Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-xxrs7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-19T03:44:14.277Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Anomalous germination of dormant dehulled red rice seeds provides a new perspective to study the transition from dormancy to germination and to unravel the role of the caryopsis coat in seed dormancy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 April 2016

Alberto Gianinetti*
Affiliation:
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, via S. Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola D'Arda (PC), Italy
*
*Correspondence Email: alberto.gianinetti@crea.gov.it

Abstract

Seed dormancy is the temporary inability of an imbibed seed to germinate under otherwise favourable conditions. It is an important trait for seed persistence in many higher plants. Dormant dehulled red rice caryopses can have a strong dormancy: the studied population shows an almost complete dormancy; that is, these caryopses do not germinate (usually germination is <1–2%) when incubated in water for the time usually adopted for germination tests (i.e. 2 weeks). However, after several months of incubation in water, dormant red rice caryopses start germinating in an anomalous manner. Most notably, the piercing of the caryopsis coat is very slow, sometimes arrested, until the coat completely breaks down and embryo growth is resumed. There is, therefore, a time lag between the initial rupture of the caryopsis coat and the start of seedling growth. It is argued that embryo growth can be triggered by the failure of the caryopsis coat even if seed dormancy has not been previously relieved, and thus germination is started and dormancy is forcefully interrupted. Accordingly, the time course of the anomalous germination shows a Gompertz distribution of times to failure. It is concluded that: (1) if the seed rests with the coat ruptured without further growth, it is still dormant; if so, therefore, (2) the breaking of the coat is not necessarily a marker of germination in this context.

Type
Research Papers
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abernethy, J.D. (1979) The exponential increase in mortality rate with age attributed to wearing-out of biological components. Journal of Theoretical Biology 80, 333354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adkins, S.W., Bellairs, S.M. and Loch, D.S. (2002) Seed dormancy mechanisms in warm season grass species. Euphytica 126, 1320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asai, K., Satoh, N., Sasaki, H., Satoh, H. and Nagato, Y. (2002) A rice heterochronic mutant, mori1, is defective in the juvenile–adult phase change. Development 129, 265273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrero, J.M., Talbot, M.J., White, R.G., Jacobsen, J.V. and Gubler, F. (2009) Anatomical and transcriptomic studies of the coleorhiza reveal the importance of this tissue in regulating dormancy in barley. Plant Physiology 150, 10061021.Google Scholar
Bechtel, D.B. and Pomeranz, Y. (1977) Ultrastructure of the mature ungerminated rice (Oryza sativa) caryopsis. The caryopsis coat and the aleurone cells. American Journal of Botany 64, 966973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bewley, J.D., Bradford, K., Hilhorst, H. and Nonogaki, H. (2013) Seeds: Physiology of development, germination and dormancy (3rd edition). New York, Springer.Google Scholar
Chao, W.S., Horvath, D.P., Anderson, J.V. and Foley, M.E. (2005) Potential model weeds to study genomics, ecology, and physiology in the 21st century. Weed Science 53, 929937.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, M.A. (1996) Chemical mechanisms of breaking seed dormancy. Seed Science Research 6, 9599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, M.A. and Hughes, J.A. (1981) Seed dormancy in red rice (Oryza sativa). I. Effect of temperature on dry-afterripening. Weed Science 29, 402404.Google Scholar
Counce, P.A., Keisling, T.C. and Mitchell, A.J. (2000) A uniform, objective, and adaptive system for expressing rice development. Crop Science 40, 436443.Google Scholar
Debeaujon, I. and Koornneef, M. (2000) Gibberellin requirement for Arabidopsis seed germination is determined both by testa characteristics and embryonic abscisic acid. Plant Physiology 122, 415424.Google Scholar
Debergh, P., Aitken-Christie, J., Cohen, D., Grout, B., Von Arnold, S., Zimmerman, R. and Ziv, M. (1992) Reconsideration of the term ‘vitrification’ as used in micropropagation. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 30, 135140.Google Scholar
Delouche, J.C. and Nguyen, N.T. (1964) Methods for overcoming seed dormancy in rice. Proceedings of the Association of Official Seed Analysts 54, 4149.Google Scholar
Delouche, J.C., Burgos, N.R., Gealy, D.R., de San Martin, Z., Labrada, R., Larinde, M. and Rosell, C. (2007) Weedy rices – origin, biology, ecology and control. FAO plant production and protection paper 188. Rome, FAO.Google Scholar
Doherty, L.C. and Cohn, M.A. (2000) Seed dormancy in red rice (Oryza sativa). XI. Commercial liquid smoke elicits germination. Seed Science Research 10, 415421.Google Scholar
Ellis, R.H., Hong, T.D. and Roberts, E.H. (1985) Handbook of seed technology for Genebanks. Vol. II. Compendium of specific germination information and test recommendations. Ch. 39. Gramineae. Rome, International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.Google Scholar
Esashi, Y. and Leopold, A.C. (1968) Physical forces in dormancy and germination of Xanthium seeds. Plant Physiology 43, 871876.Google Scholar
Finch-Savage, W.E. and Leubner-Metzger, G. (2006) Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytologist 171, 501523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Footitt, S. and Cohn, M.A. (1995) Seed dormancy in red rice (Oryza sativa). IX. Embryo fructose-2,6-bisphosphate during dormancy breaking and subsequent germination. Plant Physiology 107, 13651370.Google Scholar
Gavrilov, L.A. and Gavrilova, N.S. (2001) The reliability theory of aging and longevity. Journal of Theoretical Biology 213, 527545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gianinetti, A. and Cohn, MA. (2007) Seed dormancy in red rice. XII. Population-based analysis of dry-afterripening with a hydrotime model. Seed Science Research 17, 253271.Google Scholar
Gianinetti, A. and Cohn, MA. (2008) Seed dormancy in red rice. XIII. Interaction of dry-afterripening and hydration temperature. Seed Science Research 18, 151159.Google Scholar
Gianinetti, A. and Vernieri, P. (2007) On the role of abscisic acid in seed dormancy of red rice. Journal of Experimental Botany 58, 34493462.Google Scholar
Gianinetti, A., Laarhoven, L.J., Persijn, S.T., Harren, F.J. and Petruzzelli, L. (2007) Ethylene production is associated with germination but not seed dormancy in red rice. Annals of Botany 99, 735745.Google Scholar
Goss, W.L. and Brown, E. (1939) Buried red rice seed. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 31, 633637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goss, W.L. and Brown, E. (1940) Buried red rice seeds. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 32, 934.Google Scholar
Ishida, T., Kurata, T., Okada, K. and Wada, T. (2008) A genetic regulatory network in the development of trichomes and root hairs. Annual Review of Plant Biology 59, 365386.Google Scholar
Itoh, J.-I., Nonomura, K., Ikeda, K., Yamaki, S., Inukai, Y., Yamagishi, H., Kitano, H. and Nagato, Y. (2005) Rice plant development: from zygote to spikelet. Plant and Cell Physiology 46, 2347.Google Scholar
Johnson, N.L., Kotz, S. and Balakrishnan, N. (1995) Continuous univariate distributions (2nd edition), Vol. II. New York, John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Kirkwood, T.B.L. (2015) Deciphering death: a commentary on Gompertz (1825) ‘On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies’. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences 370, 20140379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latifa, A., Idriss, T., Hassan, B., Amine, S.M., El Hassane, B. and Abdellah, A.B.A. (2011) Effect of organic acids and salts on the development of Penicillium italicum: the causal agent of citrus blue mold. Plant Pathology Journal 10, 99107.Google Scholar
Long, R.L., Gorecki, M.J., Renton, M., Scott, J.K., Colville, L., Goggin, D.E., Commander, L.E., Westcott, D.A., Cherry, H. and Finch-Savage, W.E. (2015) The ecophysiology of seed persistence: a mechanistic view of the journey to germination or demise. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 90, 3159.Google Scholar
Milne, E.M. (2008) The natural distribution of survival. Journal of Theoretical Biology 255, 223236.Google Scholar
Musatenko, L.I., Gašparíková, O., Martyn, G.I. and Sytnik, K.M. (1981) Structural and functional aspects of roots of germinating seeds. pp. 2933 in Brouwer, R.; Gašparíková, O.; Kolek, J.; Loughman, B.C. (Eds) Structure and function of plant roots. Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium, 1–5 September 1980, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers.Google Scholar
Noldin, J.A., Chandler, J.M. and McCauley, G.N. (2006) Seed longevity of red rice ecotypes buried in soil. Planta Daninha 24, 611620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, R.F. (2009) Hypocotyl hairs: an historical perspective. Australian Journal of Botany 57, 106108.Google Scholar
Rajjou, L., Duval, M., Gallardo, K., Catusse, J., Bally, J., Job, C. and Job, D. (2012) Seed germination and vigor. Annual Review of Plant Biology 63, 507533.Google Scholar
Roberts, E.H. (1961) Dormancy in rice seed. II. The influence of covering structures. Journal of Experimental Botany 12, 430445.Google Scholar
Saha, B. (1957) Studies on the development of the embryo of Oryza sativa L. and the homologies of its parts. Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. Part B, Biological Sciences 22, 86101.Google Scholar
Schopfer, P. (2006) Biomechanics of plant growth. American Journal of Botany 93, 14151425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sliwinska, E., Bassel, G. and Bewley, J.D. (2009) Germination of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds is not completed as a result of elongation of the radicle but of the adjacent transition zone and lower hypocotyl. Journal of Experimental Botany 60, 35873594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sliwinska, E., Mathur, J.P. and Bewley, J.D. (2012) Synchronously developing collet hairs in Arabidopsis thaliana provide an easily accessible system for studying nuclear movement and endoreduplication. Journal of Experimental Botany 63, 41654178.Google Scholar
Suzuki, K., Taniguchi, T. and Maeda, E. (1991) Scanning electron microscope observation of the morphological change in ventral organ of rice embryo during embryogenesis and germination. Japanese Journal of Crop Science 60, 407412.Google Scholar
Tateoka, T. (1964) Notes on some grasses. XVI. Embryo structure of the genus Oryza in relation to the systematics. American Journal of Botany 51, 539543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tillich, H.J. (2007) Seedling diversity and the homologies of seedling organs in the order Poales (Monocotyledons). Annals of Botany 100, 14131429.Google Scholar
Vaughan, L.K., Ottis, B.V., Prazak-Havey, A.M., Bormans, C.A., Sneller, C., Chandler, J.M. and Park, W.D. (2001) Is all red rice found in commercial rice really Oryza sativa? Weed Science 49, 468476.Google Scholar
Vázquez-Ramos, J.M. and Sánchez, M.P. (2003) The cell cycle and seed germination. Seed Science Research 13, 113130.Google Scholar
Vidotto, F. and Ferrero, A. (2000) Germination behaviour of red rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds in field and laboratory conditions. Agronomie 20, 375382.Google Scholar
Welbaum, G.E. and Bradford, K.J. (1990) Water relations of seed development and germination in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.). V. Water relations of imbibition and germination. Plant Physiology 92, 10461052.Google Scholar
Xu, S.X., Xu, X.B. and Han, H.Z. (1983) Studies on the structure of rice embryo and initial stages of rice seed germination. Scientia Sinica series B 26, 255258.Google Scholar
Xu, X.B., Han, H.Z. and Zee, S.Y. (1989) The structure and the correct names of the structural components of rice (Oryza sativa) embryo. Chinese Journal of Rice Science 3, 129137.Google Scholar
Ziska, L.H., Gealy, D.R., Burgos, N.R., Caicedo, A.L., Gressel, J., Lawton-Rauh, A.L., Avila, L.A., Theisen, G., Norsworthy, J., Ferrero, A., Vidotto, F., Johnson, D.E., Ferreira, F.G., Marchesan, E., Menezes, V., Cohn, M.A., Linscombe, S., Carmona, L., Tang, R. and Merotto, A. (2015) Weedy (red) rice: An emerging constraint to global rice production. Advances in Agronomy 129, 181228.Google Scholar
Ziv, M. (1991) Vitrification: morphological and physiological disorders of in vitro plants. pp. 4570 in Debergh, P.C.; Zimmerman, R.H. (Eds) Micropropagation: technology and applications. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Gianinetti supplementary material

Gianinetti supplementary material 1

Download Gianinetti supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 219.8 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Gianinetti supplementary material

Gianinetti supplementary material 2

Download Gianinetti supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 46.9 KB
Supplementary material: File

Gianinetti supplementary material

Gianinetti supplementary material 3

Download Gianinetti supplementary material(File)
File 1.1 MB