Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-sxzjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-17T12:42:14.736Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Is it Better to Cry in a BMW or to Laugh on a Bicycle? Marriage, ‘financial performance anxiety’, and the production of class in Nanjing (People's Republic of China)*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 April 2016

ROBERTA ZAVORETTI*
Affiliation:
Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Halle, Germany Email: Zavoretti@eth.mpg.de

Abstract

Drawing on ethnographic data collected in the city of Nanjing, China, the article analyses discursive practices of courtship and marriage in the context of post-Mao and post-Deng economic, social, and legal developments. Informants’ discussions often revolve around the tension between the idea that marriage should be about love and the increasing material demands that prospective grooms face upon marriage in a market-led consumer society. This tension also emerges in media debates on the hedonistic attitude of Ma Nuo, a contestant on the matchmaking programme Feicheng Wurao (If you are the one). Informants, on the other hand, articulate their feelings in terms of family responsibility and pursue marriages that, while based on choice, may also ensure financial stability and parental approval.

Type
Anxieties
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

The author would like to thank the anonymous reviewers of Modern Asian Studies, as well as Li Zhang for their detailed comments on an earlier version of this article. Many thanks to Henrike Donner and Gonçalo Santos for their valuable support and editorial work.

References

1 Feicheng Wurao is the title of a matchmaking programme broadcast every weekend on Jiangsu Television. The title is borrowed from that of a popular film by Feng Xiaogang (2008). The official English translation of the title is ‘If you are the one’, but the literal translation is something like ‘Casual (daters) need not apply’ or ‘If not honest, do not disturb’.

2 Lin, Qi. 2010. ‘The dating game by Jiangsu TV’ China Daily, 24 April; Wu, Mian. 2010. ‘No BMW, no marriage for money-grubbing young Chinese’ Global Times, 4 May; Yang, Xiyun. 2010. ‘China's censors rein in “vulgar” reality TV show’ New York Times, 18 July; Wong, Edward. 2012. ‘China TV grows racy, and gets a chaperon’ New York Times, 1 January.

3 Hirsch, Jennifer S. and Wardlow, Holly. 2006. Modern loves: the anthropology of romantic courtship and companionate marriage. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 Evans, Harriet. 2002. ‘Past, perfect or imperfect. Changing images of the ideal wife’ in Brownell, Susan and Wasserstrom, Jeffrey (eds). Chinese femininities, Chinese masculinities. Berkeley: University of California PressGoogle Scholar; Evans, Harriet. 2006. ‘Fashion and feminine consumption’ in Latham, Kevin, Thompson, Stuart, and Klein, Jakob (eds). Consuming China: approaches to cultural change in contemporary China. London; New York: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar.

5 Evans, Harriet. 1997. Women and sexuality in China. Dominant discourses of sexuality and gender since 1949. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press, p. 140Google Scholar.

6 The government department that oversees Jiangsu Radio and Television is the Jiangsu Province Radio, Film and Television Bureau, which is the Jiangsu-based sub-unit of the State Press, Publication, Radio and Television Bureau. For some inquiries on the administration of Chinese television see: Xiaoping, Li. 1991. ‘The Chinese television system and television newsThe China Quarterly, 126, pp. 340355CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Weber, Ian. 2002. ‘Reconfiguring Chinese propaganda and control modalities: a case study of Shanghai's television systemJournal of Contemporary China, 11 (30)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tong, Jingrong. 2010. ‘The crisis of the centralized media control theory: how local power controls media in China’, Media Culture and Society 32 (6)Google Scholar; Zong, Yong. 2010. ‘Relations between Chinese television and the capital market: three case studiesMedia Culture and Society, 32 (4), pp. 649668CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Zhong introduces a case study focusing on Shanghai's Oriental Satellite Television, a second-tier broadcaster in many ways comparable to Jiangsu Television.

7 Li, ‘The Chinese television system’, p. 341.

8 Latham, Kevin. 2000. ‘Nothing but the truth: news media, power and hegemony in South ChinaThe China Quarterly, 163, pp. 633654CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9 According the website http://ent.56.com/sp/manuodq, [accessed 30 December 2015], Ma Nuo was born in 1988.

10 Ocko, Jonathan K. 1991. ‘Women, property and law in the People's Republic of China’ in Watson, Rubie S. and Buckley Ebrey, Patricia (eds), Marriage and inequality in Chinese society. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 313346CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Watson, Rubie S. 1991. ‘Afterword: marriage and gender inequality’ in Watson and Buckley Ebrey (eds), Marriage and inequality in Chinese society, pp. 313–346, p. 358.

11 Rofel, Lisa. 1999. Other modernities: gendered yearnings in China after socialism. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 2021CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 Palmer, Michael. 1995. ‘The re-emergence of family law in post-Mao China: marriage, divorce and reproduction’ in Lubman, Stanley (guest ed.) ‘Law in China under reformThe China Quarterly, 141, pp. 110134CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Croll, Elisabeth J. 1981. The politics of marriage in contemporary China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 16Google Scholar.

13 Croll, The politics of marriage, p. 60.

14 Ibid.; Whyte, Martin K. 1993. ‘Wedding behaviour and family strategy in Chengdu’ in Davis, Deborah and Harrell, Stevan (eds). Chinese families in the post-Mao era. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 189218Google Scholar, p. 189.

15 Watson, ‘Afterword’, p: 358; Whyte, Martin K. 1990. ‘Changes in mate choices in Chengdu’ in Davis, Deborah and Vogel, Ezra (eds). Chinese society on the eve of Tiananmen: the impact of reform. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, p. 183Google Scholar; Whyte, ‘Wedding behaviour’; p 182.

16 Donner, Henrike. This issue ‘Strangers no more: love and marriage in middle-class urban India’.

17 Evans, Women and sexuality, p. 88.

18 Ibid., p. 84.

19 Ibid., p. 92.

20 Whyte, ‘Wedding behaviour’, p. 197.

21 Whyte, ‘Changes in mate choices’, p. 183; Whyte, Martin K. (ed.). 2003. China's revolutions and intergenerational relations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies, p. 11CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 Croll, The politics of marriage; Evans, Women and sexuality; Ocko, ‘Women, property and the law’; Watson, ‘Afterword’; Whyte, ‘Changes in mate choices’; Whyte, ‘Wedding behaviour’; Wolf, Margery. 1985. Revolution postponed. London: Methuen and CoGoogle Scholar.

23 Vivienne Shue in Ocko, ‘Women, property and the law’, p. 338.

24 Croll, The politics of marriage, pp. 172–174.

25 Ibid., pp. 167–168; Evans, Women and sexuality, p. 88.

26 Evans, Women and sexuality.

27 Croll, The politics of marriage; Evans, Women and sexuality, p. 86; Lavely, William. 1991. ‘Marriage and mobility under rural collectivism’ in Watson and Buckley Ebrey (eds), Marriage and inequality in Chinese society, pp. 286–312; Watson, ‘Afterword’.

28 Davis, Deborah. 1993. ‘Urban household: supplicants to a socialist state’ in Davis and Harrell (eds), Chinese families in the post-Mao era, pp. 50–76; Whyte, ‘Wedding behaviour’.

29 Siu, Helen. 1993. ‘Reconstituting dowry and brideprice in South China’ in Davis and Harrell (eds), Chinese families in the post-Mao era, pp. 165–188; Whyte, ‘Changes in mate choices’; Whyte, ‘Wedding behaviour’.

30 Croll, The politics of marriage, p. 165.

31 Ocko, ‘Women, property and law’, p. 338; Whyte, ‘Wedding behaviour’.

32 Croll, The politics of marriage, p. 165.

33 Ocko, ‘Women, property and law’, pp. 337–338.

34 Yan, Yunxiang. 2011. ‘The individualization of the family in rural ChinaBoundary 2, 38 (1), pp. 203209CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

35 Evans, Women and sexuality, p. 83. People engaged to be married may engage in premarital sex, but they hide their intimate relationships from their parents. The charge of immorality/irresponsibility is even more common in the case of sexual intercourse among people who are not engaged. See Fang, I-chieh. 2013. ‘The girls who are keen to get married’ in Stafford, Charles (ed.). Ordinary ethics in China. London: Bloomsbury; Zavoretti, Roberta. 2016. ‘Being the right woman for Mr. Right: marriage and household politics in present-day Nanjing’, in Santos, Gonçalo and Harrell, Stevan (eds). Transforming patriarchy: Chinese families in the twenty-first century. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press.

36 Evans, Women and sexuality, pp. 100–104; Palmer, ‘The re-emergence of family law’.

37 Evans, Women and sexuality, pp. 82–83, 104–111.

38 The importance of sexual fulfilment was not denied within the Maoist ideal of companionate marriage, but was downplayed as less important than other aspects of conjugality and subsumed to the social and collective aims of marriage. See Evans, Women and sexuality, p. 98; Evans, ‘Past, perfect or imperfect’.

39 Evans, Women and sexuality; Jankowiak, William R. 1993. Sex, death, and hierarchy in a Chinese city: an anthropological account. New York: Columbia University PressGoogle Scholar; Yan, ‘The individualization of the family’.

40 Yan, ‘The individualization of the family’, pp. 216–217.

41 Evans, Women and sexuality, pp. 104–111.

42 Rofel, Other modernities, pp. 219–220.

43 Evans, Women and sexuality, p. 82.

44 Evans, ‘Fashion and feminine consumption’, p. 176.

45 Rofel, Other modernities, p. 220.

46 The 2011 amendment changed provisions for the handling of property in case of divorce. According to the amended law, housing bought by either spouse (or their families) before the marriage may stay with the original owner in case of divorce. Before the amendment, housing bought by either spouse or the parents before marriage became common property of the two spouses upon marriage, and had to be equally divided in case of divorce.

47 Evans, Women and sexuality, p. 86.

48 Palmer, ‘The re-emergence of family law’; Palmer, Michael. 2007. ‘Transforming family law in post-Deng China: marriage, divorce and reproductionThe China Quarterly, 191, pp. 675695CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Croll, Elisabeth J. 1999. ‘Social welfare reform: trends and tensionsThe China Quarterly, 159, pp. 684699CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

49 Ku, Hok Bun. 2003. Moral politics in a south Chinese village: responsibility, reciprocity, and resistance. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 16Google Scholar.

50 Ku, Moral politics.

51 Whyte, China's revolutions.

52 Stafford, Charles. 2000. Separation and reunion in modern China. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

53 Croll, ‘Social welfare reforms’; Palmer, ‘The re-emergence of family law’; Palmer, ‘Transforming family law’.

54 Yan, ‘The individualization of the family’, pp. 220–221.

55 Ku, Moral politics, p. 147; Rofel, Other modernities, pp. 128–137.

56 Evans, Women and sexuality, pp. 140–141.

57 Yan, ‘The individualization of the family’, p. 224.

58 Evans, Women and sexuality; Evans, ‘Past, perfect or imperfect’.

59 Gottschang, Suzanne Z. 2001. ‘The consuming mother: infant feeding and the feminine mother in urban China’ in Chen, Nancy, Clark, Constance, Gottschang, Suzanne, and Jeffery, Lyn (eds). China urban: ethnographies of contemporary culture. Durham: Duke University PressGoogle Scholar.

60 Whyte, China's revolutions.

61 Gottschang, ‘The consuming mother’.

62 Evans, Women and sexuality, pp. 129–134; Evans, ‘Past, perfect or imperfect’, p. 338.

63 Siu, ‘Reconstituting dowry’; Whyte, ‘Wedding behaviour’; Yan, Yunxiang. 2005. ‘The individual and transformation of bridewealth in rural north ChinaJournal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 11, pp. 637658CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

64 Yan, ‘The individual and transformation of bridewealth’, p. 649.

65 Siu, ‘Reconstituting dowry’, p. 182.

66 Zhang, Li. 2010. ‘Recasting self-worth’ in In search of paradise: middle-class living in a Chinese metropolis. Ithaca: Cornell University PressGoogle Scholar.

67 Stafford, Separation and reunion, p. 108.

68 In Chinese the word ‘xiang’ means ‘to evaluate’, but also indicates mutuality; ‘qin’ indicates a family relation, but is also used to signify closeness and intimacy.

69 Greenhalgh Susan. 2012. ‘Patriarchal demographics? China's sex ratio reconsidered’ Population and Development Review, 38 (Supplement), pp. 130–149.

70 Greenhalgh, ‘Patriarchal demographics?’; Han, Hua. 2009. ‘Living a single life: the plight and adaptation of the bachelors in Yishala’ in Brandtstaedter, Susanne and Santos, Gonçalo D.Chinese kinship. Contemporary anthropological perspectives. London; New York: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar.

71 Croll, ‘Social welfare reforms’.

72 Yan, ‘The individualization of the family’. See also Rofel, Lisa. 2007. ‘From sacrifice to desire. Cosmopolitanism with Chinese characteristics’ in Desiring China: experiments in neoliberalism, sexuality and public culture. Durham: Duke University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

73 Despite the fact that they were both in their late twenties/early thirties.

74 Rofel, Other modernities, pp. 148–149.

75 Anagnost, Ann. 1997. National past times: narrative, representation and power in modern China. Durham: Duke University Press, pp. 8084Google Scholar; Liu, Xin. 2009. The mirage of China: anti-humanism, narcissism, and corporeality of the contemporary world. New York: Berghahn, pp. 174175Google Scholar.

76 Liu, The mirage of China, p. 173.

77 People who are unmarried by their late twenties and thirties are subject to fierce social pressure and gossip. While Mr Qian related his son's single status to the young man's desire to enjoy himself, gainfully employed bachelors are most often suspected by friends and colleagues to be homosexual or to suffer from some psychophysical condition.

78 Yan, ‘The individualization of the family’, p. 223.

79 Rofel, Other modernities.

80 Zhang, ‘Recasting self-worth’.

81 Yan, ‘The individualization of the family’.

82 Rofel, ‘From sacrifice to desire’.

83 Donner, ‘Strangers no more’; Fuller, C. J. and Narasimhan, Haripriya. 2008. ‘Companionate marriage in India: the changing marriage system in a middle-class Brahman subcasteJournal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 14, pp. 736754CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

84 Zhang, Li and Ong, Aihwa. 2008. ‘Powers of the self, socialism from afar’ in Zhang, Li and Ong, Aihwa (eds). Privatizing China. Socialism from afar. Ithaca: Cornell University PressGoogle Scholar. Rose, Nicholas. 1999. Powers of freedom. Reframing political thoughts. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

85 Anagnost, National past times, p. 85.

86 Shue, Vivienne. 2004. ‘Legitimacy crisis in China?’ in Gries, P. and Rosen, S. (eds). State and society in twenty-first century China. New York: RoutledgeCurzonGoogle Scholar.