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The nose of the sperm whale: overviews of functional design, structural homologies and evolution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 October 2014

Stefan Huggenberger ,
Michel André  and
Helmut H. A. Oelschläger
Stefan Huggenberger*
Affiliation:
Biocentre, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany Department of Anatomy II, University of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
Michel André
Affiliation:
Laboratori d'Aplicacions Bioacústiques, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú, Avenida.Rambla Exposició, s/n, 08800 Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, Spain
Helmut H. A. Oelschläger
Affiliation:
Department of Anatomy III (Dr Senckenbergische Anatomie), Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
*
Correspondence should be addressed to:S. Huggenberger, Department II of Anatomy, University of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany email: st.huggenberger@uni-koeln.de
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Abstract

The hypertrophic and much elongated epicranial (nasal) complex of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) is a unique device to increase directionality and source levels of echolocation clicks in aquatic environments. The size and shape of the nasal fat bodies as well as the peculiar organization of the air sac system in the nasal sound generator of sperm whales are in favour of this proposed specialized acoustic function. The morphology of the sperm whale nose, including a ‘connecting acoustic window’ in the case and an anterior ‘terminal acoustic window’ at the rostroventral edge of the junk, supports the ‘bent horn hypothesis’ of sound emission. In contrast to the laryngeal mechanism described for dolphins and porpoises, sperm whales may drive the initial pulse generation process with air pressurized by nasal muscles associated with the right nasal passage (right nasal passage muscle, maxillonasolabialis muscle). This can be interpreted as an adaptation to deep-diving and high hydrostatic pressures constraining pneumatic phonation. Comparison of nasal structures in sperm whales and other toothed whales reveals that the existing air sac system as well as the fat bodies and the musculature have the same topographical relations and thus may be homologous in all toothed whales (Odontoceti). This implies that the nasal sound generating system evolved only once during toothed whale evolution and, more specifically, that the unique hypertrophied nasal complex was a main driving force in the evolution of the sperm whale taxon.

Keywords

Cetaceaepicranial complexcoda
Type
Review Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 96 , Issue 4: Marine Mammals , June 2016 , pp. 783 - 806
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2014 

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