Solovey has done most to develop this insight in his study of the methodological implications for the social sciences of the fallout from the Project Camelot controversy. See Solovey, , ‘Project Camelot and the 1960s epistemological revolution: rethinking the politics–patronage–social science nexus’, Social Studies of Science, 31 (2001), pp. 171–206CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁸ Reisch, How the Cold War transformed philosophy of science, pp. 387–8.

⁶⁹ Kuklick, Bruce, ‘Modern anglophone philosophy: between the seminar room and The Cold War’, Modern Intellectual History, 3 (2006), pp. 547–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On American intellectuals’ rejection of what seemed to them an overly narrow construal of the Unity of Science by logical empiricists, see David Hollinger, ‘The unity of knowledge and the diversity of knowers: science as an agent of cultural integration between the two World Wars’, in Geert Somsen and Harmka Kamminga, eds., Pursuing the unity of science: ideology and scientific practice between the Great War and the Cold War (forthcoming).

⁷⁰ Hollinger, Science, Jews, and secular culture; David Hollinger, ‘How wide the circle of the “we”? American intellectuals and the problem of the ethnos since World War II’, in Walters, ed., Scientific authority & twentieth century America, pp. 13–31. On the pre-war diffusion of the analytic tradition in American philosophy, see Isaac, Joel, ‘W. V. Quine and the origins of analytic philosophy in the United States’, Modern Intellectual History, 2 (2005), pp. 205–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷¹ David Apter, The politics of modernization (Chicago, 1965), pp. 1, 43.

⁷² Michael E. Latham, ‘Modernization’, in Porter and Ross, eds., Cambridge history of science, vii, p. 722.

⁷³ Latham, Michael E., ‘Ideology, social science, and destiny: modernization and the Kennedy-era Alliance for Progress’, Diplomatic History, 22 (1998), pp. 199–229CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cullather, Nick, ‘Development? It's history’, Diplomatic History, 24 (2000), pp. 641–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁴ See especially Cullather, Nick, ‘Miracles of modernization: the green revolution and the apotheosis of technology’, Diplomatic History, 28 (2004), pp. 227–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁵ Michael E. Latham, Modernization as ideology: American social science and ‘nation building’ in the Kennedy era (Chapel Hill, NC, 2000), p. 13. On ideology as a crucial element in the formation of foreign policy, see Michael Hunt's influential book Ideology and U.S. foreign policy (New Haven, 1987).

⁷⁶ On Rostow's role in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, see David Milne, ‘America's Rasputin’: Walt Rostow and the Vietnam War (forthcoming).

⁷⁷ Latham, Modernization as ideology, p. 6.

⁷⁸ David C. Engerman, Modernization from the other shore: American intellectuals and the romance of Russian development (Cambridge, MA, 2003).

⁷⁹ Engerman, David C., ‘New society, new scholarship: Soviet studies in interwar America’, Minerva, 37 (1999), pp. 25–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at pp. 40–1.

⁸⁰ Engerman, David C., ‘The ironies of the Iron Curtain: the Cold War and the rise of Russian studies in the United States’, Cahiers du Monde russe, 45 (2004), pp. 465–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸¹ Engerman, David C., ‘Rethinking Cold War universities: some recent histories’, Journal of Cold War Studies, 5 (2003), pp. 80–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at p. 86, 88.

⁸² See the essays by David C. Engerman, Michael Mahoney, Victor Koschman, and Gregg Andrew Brezinsky in David C. Engerman, Nils Gilman, Mark H. Haefele, and Michael Latham, eds., Staging growth: modernization, development, and the global Cold War (Amherst, MA, 2003). See also Engerman, ‘The romance of economic development’.

⁸³ Nils Gilman, Mandarins of the future: modernization theory in Cold War America (Baltimore, MD, 2003), p. 14. For an abbreviation of Gilman's account of the rise, fall, and afterlives of modernization theory, see Nils Gilman, ‘Modernization theory, the highest stage of American intellectual history’, in Engerman, Gilman, Haefele, and Latham, eds., Staging growth, pp. 47–80.

⁸⁴ Gilman, Mandarins of the future, p. 25.

⁸⁵ See Paul Ricoeur, Time and narrative, i, trans. Kathleen McLaughlin and David Pellauer (Chicago, 1984), part ii.

⁸⁶ Gilman, Mandarin of the future, pp. 25–30.

⁸⁷ On mid-twentieth-century doctrines of the end of history, see Lutz Niethammer, Posthistoire: has history come to an end?, trans. Patrick Camiller (London, 1992). For a broader consideration of modern doctrines of historical culmination, see Perry Anderson, ‘The ends of history’ in A zone of engagement (London, 1992), 279–375.

⁸⁸ Haskell, Thomas, ‘Modernization on trial’, Modern Intellectual History, 2 (2005), pp. 243–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸⁹ In the field of international history, David Reynolds has reconsidered the periodization points of twentieth-century history. See especially Reynolds, , ‘1940: fulcrum of the twentieth century?’ International Affairs, 66 (1990), pp. 325–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹⁰ Porter and Ross, eds., Cambridge history of science, vii.

⁹¹ For a sociologist of ideas' take on Parsons, see Camic, Charles, ‘The making of a method: a historical reinterpretation of the early Parsons’, American Sociological Review, 52 (1987), pp. 421–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Charles Camic, ‘Introduction: Talcott Parsons before The structure of social action’, in Charles Camic, ed., Talcott Parsons: the early essays (Chicago, 1991), pp. ix–lxix; idem, ‘Reputation and predecessor selection: Parsons and the institutionalists’, American Sociological Review 57 (1992), pp. 421–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On Parsons and modernization theory, see Gilman, Mandarins of the future, pp. 74–94; Latham, Modernization as ideology, pp. 30–6; Engerman, ‘The romance of economic development’, pp. 23–4.

⁹² There was a brief Parsons revival in the years following his death in 1979, spearheaded by Jeffrey Alexander and a group of German social theorists including Jürgen Habermas and Niklas Luhmann. See Jeffrey C. Alexander, The modern reconstruction of classical thought, iv: Talcott Parsons (Berkeley, CA, 1983); idem, ‘The Parsons revival in German sociology’, Sociological Theory, 2 (1984), pp. 394–412CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jürgen Habermas, The theory of communicative action, ii: The critique of functionalist reason, trans. Thomas McCarthy (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 199–299.

⁹³ Talcott Parsons, The structure of social action (New York, 1937).

⁹⁴ Uta C. Gerhardt, Talcott Parsons: an intellectual biography (Cambridge, 2002).

⁹⁵ Ringing rejections of Parsonian sociology can be found in C. Wright Mills, The sociological imagination (New York, 1959), pp. 25–49; Alvin W. Gouldner, The coming crisis of Western sociology (London, 1971); Robin Blackburn, ed., Ideology in social science: readings in critical social theory (London, 1972), pp. 32–60.

⁹⁶ Howard Brick, Transcending capitalism: visions of a new society in modern American thought (Ithaca, NY, 2006); idem, ‘The reformist dimension of Talcott Parsons's early social theory’, in Thomas L. Haskell and Richard F. Teichgraeber III, eds., The culture of the market: historical essays (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 357–96; idem, ‘Talcott Parsons's “shift away from economics”’, Journal of American History, 87 (2000), pp. 490–514Google Scholar.

⁹⁷ Igo, Sarah, ‘“A gold mine and a tool for democracy”: George Gallup, Elmo Roper, and the business of scientific polling’, Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 42 (2006), pp. 109–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Igo, Sarah, ‘From main street to mainstream: Middletown, Muncie, and “typical America”’, Indiana Magazine of History, 101 (2005), pp. 239–66Google Scholar.

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