Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T16:39:10.470Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

OSKAR LANGE AND THE WALRASIAN INTERPRETATION OF IS-LM

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 August 2016

Goulven Rubin*
Affiliation:
LEM-CNRS, University of Lille.

Abstract

A few years after the publication of The General Theory, a number of economists began to present John Maynard Keynes’s model, identified with IS-LM, as a particular case of the Walrasian model. This view of IS-LM has often been rationalized by a basic syllogism: IS-LM was invented by John Hicks, Hicks was a Walrasian, hence IS-LM was Walrasian. But as some historians of macroeconomics have shown, this syllogism is false. Considering this confusion as an established fact, this article studies how and why IS-LM came to be considered as Walrasian. It shows that the standard view took its roots in “The Rate of Interest and the Optimum Propensity to Consume,” a paper published by Oskar Lange in 1938, and resulted from a need to clarify the foundations of Keynes’s theory.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The History of Economics Society 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Arrow, Kenneth. J. 1967. “Samuelson Collected.” Journal of Political Economy 75: 730737.Google Scholar
Asimakopulos, Athanasios. 1984. “The General Theory and Its Marshallian Microfoundations.” Metroeconomica 36 (2–3): 161175.Google Scholar
Asimakopulos, Athanasios. 1991. Keynes’s General Theory and Accumulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Assous, Michaël, and Lampa, Roberto. 2014. “Lange’s 1938 Model: Dynamics and the ‘Optimum Propensity to Consume.’” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 21 (5): 871898.Google Scholar
Barens, Ingo. 1999. “From Keynes to Money, Markets and Method.” In Essays in Honour of Robert W. Clower. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 85120.Google Scholar
Barens, Ingo, and Caspari, Volker. 1999. “Old View and New Perspectives: On Rereading ‘Mr Keynes and the Classics.’” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 6 (2): 216241.Google Scholar
Barro, Robert J., and Grossman, Herschel I.. 1971. “A General Disequilibrium Model of Income and Employment.” American Economic Review 61: 8293.Google Scholar
Benetti, Carlo. 1998. “La structure logique de la Théorie générale.” Cahiers d’économie politique 30–31: 1152.Google Scholar
Béraud, Alain. 2014. “La formulation du modèle keynésien et le choix de l’unité de mesure.” Recherches économiques de Louvain 80 (3) 2014: 2150.Google Scholar
Breit, Marek, and Lange, Oskar. [1934] 2003. “The Way to the Socialist Planned Economy.” Translated by Toporowski, Jan. History of Economics Review: 5170.Google Scholar
Boianovsky, Mauro. 2004. “The IS-LM Model and the Liquidity Trap Concept: From Hicks to Krugman.” History of Political Economy 36 (Annual Supplement): 92126.Google Scholar
Cartelier, Jean. 1995. L’économie de Keynes. Bruxelles: De Boeck Université.Google Scholar
Champernowne, David G. 1936. “Unemployment, Basic and Monetary: The Classical Analysis and the Keynesian.” Review of Economic Studies 3 (3): 201216.Google Scholar
Clower, Robert. 1965. “The Keynesian Counter-Revolution: A Theoretical Appraisal.” In Hahn, F. H. and Bretchling, F. P. R., eds., The Theory of Interest Rate. London: Macmillan, pp. 103125.Google Scholar
Darity, William, and Young, Warren. 1995. “IS-LM: An Inquest.” History of Political Economy 27 (1): 141.Google Scholar
De Vroey, Michel. 1999a. “The Marshallian Market and the Walrasian Economy. Two Incompatible Bedfellows.” Scottish Journal of Political Economy 46 (3): 1938.Google Scholar
De Vroey, Michel. 1999b. “Keynes and the Marshall-Walras Divide.” Journal of the History of Economic Thought 21 (2): 117136.Google Scholar
De Vroey, Michel. 2004a. “The History of Macroeconomics Viewed Against the Background of the Marshall–Walras Divide.” History of Political Economy 36 (Annual Supplement): 5791.Google Scholar
De Vroey, Michel. 2004b. Involuntary Unemployment: The Elusive Quest for a Theory. London, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
De Vroey, Michel. 2006. “Getting Rid of Keynes? A Reflection on the History of Macroeconomics.” Discussion paper 51. Louvain-la-Neuve: Département des sciences économiques de l’université de Louvain.Google Scholar
De Vroey, Michel. 2009. Keynes, Lucas d’une macroéconomie à l’autre. Paris: Dalloz.Google Scholar
De Vroey, Michel, and Garcia Duarte, P.. 2013. “In Search of Lost Time: The Neoclassical Synthesis.” The B. E. Journal of Macroeconomics 13 (1): 131.Google Scholar
Dimand, Robert. 2007. “Keynes, IS-LM, and the Marshallian Tradition.” History of Political Economy 39 (1): 8195.Google Scholar
Dos Santos Ferreira, Rodolphe. 2000. “Keynes et le développement la théorie de l’emploi dans une économie monétaire.” In Béraud, A. and Faccarello, G., eds., Nouvelle histoire de la pensée économique. Paris: La Découverte & Syros, pp. 236293.Google Scholar
Dos Santos Ferreira, Rodolphe, and Michel, Phillipe. 1985. “Réflexions sur les fondements microéconomiques de la fonction keynésienne d’offre globale.” In Barrère, A., ed., Keynes aujourd’hui: théories et politiques. Paris: Economica, pp. 241252.Google Scholar
Friedman, Milton. 1946. “Lange on Price Flexibility and Employment: A Methodological Criticism.” The American Economic Review 36 (4): 613631.Google Scholar
Garcia Duarte, Pedro, and Tadeu Lima, Gilberto. 2012. Microfoundations Reconsidered: The Relationship of Micro and Macroeconomics in Historical Perspective. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Groenewegen, Peter. 1995. “Keynes and Marshall: Methodology, Society, and Politics.” In Cottrell, A. F. and Lawlor, M. S., eds., New Perspectives on Keynes. History of Political Economy 27 (Annual Supplement): 29155.Google Scholar
Harrod, Roy. 1937. “Mr Keynes and Traditional Theory.” Econometrica 5 (1): 7486.Google Scholar
Harrod, Roy. 1946. “Price Flexibility and Employment by Oscar Lange.” The Economic Journal 56 (221): 102107.Google Scholar
Harrod, Roy. 1956. “Walras: A Re-Appraisal.” The Economic Journal 66 (262): 307316.Google Scholar
Hicks, John R. 1934. “Leon Walras.” Econometrica 2 (4): 338348.Google Scholar
Hicks, John R. 1935. “Wage and Interest: The Dynamic Problem.” The Economic Journal 45 (179): 456468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicks, John R. 1937. “Mr Keynes and the Classics: A Suggested Interpretation.” Econometrica 5: 147159.Google Scholar
Hicks, John R. [1939] 1946. Value and Capital. An Inquiry Into Some Fundamental Principles of Economic Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Hicks, John R. 1950. A Contribution to the Theory of the Trade Cycle. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Hicks, John R. 1974. The Crisis in Keynesian Economics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hicks, John R. 1980. “IS-LM: An Explanation.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 3: 139154.Google Scholar
Hoover, Kevin D. 2006. “Doctor Keynes: Economic Theory in a Diagnostic Science.” In Backhouse, R. and Bateman, B., eds., The Cambridge Companion to Keynes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 7897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoover, Kevin D. 2012. “Microfoundational Programs.” In Garcia Duarte, P. and Tadeu Lima, G., eds., Microfoundations Reconsidered: The Relationship of Micro and Macroeconomics in Historical Perspective. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 1961.Google Scholar
Keynes, John Maynard. [1936] 1991. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. San Diego, New York, London: Harvest/Harcourt Brace.Google Scholar
King, John E. 2011. The Microfoundation Delusion, Metaphor and Dogma in the History of Macroeconomics. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Klein, Lawrence. 1946. “Macroeconomic and the Theory of Rational Behavior.” Econometrica 14 (2): 93108.Google Scholar
Klein, Lawrence. 1947. “Theories of Effective Demand and Employment.” Journal of Political Economy 55 (2): 108131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, Lawrence. 1947. The Keynesian Revolution. Second edition. New York: The Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Kriesler, Peter, and Nevile, John. 2002. “IS-LM and Macroeconomics after Keynes.” In Arestis, P., Desai, M., and Dow, S., eds., Money, Macroeconomics and Keynes: Essays in Honour of Victoria Chick. Volume One. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 103114.Google Scholar
Lampa, Roberto. 2014. “A ‘Walrasian Post-Keynesian’ Model? Resolving the Paradox of Oskar Lange’s 1938 Theory of Interest.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 38 (1): 5063.Google Scholar
Lange, Oskar. 1932. “Die allgemeine Interdependenz der Wirtschaftsprognosen und die Isolierungsmethode.” Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie 4 (1): 5278.Google Scholar
Lange, Oskar. 1937. “On the Economic Theory of Socialism Part II.” Review of Economic Studies 4 (2): 123142.Google Scholar
Lange, Oskar. 1938. “The Rate of Interest and the Optimum Propensity to Consume.” Economica 5: 1232.Google Scholar
Lange, Oskar. 1942. “Say’s Law: A Restatement and Criticism.” In Lange, O., McIntyre, F., and Yntema, T. O., eds., Studies in Mathematical Economics and Econometrics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 4968.Google Scholar
Lange, Oskar. 1945. Price Flexibility and Employment. San Antonio: Principia Press of Trinity University.Google Scholar
Lawlor, Michael S. 2006. The Economics of Keynes in Historical Context: An Intellectual History of the General Theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Lendjel, Emeric. 2001. “Le tâtonnement marshallien dans les premiers écrits d’Oskar Lange.” Cahiers d’économie politique 38: 79134.Google Scholar
Lucas, Robert E. 2004. “Keynote Address to the 2003 HOPE Conference: My Keynesian Education.” History of Political Economy 36 (Annual Supplement): 1224.Google Scholar
Meade, James. E. 1937. “A Simplified Model of Mr Keynes’s System.” Review of Economic Studies 4 (2): 98107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Modigliani, Franco. 1944. “Liquidity Preference and the Theory of Interest and Money.” Econometrica 12: 4588.Google Scholar
Parrinello, Sergio. 1985. “Le noyau marshallien de la Théorie générale.” In Barrère, A., ed., Keynes aujourd’hui: théories et politiques. Paris: Economica, pp. 421430.Google Scholar
Patinkin, Don. 1947. “On the Consistency of Economic Models: A Theory of Involuntary Unemployment.” PhD dissertation, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Patinkin, Don. 1956. Money, Interest and Prices. Row, Evanston: Peterson and Company.Google Scholar
Patinkin, Don. 1991. “John Maynard Keynes.” In Eatwell, J., Milgate, M., and Newman, P., eds., The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. Volume 3. London: Macmillan, pp. 1941.Google Scholar
Patinkin, Don. 1995. “The Training of an Economist.” Banco Nazionale Del Lavoro Quarterly Review 195: 359395.Google Scholar
Ramrattan, Lall, and Szenberg, Michael. 2008. Franco Modigliani. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Reddaway, Brian W. 1936. “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.” Economic Record 12 (June): 4488.Google Scholar
Robinson, Joan [1954] 1982. “The Generalisation of the General Theory.” In The Rate of Interest and Other Essays. Westport: Hyperion Press, pp. 173.Google Scholar
Rubin, Goulven. 2004. “Patinkin on IS-LM: An Alternative to Modigliani.” History of Political Economy 36 (Annual Supplement): 5791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, Goulven. 2005. “Patinkin and the Pigou Effect: Or How a Keynesian Came to Accept an Anti-Keynesian Argument.” The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 12 (1): 4772.Google Scholar
Rubin, Goulven. 2008. “Patinkin’s Interpretation of Keynesian Economics: A Genetic Approach.” In Leeson, R., ed., Archival Insights into the Evolution of Economics. Volume 1, The Keynesian Tradition. New York: Routledge, pp. 99125.Google Scholar
Rubin, Goulven. 2011a. “Hicks et l’économie de la dépression.” Recherches Economiques de Louvain 77 (4): 5787.Google Scholar
Rubin, Goulven. 2011b. “Oskar Lange and the Influence of Walrasian Theory during the Keynesian Revolution.” HAL working papers, ESHET conference, Bogazici University. halshs-00817758.Google Scholar
Rubin, Goulven. 2012. “Don Patinkin’s PhD Dissertation as the Prehistory of Disequilibrium Theories.” History of Political Economy 44 (1): 235276.Google Scholar
Rymes, Thomas K. 1989. Keynes’s Lectures, 1932–35, Notes of a Representative Student. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Samuelson, Paul A. [1941a] 1966. “Professor Pigou’s Employment and Equilibrium.” In Stiglitz, J. E., ed., The Collected Scientific Papers of Paul A. Samuelson. Cambridge and London: The MIT Press, pp. 11831190.Google Scholar
Samuelson, Paul A. 1941b. “The Stability of Equilibrium: Comparative Statics and Dynamics.” Econometrica 9: 97120.Google Scholar
Samuelson, Paul A. [1942] 1966. “Fiscal Policy and Income Determination.” In Stiglitz, J. E., ed., The Collected Scientific Papers of Paul A. Samuelson. Cambridge and London: The MIT Press, pp. 11401170.Google Scholar
Samuelson, Paul A. 1947a. Foundations of Economic Analysis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Samuelson, Paul A. 1947b. “The General Theory by Paul A. Samuelson.” In Harris, S., ed., The New Economics. London: Dennis Dobson LTD, pp. 145160.Google Scholar
Schefold, Bertram. 1997. Normal Prices, Technical Change and Accumulation. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solow, Robert M. 1991. “Cowles and the Tradition of Macroeconomics.” In Arrow, K. J., Debreu, E., and Solow, R., Cowles Fiftieth Anniversary: Four Essays and an Index of Publication. New Haven, CT: Cowles Foundation for Research inEconomics at Yale University, pp. 81108.Google Scholar
Timlin, Mabel F. 1942. Keynesian Economics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Timlin, Mabel F. 1946. “Price Flexibility and Employment. Review Article.” The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 12 (2): 204213.Google Scholar
Vaizey, John. 1977. “Keynes and Cambridge.” In Skidelsky, R., ed., The End of the Keynesian Era. London: Macmillan, pp. 1017.Google Scholar
Vercelli, Alessandro. 1999. “The Evolution of IS-LM Models: Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Presuppositions.” Journal of Economic Methodology 6 (2): 199219.Google Scholar
Vines, David. 1991. “Meade, James.” In Eatwell, J., Milgate, M., and Newman, P., eds., The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. Volume 3. London: Macmillan, pp. 410416.Google Scholar
Young, Warren. 1987. Interpreting Mr Keynes: The IS-LM Enigma. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar