Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T05:31:14.734Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Diverse Effects of Diversity on Democracy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 April 2016

John Gerring ,
Michael Hoffman  and
Dominic Zarecki
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Diverse identities coexisting within the same society are often viewed as problematic for economic and political development. This article argues that different types of social diversity have differential effects on regime type. Specifically, ethno-linguistic diversity increases prospects for democracy while religious diversity decreases prospects for democracy. The article presents a variety of reasons why diversity might have divergent causal effects on regime type. Cross-national regressions in a variety of econometric formats – including instrumental variables – provide corroborating evidence for the argument.

Type
Articles
Information
British Journal of Political Science , Volume 48 , Issue 2 , April 2018 , pp. 283 - 314
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Boston University, Department of Political Science (email: jgerring@bu.edu); Princeton University, Department of Politics (email: mthoffma@princeton.edu); Boston University, Department of Political Science (email: dominicz@bu.edu). Data replication sets and online appendices are available at http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1017/S000712341600003X.

References

Aghion, Philippe, Alesina, Alberto, and Trebbi, Francesco. 2004. Endogenous Political Institutions. Quarterly Journal of Economics 119 (2):565–611.Google Scholar
Ahlerup, Pelle, and Olsson, Olla. 2012. The Roots of Ethnic Diversity. Journal of Economic Growth 17:71–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akdede, Sacit Hadi. 2010. Do More Ethnically and Religiously Diverse Countries have Lower Democratization? Economics Letters 106:101–104.Google Scholar
Albaugh, Ericka. 2014. State-Building and Multilingual Education in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Aleman, Jose, and Yang, David D.. 2011. A Duration Analysis of Democratic Transitions and Authoritarian Backslides. Comparative Political Studies 44:1123–1151.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, Devleeschauwer, Arnaud, Easterly, William, Kurlat, Sergio, and Wacziarg, Romain. 2003. Fractionalization. Journal of Economic Growth 8 (2):155–194.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, and LaFerrara, Eliana. 2005. Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance. Journal of Economic Literature 63 (September):762–800.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, Baqir, Reza, and Easterly, William. 1999. Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics 114 (4):1243–1284.Google Scholar
Anckar, Dag. 1999. Homogeneity and Smallness: Dahl and Tufte Revisited. Scandinavian Political Studies 22 (1):29–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angrist, Joshua D., and Pischke, Jorn-Steffen. 2009. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist’s Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Arriol, Leonardo R. 2013. Multi-Ethnic Coalitions in Africa: Business Financing of Opposition Election Campaigns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Atran, Scott, and Ginges, Jeremy. 2012. Religious and Sacred Imperatives in Human Conflict. Science 336:855–857.Google Scholar
Barro, Robert. 1999. Determinants of Democracy. Journal of Political Economy 107 (6):158–183.Google Scholar
Beck, Nathaniel, and Katz, Jonathan. 1995. What to Do (and Not to Do) with Time-Series Cross-Section Data. American Political Science Review 89 (3):634–647.Google Scholar
Bernhard, Michael, Nordstrom, Timothy, and Reenock, Christopher. 2001. Economic Performance, Institutional Intermediation, and Democratic Survival. Journal of Politics 63:775–803.Google Scholar
Bernhard, Michael, Nordstrom, Timothy, and Reenock, Christopher. 2004. The Legacy of Western Overseas Colonialism on Democratic Survival. International Studies Quarterly 48 (1):225–250.Google Scholar
Birnir, Johanna K. 2007. Ethnicity and Electoral Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boix, Carles, Miller, Michael, and Rosato, Sebastian. 2013. A Complete Dataset of Political Regimes, 1800–2007. Comparative Political Studies 46:1523–1554.Google Scholar
Boix, Carles, and Svolik, Milan. 2013. The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions, Commitment, and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships. The Journal of Politics 75 (2):300–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boix, Carles, and Stokes, Susan. 2003. Endogenous Democratization. World Politics 55 (4):517–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boone, Catherine. 2014. Property and Political Order in Africa: Land Rights and the Structure of Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Breiman, Leo, and Friedman, Jerome H.. 1985. Estimating Optimal Transformations for Multiple Regression and Correlation (with Discussion). Journal of the American Statistical Association 80:580–619.Google Scholar
Breunig, Christian, Cao, Xun, and Luedtke, Adam. 2012. Global Migration and Political Regime Type: A Democratic Disadvantage. British Journal of Political Science 42 (4):825–854.Google Scholar
Brinks, Daniel, and Coppedge, Michael. 2006. Diffusion Is No Illusion: Neighbor Emulation in the Third Wave of Democracy. Comparative Political Studies 39 (4):463–489.Google Scholar
Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Smith, Alastair, Siverson, Randolph M., and Morrow, James D.. 2003. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Campos, Nauro F., Saleh, Ahmad, and Kuzeyev, Vitaliy. 2011. Dynamic Ethnic Fractionalization and Economic Growth. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 20 (2):129–152.Google Scholar
Carroll, Barbara W., and Carroll, Terrence. 2000. Accommodating Ethnic Diversity in a Modernizing Democratic State: Theory and Practice in the Case of Mauritius. Ethnic and Racial Studies 23 (1):120–142.Google Scholar
Casey, Gregory P., and Owen, Ann L.. 2012. Inequality and Fractionalization. Working Paper, Hamilton College. Available from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/37118/, accessed 15 January 2016.Google Scholar
Cederman, Lars-Erik, Min, Brian, and Wimmer, Andreas. 2009. Ethnic Power Relations Dataset. Available from http://hdl.handle.net/1902.1/11796 UNF:5:k4xxXC2ASI204QZ4jqvUrQ== V1, accessed 1 May 2009.Google Scholar
Chandra, Kanchan. 2004. Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chandra, Kanchan. 2005. Ethnic Parties and Democratic Stability. Perspectives in Politics 3 (2):235–252.Google Scholar
Charnysh, Volha, Lucas, Christopher, and Singh, Prerna. 2015. The Ties That Bind National Identity Salience and Pro-Social Behavior Toward the Ethnic Other. Comparative Political Studies 48 (3):267–300.Google Scholar
Cheibub, Jose Antonio, Gandhi, Jennifer, and Vreeland, James Raymond. 2010. Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited. Public Choice 143 (1–2):67–101.Google Scholar
Clague, Christopher, Gleason, Suzanne, and Knack, Stephen. 2001. Determinants of Lasting Democracy in Poor Countries: Culture, Development, and Institutions. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 573 (1):16–41.Google Scholar
Colaresi, Michael, and Thompson, William. 2003. The Economic Development-Democratization Relationship: Does the Outside World Matter? Comparative Political Studies 36 (4):381–403.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael. 2012. Approaching Democracy: Research Methods in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael, Alvarez, Angel, and Maldonado, Claudia. 2008. Two Persistent Dimensions of Democracy: Contestation and Inclusiveness. Journal of Politics 70 (3):335–350.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael, Gerring, John, Altman, David, Bernhard, Michael, Fish, Steven, Hicken, Allen, Kroenig, Matthew, Lindberg, Staffan I., McMann, Kelly, Paxton, Pamela, Semetko, Holli A., Skaaning, Svend-Erik, Staton, Jeffrey, and Teorell, Jan. 2011. Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach. Perspectives on Politics 9 (2):247–267.Google Scholar
Crouch, Harold. 1993. Democratic Prospects in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Political Science 1 (2):77–92.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Desmet, Klaus, Ortuño-Ortín, Ignacio, and Wacziarg, Romain. 2012. The Political Economy of Ethnolinguistic Cleavages. Journal of Development Economics 97:322–338.Google Scholar
Diamond, Larry, Linz, Juan J., and Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1990. Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Diamond, Larry, and Plattner, Marc, eds. 1994. Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Democracy. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Driessen, Michael. 2008. Review of Ethno-Linguistic Fractionalization Data Sets. APSA-CP Newsletter 19 (1):21–24.Google Scholar
Durkheim, Émile. 2001[1912]. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Easterly, William, and Levine, Ross. 1997. Africa’s Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics 112:1203–1250.Google Scholar
Elkins, Zachary. 2000. Gradations of Democracy? Empirical Tests of Alternative Conceptualizations. American Journal of Political Science 44 (2):287–294.Google Scholar
Ellingsen, Tanja. 2000. Colorful Community or Ethnic Witches’ Brew? Multiethnicity and Domestic Conflict During and After the Cold War. Journal of Conflict Resolution 44 (2):228–249.Google Scholar
Epstein, David L., Leventoglu, Bahar, and O’Halloran, Sharyn. 2012. Minorities and Democratization. Economics and Politics 24 (3):259–278.Google Scholar
Epstein, David L., Bates, Robert, Goldstone, Jack, Kristensen, Ida, and O’Halloran, Sharyn. 2006. Democratic Transitions. American Journal of Political Science 50 (3):551–569.Google Scholar
Fearon, James D. 2003. Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country. Journal of Economic Growth 8 (2):195–222.Google Scholar
Finke, Roger, and Stark, Rodney. 1998. Religious Choice and Competition. American Sociological Review 63 (5):761–766.Google Scholar
Finkel, Steven E, Liñán, Aníbal Pérez, and Seligson, Mitchell A.. 2007. The Effects of U.S. Foreign Assistance on Democracy Building, 1990–2003. World Politics 59 (3):404–439.Google Scholar
Fish, M. Steven. 2002. Islam and Authoritarianism. World Politics 55 (1):4–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fish, M. Steven, and Kroenig, Matthew. 2006. Diversity, Conflict and Democracy: Some Evidence from Eurasia and East Europe. Democratization 13 (5):828–842.Google Scholar
Fish, M. Steven, and Brooks, Robin S.. 2004. Does Diversity Hurt Democracy? Journal of Democracy 15 (1):154–166.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 2002. Ethnoreligious Conflict in the Late Twentieth Century: A General Theory. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 2008. A World Survey of Religion and the State. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Freedom House. 2007. ‘Methodology’, Freedom in the World 2007. New York. Available from http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=351&ana_page=333&year=2007, accessed 5 September 2007.Google Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer, and Przeworski, Adam. 2007. Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats. Comparative Political Studies 40 (11):1279–1301.Google Scholar
Ganguly, Sumit. 2003. The Crisis of Indian Secularism. Journal of Democracy 14 (4):11–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gasiorowski, Mark. 1995. Economic Crisis and Political Regime Change: An Event History Analysis. American Political Science Review 89 (4):882–897.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1963. The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States. In Old Societies and New States, edited by Clifford Geertz, 105–157. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Gilley, Bruce. 2006. The Meaning and Measure of State Legitimacy: Results for 72 Countries. European Journal of Political Research 45:499–525.Google Scholar
Gu, Man-Li, and Bomhoff, Eduard. 2012. Religion and Support for Democracy: A Comparative Study for Catholic and Muslim Countries. Politics and Religion 5:280–316.Google Scholar
Gunnemark, Erik. 1991. Countries, Peoples and their Languages: The Linguistic Handbook. Gothenburg: Lanstryckeriet.Google Scholar
Gupte, Pranay. 2009. Mother India: A Political Biography of Indira Gandhi. New Delhi: Penguin.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted. 1968. A Causal Model of Civil Strife: A Comparative Analysis Using New Indices. American Political Science Review 62 (4):1104–1124.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted. 1993. Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted. 1994. Peoples Against States: Ethnopolitical Conflict and the Changing World System: 1994 Presidential Address. International Studies Quarterly 38:347–377.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted. 2000. Peoples Versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Habyarimana, James, Humphreys, Macartan, Posner, Daniel N., and Weinstein, Jeremy. 2009. Coethnicity: Diversity and the Dilemmas of Collective Action. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Hadenius, Axel. 1992. Democracy and Development. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hardgrave, Robert L. 1993. India: The Dilemmas of Diversity. Journal of Democracy 4 (4):54–68.Google Scholar
Harrison, Selig S. 1960. India: The Most Dangerous Decades. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hassner, Rone E. 2003. To Halve and To Hold: Conflicts Over Sacred Space and the Problem of Indivisibility. Security Studies 12 (4):1–33.Google Scholar
Hechter, Michael. 2009. Alien Rule and its Discontents. American Behavioral Scientist 53 (3):289–310.Google Scholar
Hegre, Havard, and Sambanis, Nicholas. 2006. Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War Onset. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50:508–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Howell, Susan E., and Fagan, Deborah. 1988. Race and Trust in Government: Testing the Political Reality Model. Public Opinion Quarterly 52 (3):343–350.Google Scholar
Iannaccone, Laurence R. 1991. The Consequences of Religious Market Structure: Adam Smith and the Economics of Religion. Rationality and Society 3:156–177.Google Scholar
Jackson, Robert H., and Rosberg, Carl G.. 1984. Popular Legitimacy in African Multi-Ethnic States. The Journal of Modern African Studies 22 (2):177–198.Google Scholar
Jensen, Carsten, and Skaaning, Svend-Erik. 2012. Modernization, Ethnic Fractionalization, and Democracy. Democratization 19 (6):1117–1137.Google Scholar
Kedourie, Elie. 1960. Nationalism. London: Praeger.Google Scholar
Kim, Myunghee. 2008. Spiritual Values, Religious Practices, and Democratic Attitudes. Politics and Religion 1 (2):216–236.Google Scholar
King, Gary, Honaker, James, Joseph, Anne, and Scheve, Kenneth. 2001. Analyzing Incomplete Political Science Data: An Alternative Algorithm for Multiple Imputation. American Political Science Review 95 (1):49–69.Google Scholar
Koopmans, Ruud, eds. 2005. Contested Citizenship: Immigration and Cultural Diversity in Europe Vol. 25. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
La Porta, Rafael, Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio, Shleifer, Andrei, and Vishny, Robert W.. 1999. The Quality of Government. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 15 (1):1113–1155.Google Scholar
Levi, Margaret, and Stoker, Laura. 2000. Political Trust and Trustworthiness. Annual Review of Political Science 3:475–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, Evan S. 2009. Boundaries of Contagion: How Ethnic Politics have Shaped Government Responses to AIDS. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Evan S., and Singh, Prerna. 2012. Conceptualizing and Measuring Ethnic Politics: An Institutional Complement to Demographic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches. Studies in Comparative Political Development 47:255–286.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1969. Consociational Democracy. World Politics 21 (2):207–225.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1996. The Puzzle of Indian Democracy: A Consociational Interpretation. The American Political Science Review 90 (2):258–268.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 2004. Constitutional Design for Divided Societies. Journal of Democracy 15 (2):96–100.Google Scholar
Lowi, Theodore. 1964. The Pleasure of the Mayor: Patronage and Power in New York City, 1898–1958. London: Collier/Macmillan.Google Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz. 2008. Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule. Comparative Political Studies 41 (4–5):715–741.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael. 2005. The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Marshall, Monty G., and Jaggers, Keith. 2007. Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2006. Fairfax, VA: Center for Global Policy, George Mason University.Google Scholar
McCauley, John. 2014. The Political Mobilization of Ethnic and Religious Identities in Africa. American Political Science Review 108 (4):801–816.Google Scholar
Michalopoulos, Stelios. 2012. The Origins of Ethnolinguistic Diversity. American Economic Review 102 (4):1508–1539.Google Scholar
Midlarsky, Manus I. 1998. Democracy and Islam: Implications for Civilizational Conflict and the Democratic Peace. International Studies Quarterly 42 (3):485–511.Google Scholar
Mill, John Stuart. 1958 [1861]. Considerations on Representative Government. New York: Liberal Arts Press.Google Scholar
Mirilovic, N. 2010. The Politics of Immigration: Dictatorship, Development, and Defense. Comparative Politics 42 (3):273–292.Google Scholar
Montalvo, Jose G., and Reynal-Querol, Marta. ND. The Effect of Ethnic and Religious Conflict on Growth. Unpublished paper, Department of Economics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona.Google Scholar
Montalvo, Jose G., and Reynal-Querol, Marta. 2005a. Ethnic Diversity and Economic Development. Journal of Development Economics 76:293–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montalvo, Jose G., and Reynal-Querol, Marta. 2005b. Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars. American Economic Review 95 (3):796–816.Google Scholar
Myerson, Roger. 2008. The Autocrat’s Credibility Problem and Foundations of the Constitutional State. American Political Science Review 102 (1):125–139.Google Scholar
Newey, Whitney K., and West, Kenneth D.. 1987. A Simple, Positive Semi-Definite, Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix. Econometrica 55 (3):703–708.Google Scholar
Nieswiadomy, Michael, and Strazicich, Mark. 2004. Are Political Freedoms Converging? Economic Inquiry 42 (2):323–340.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa, and Inglehart, Ronald. 2011. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C. 1993. Institutions and Credible Commitment. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 149 (1):11–23.Google Scholar
Okediji, Tade O. 2005. The Dynamics of Ethnic Fragmentation. American Journal of Economics and Sociology 64 (2):637–662.Google Scholar
Papaioannou, Elias, and Siourounis, Gregorios. 2008. Economic and Social Factors Driving the Third Wave of Democratization. Journal of Comparative Economics 36 (3):365–387.Google Scholar
Pemstein, Daniel, Stephen A, Meserve, and , James Melton. 2010. Democratic Compromise: A Latent Variable Analysis of Ten Measures of Regime Type. Political Analysis 18 (4):426–449.Google Scholar
Posner, Daniel N. 2004. The Political Salience of Cultural Difference: Why Chewas and Tumbukas are Allies in Zambia and Adversaries in Malawi. American Political Science Review 98 (4):529–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, Daniel N. 2005. The Institutional Origins of Ethnic Politics in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam, Alvarez, Michael, Cheibub, Jose Antonio, and Limongi, Fernando. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Material Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. 2007. E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-First Century. Scandinavian Political Studies 30 (2):137–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putterman, Louis, and Weil, David N.. 2010. Post-1500 Population Flows and the Long-Run Determinants of Economic Growth and Inequality. Quarterly Journal of Economics 125 (4):1627–1682.Google Scholar
Rabushka, Alvin, and Shepsle, Kenneth A.. 1972. Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Political Instability. Columbus, OH: Merrill.Google Scholar
Reilly, Benjamin. 2000. Democracy, Ethnic Fragmentation, and Internal Conflict: Confused Theories, Faulty Data, and the ‘Crucial Case’ of Papua New Guinea. International Security 25 (3):162–185.Google Scholar
Reilly, Benjamin. 2001. Democracy in Divided Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reilly, Benjamin. 2006. Democracy and Diversity: Political Engineering in the Asia-Pacific. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Reynal-Querol, Marta. 2002. Ethnicity, Political Systems, and Civil Wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1):29–54.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Andrew, eds. 2002. The Architecture of Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ross, Michael. 2001. Does Oil Hinder Democracy? World Politics 53 (3):325–361.Google Scholar
Rummel, R.J. 1995. Democracy, Power, Genocide, and Mass Murder. Journal of Conflict Resolution 39 (3):3–26.Google Scholar
Sambanis, Nicholas. 2001. Do Ethnic and Non-Ethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes?: A Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry (Part I). Journal of Conflict Resolution 45:259–282.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1950. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper & Bros.Google Scholar
Seul, Jeffrey. 1999. ‘Ours is the Way of God’: Religion, Identity, and Intergroup Conflict. Journal of Peace Research 36 (5):553–569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sing, Ming. 2010. Explaining Democratic Survival Globally (1946–2002). Journal of Politics 72 (2):438–455.Google Scholar
Singh, Prerna. 2010. Wellness and Welfare: A Longitudinal Analysis of Social Development in Kerala, India. World Development 39 (2):282–293.Google Scholar
Singh, Prerna. 2015. Subnationalism and Social Development: A Comparative Analysis of Indian States. World Politics 67 (3):506–562.Google Scholar
Sisk, Timothy. 1996. Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Smith, Ben. 2004. Oil Wealth and Regime Survival in the Developing World, 1960–1999. American Journal of Political Science 48 (2):232–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, Jack. 2000. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Sovey, Allison J., and Green, Donald P.. 2011. Instrumental Variables Estimation in Political Science: A Readers’ Guide. American Journal of Political Science 55 (1):188–200.Google Scholar
Stepan, Alfred. 2000. Religion, Democracy, and the ‘Twin Tolerations’. Journal of Democracy 11 (4):37–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, Frances. 2009. Religion Versus Ethnicity as a Source of Mobilisation: Are There Differences? CRISE Working Paper No. 70. Oxford University.Google Scholar
Swamy, Arun, and Gershman, John. 2003. Managing Internal Conflicts: Dominance of the State. In Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features, edited by Muthiah Alagappa, 497–535. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Teorell, Jan. 2010. Determinants of Democratization: Explaining Regime Change in the World, 1972–2006. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, Hugh. 2013. The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Vanhanen, Tatu. 1999. Domestic Ethnic Conflict and Ethnic Nepotism: A Comparative Analysis. Journal of Peace Research 36 (1):55–73.Google Scholar
Vanhanen, Tatu. 2000. A New Dataset for Measuring Democracy, 1810–1998. Journal of Peace Research 37:251–265.Google Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh. 1998. Why Democracy Survives. Journal of Democracy 9 (3):36–50.Google Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2001. Ethnic Conflict and Civil Society: India and Beyond. World Politics 53:362–398.Google Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2007. Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict. In Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, edited by Carles Boix and Susan Stokes, 274–295. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Watts, Ronald L. 1999. Comparing Federal Systems. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Weiner, Myron. 1989. The Indian Paradox: Essays in Indian Politics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Weingast, Barry. 1997. The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law. American Political Science Review 91 (2):245–263.Google Scholar
Wellman, James, and Tokuno, Kyoko. 2004. Is Religious Violence Inevitable? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 43 (3):291–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, H. 1980. A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity. Econometrica 48:817–838.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Steven I. 2004. Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, Steven I. 2009. Riots. Annual Review of Political Science 12:329–343.Google Scholar
Williams, Colin. 2012. Language Policy, Territorialism, and Regional Autonomy. In The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy, edited by Bernard Spolsky, 174–202. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wimmer, Andreas. 2002. Nationalist Exclusion and Ethnic Conflict: Shadows of Modernity. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wimmer, Andreas, Cederman, Lars-Erik, and Min, Brian. 2006. From Empire to Nation-State: Explaining Wars in the Modern World, 1816–2001. American Sociological Review 71 (6):867–897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wimmer, Andreas, Cederman, Lars-Erik, and Min, Brian. 2009. Ethnic Politics and Armed Conflict. A Configurational Analysis of a New Global Dataset (online appendix). American Sociological Review 74 (2):316–337.Google Scholar
Wright, Joseph. 2008. Do Authoritarian Institutions Constrain? How Legislatures Affect Economic Growth and Investment. American Journal of Political Science 52 (2):322–343.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford. 1976. The Politics of Cultural Pluralism. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: Link

Gerring et al. Dataset

Dataset

https://dx.doi.org/10.7910/DVN/KEJD7R
Link
Supplementary material: PDF

Gerring supplementary material

Appendix

Download Gerring supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 494.9 KB