Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T09:36:53.549Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Filial Daughters? Agency and Subjectivity of Rural Migrant Women in Shanghai

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 May 2016

Yang Shen*
Affiliation:
School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Email: shenyang0118@gmail.com.

Abstract

In China, continuous rural–urban migration on a massive scale disrupts the traditional rural patriarchal society and makes the temporary non-patrilocal way of residence possible. This new residential pattern has brought profound changes to the lives of migrants. Based on participant observation and interviewing, this article intends to explore the exercise of agency and the representation of subjectivity of female migrant workers in intimate relations after migration. By emphasizing the intergenerational relationship and partner relationships of both unmarried and married women, I demonstrate a complicated picture regarding the changing status of rural migrant women and show how these women both conform and challenge the social norm of filial obligations, through which their agency is exerted and subjectivity is crafted.

摘要

持续的大规模的城乡移民中断了中国农村传统的父权社会, 使得暂时的非 “从夫居” 居住模式成为可能。这一新的居住模式对农民工的生活产生深远影响。基于参与式观察以及访谈, 此文致力于探索女性农民工在打工之后如何在亲密关系中发挥主观能动性, 以及表达主体性。通过研究未婚与已婚女性与父母以及伴侣的关系, 该文展示了打工女性地位变化的复杂图景。这些女性既服从又挑战了孝顺的观念, 她们在实践中重新定义什么是孝顺, 在实践中发挥了主观能动性, 并塑造了 “孝顺的女儿” 的主体性。

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The China Quarterly 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahearn, Laura M. 2001. “Language and agency.” Annual Review of Anthropology 30, 109137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beynon, Louise. 2004. “Dilemmas of the heart: rural working women and their hopes for the future.” In Gaetano, Arianne M. and Jacka, Tamara (eds.), On the Move: Women and Rural-to-Urban Migration in Contemporary China. New York: Columbia University Press, 131150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandtstädter, Susanne, and Santos, Gonçalo D.. 2009. Chinese Kinship: Contemporary Anthropological Perspectives. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cao, Rui. 2010. “Xinshengdai nongmingong hunlian moshi chutan” (Marriage model of new-generation migrant workers). Nanfang renkou 25(5), 5359.Google Scholar
Chan, Anita. 2002. “The culture of survival: lives of migrant workers through the prism of private letters.” In Link, Perry, Madsen, Richard and Pickowicz, Paul (eds.), Popular China: Unofficial Culture in a Globalizing Society. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 163188.Google Scholar
Chan, Jenny, and Pun, Ngai. 2010. “Suicide as protest for the new generation of Chinese migrant workers: Foxconn, global capital, and the state.” The Asia-Pacific Journal 37(2), 150.Google Scholar
Chang, Leslie T. 2008. Factory Girls: From Village to City in a Changing China. New York: Spiegel & Grau.Google Scholar
Chen, Sheying. 1996. Social Policy of the Economic State and Community Care in Chinese Culture: Aging, Family, Urban Change, and the Socialist Welfare Pluralism. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Demetriou, Demetrakis Z. 2001. “Connell's concept of hegemonic masculinity: a critique.” Theory and Society 30(3), 337361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Harriet. 2007. The Subject of Gender: Daughters and Mothers in Urban China. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Fan, C. Cindy. 2004. “Out to the city and back to the village: the experiences and contributions of rural women migrating from Sichuan and Anhui.” In Gaetano, Arianne M. and Jacka, Tamara (eds.), On the Move: Women and Rural-to-Urban Migration in Contemporary China. New York: Columbia University Press, 177206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fei, Xiaotong. 1992. From the Soil: The Foundations of Chinese Society. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feuchtwang, Stephan. 2010. The Anthropology of Religion, Charisma, and Ghosts: Chinese Lessons for Adequate Theory. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2000. The Essential Works of Michel Foucault, 1954–1984. Vol. 1. Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Gaetano, Arianne M. 2004. “Filial daughters, modern women.” In Gaetano, Arianne M. and Jacka, Tamara (eds.), On the Move: Women and Rural-to-Urban Migration in Contemporary China. New York: Columbia University Press, 4179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaetano, Arianne M. 2008. “Sexuality in diasporic space: rural-to-urban migrant women negotiating gender and marriage in contemporary China.” Gender, Place & Culture 15(6), 629645, doi: 10.1080/09663690802518545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, Ling. 1993. “Zhongguo renkou chusheng xingbiebi de fenxi” (The analysis of gender ratio at birth in China). Renkou yanjiu 17(1), 16.Google Scholar
Gardiner, Judith Kegan (ed.). 1995. Provoking Agents: Gender and Agency in Theory and Practice. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Harrell, Stevan, and Santos, Gonçalo D.. Forthcoming. “Introduction.” In Harrell, Stevan and Santos, Gonçalo D. (eds.), Transformations of Chinese Patriarchy: Contemporary Anthropological Perspectives. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
He, Mingjie. 2007. “Laodong yu jiemei fenhua: Zhongguo nüxing nongmingong ge an yanjiu” (Labor and differentiation of sisterhood: a case study of female migrants in China). PhD diss., Tsing Hua University, Beijing.Google Scholar
He, Mingjie. 2008. “Fuwuye qingnian nüxing nongmingong richang gongzuo yanjiu” (Research on the daily work of young female migrants in the service sector). Dangdai qingnian yanjiu 2, 1220.Google Scholar
Jacka, Tamara. 2006. Rural Women in Urban China: Gender, Migration, and Social Change. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Jin, Yihong. 2011. “Mobile patriarchy: changes in the mobile rural family.” Social Sciences in China 32(1), 2643, doi: 10.1080/02529203.2011.548917.Google Scholar
Jing, Jun, Wu, Xueya and Zhang, Jie. 2010. “Nongcun nüxing de qianyi yu Zhongguo zishalü de xiajiang” (Research on the migration of rural women and the decline of the Chinese suicide rate). Zhongguo nongye daxue xuebao 27(4), 2031.Google Scholar
Kandiyoti, D. 1988. “Bargaining with patriarchy.” Gender and Society 2(3), 274290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, Mark G.E. 2008. Political Philosophy of Michel Foucault. Florence: Routledge.Google Scholar
Knights, David, and McCabe, Darren. 2000. “Ain't misbehavin’? Opportunities for resistance under new forms of quality management.” Sociology 34(3), 421436.Google Scholar
Lee, Ching Kwan. 1998. Gender and the South China Miracle. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Sing, and Kleinman, Arthur. 2003. “Suicide as resistance in Chinese society.” In Perry, Elizabeth J. and Selden, Mark (eds.), Chinese Society: Change, Conflict, and Resistance. London: Routledge, 294313.Google Scholar
Liu, H.W. 1959. The Traditional Chinese Clan Rules. Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Liu, Yuting, He, Shenjing, Wu, Fulong and Webster, Chris. 2010. “Urban villages under China's rapid urbanization: unregulated assets and transitional neighbourhoods.” Habitat International 34(2), 135144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Guoquan, Wang, Zhoubo, Chen, Guorui, Wang, Yan, Tan, Weijun, Liu, Lei, Hao, Shuai and Wang, Hailong. 2010. “Guanyu xinshengdai nongmingong wenti de yanjiu baogao” (Report on the problems of new-generation rural migrant workers), All-China Federation of Trade Unions, http://ghzcjg.acftu.org/template/12/file.jsp?cid=15&aid=562. Accessed 1 March 2015.Google Scholar
Ma, Chunhua. 2003. “Shichanghua yu Zhongguo nongcun jiating de xingbie guanxi” (The relationship between marketization and gender relationships in rural families in China). PhD diss., Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.Google Scholar
Madhok, Sumi. 2013. “Action, agency, coercion: reformatting agency for oppressive contexts.” In Madhok, Sumi, Phillips, Anne and Wilson, Kalpana (eds.), Gender, Agency, and Coercion. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 102121 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDowell, Linda. 2009. Working Bodies: Interactive Service Employment and Workplace Identities. Chichester and Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNay, Lois. 2000. Gender and Agency: Reconfiguring the Subject in Feminist and Social Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Murphy, Rachel. 2004. “The impact of labor migration on the well-being and agency of rural Chinese women: cultural and economic contexts and the life course.” In Gaetano, Arianne M. and Jacka, Tamara (eds.), On the Move: Women and Rural-to-Urban Migration in Contemporary China. New York: Columbia University Press, 243278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NBS (National Bureau of Statistics). 2015. “2014 nian guomin jingji he shehui fazhan tongji gongbao” (Report on the economic and social development in 2014 in China), http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201502/t20150226_685799.html. Accessed 26 February 2015.Google Scholar
NBS and ACWF (All-China Women's Federation). 2001. “Dierqi Zhongguo funü diwei diaocha” (Report on the second survey of Chinese women's social status), http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/qttjgb/qgqttjgb/200203/t20020331_30606.html. Accessed 4 September 2013.Google Scholar
NBS and ACWF. 2011. “Xinwenban jieshao disanqi Zhongguo funü shehui diwei diaocha deng qingkuang” (Information Office introduces data of the third survey of Chinese women's social status), http://www.gov.cn/wszb/zhibo479/wzsl.htm. Accessed 21 October 2013.Google Scholar
Ortner, Sherry B. 2001. “Specifying agency: the Comaroffs and their critics.” Interventions 3(1), 7684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parish, William L., and Whyte, Martin King. 1978. Village and Family in Contemporary China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Parpart, Barbara Jane. 2010 “Choosing silence: rethinking voice, agency and women's empowerment.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of “Theory vs. policy? Connecting scholars and practitioners,” New Orleans, http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/4/1/3/2/0/p413209_index.html. Accessed 15 March 2016.Google Scholar
Pun, Ngai. 1999. “Becoming dagongmei (working girls): the politics of identity and difference in reform China.” The China Journal 42(1), 119, doi: 10.2307/2667638.Google Scholar
Pun, Ngai. 2005. Made in China: Women Factory Workers in a Global Workplace. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Pun, Ngai. 2012. “Gender and class: women's working lives in a dormitory labor regime in China.” International Labor and Working-Class History 81(March), 178181, doi: 10.1017/S0147547912000129.Google Scholar
Qiao, Xiaochun. 2004. “Xingbie pianhao xingbie xuanze yu chusheng xingbiebi” (Gender preference, gender selection and gender ratio at birth). Zhongguo renkou kexue 1, 1422.Google Scholar
Ryan, Gery W., and Bernard, H. Russell. 2003. “Techniques to identify themes.” Field Methods 15(1), 85109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, Yang. 2015a. “Why does the government fail to improve the living conditions of migrant workers in Shanghai? Reflections on the policies and the implementations of public rental housing under neoliberalism.” Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies 2, 5874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, Yang. 2015b. “Transforming Life in China: Gendered Experiences of Restaurant Workers in Shanghai.” PhD diss., London School of Economics.Google Scholar
Tan, Shen. 2009. “Renkou liudong dui nongcun pinkun he bupingdeng de yingxiang” (Poverty and inequality in rural China under the impact of population flow). Kaifang shidai 10, 8195.Google Scholar
Tang, Can, Ma, Chunhua and Jin, Shiqun. 2009. “Nüer shanyang de lunli yu gongping – Zhedong nongcun jiating daiji guanxi de xingbie kaocha” (Ethics and fairness of daughters’ supporting their natal families – a study on intergenerational family relationships in rural areas of eastern Zhejiang province from a gender perspective). Shehuixue yanjiu 6, 1836.Google Scholar
Wang, Chong Wen, Chan, Cecilia L.W. and Yip, Paul S.F.. 2014. “Suicide rates in China from 2002 to 2011: an update.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 49(6), 929941, doi: 10.1007/s00127-013-0789-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Danyu. 2004. “Ritualistic coresidence and the weakening of filial practice in rural China.” In Ikels, Charlotte (ed.), Filial Piety: Practice and Discourse in Contemporary East Asia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whyte, Martin K. 2004. “Filial obligations in Chinese families: paradoxes of modernization.” In Ikels, Charlotte (ed.), Filial Piety: Practice and Discourse in Contemporary East Asia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 106127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, Kalpana. 2007. “Agency.” In Blakeley, Georgina and Bryson, Valerie (eds.), The Impact of Feminism on Political Concepts and Debates. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 126145.Google Scholar
Xu, Xiaohe, and Ji, Jianjun. 1999. “Support for the aged in China: a rural–urban comparison.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 34(3), 257278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, Hairong. 2008. New Masters, New Servants: Migration, Development, and Women Workers in China. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Yan, Yunxiang. 1996. The Flow of Gifts: Reciprocity and Social Networks in a Chinese Village. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Yan, Yunxiang. 2003. Private Life under Socialism: Love, Intimacy, and Family Change in a Chinese Village, 1949–1999. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, Xin, and Shi, Hailong. 2005. “Zhongguo chusheng xingbiebi pianhao yu jihua shengyu zhengce” (High gender ratio at birth and population control in China). Renkou yanjiu 3, 1117.Google Scholar
Zhan, Heying Jenny, and Montgomery, Rhonda J.V.. 2003. “Gender and elder care in China: the influence of filial piety and structural constraints.” Gender and Society 17(2), 209229, doi: 10.2307/3594688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, Qin, and Gui, Hua. 2011. “Nongmin zishachao de fasheng jizhi – dui E dongnan san cun nongmin zisha wenti de diaocha (1970–2009)” (The occurrence of farmer's suicides – a survey based on three villages in south-east Hubei (1970–2009)). Zhanlüe yu guanli 4, 2239.Google Scholar