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My Car Modernity: What the U.S. Army Brought to South Korean Cinematic Imagination about Modern Mobility

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 January 2016

Han Sang Kim
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Abstract

This article examines the cultural logic of mobilization in postcolonial South Korea, promoted through American cinematic representations. In early 1946, the U.S. Army Military Government in Korea started importing and distributing American propaganda films. These audiovisual textbooks for “free people” praised private car ownership and self-determined mobility, attracting audiences with scenes of automobiles and expressways. This might have encouraged audiences to imagine a self-regulating and untrammeled unit where they could choose their own destination, speed, and companions, symbolized in the ideal type of car-owning nuclear family. Such representational expressions of “maik'a” (my car) were closely linked with the global transition after World War II, such as the nuclearization of the family, the rise of the automobile industry, and the emergence of small screens at home. This shows how South Koreans were exposed to a new, liberal technology of government under U.S. hegemony, after the cessation of Japanese railway imperialism.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 75 , Issue 1 , February 2016 , pp. 63 - 85
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2016 

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References

List of References

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Kyŏnghyang sinmun. 1955. October 1, 3.Google Scholar
Kyŏnghyang sinmun. 1967. March 27, 5.Google Scholar
LaMarre, Thomas. 2009. The Anime Machine: A Media Theory of Animation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Jin-kyung. 2010. Service Economies: Militarism, Sex Work, and Migrant Labor in South Korea. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Wang-moo, Lee. 2007. “Taehanjegukki sunjongŭi namsunhaeng yŏn'gu” [A study on the emperor's parade: His majesty of Sunjong in the Daehan empire]. Chŏngsin munhwa yŏn'gu 30(2):59–88.Google Scholar
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Maeilgyŏngje sinmun. 1967. July 11, 5.Google Scholar
Maeilgyŏngje sinmun. 1968. September 24, 4.Google Scholar
Ministry of the Environment, Japan. 2002. Heisei 14-nenban junkangata shakai hakusho [White paper on cyclic society, 2002 edition]. http://www.env.go.jp/policy/hakusyo/hakusyo.php3?kid=216 (accessed September 22, 2013).Google Scholar
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Murphy, John. 2009. The Eisenhower Interstate System. New York: Chelsea House.Google Scholar
National Film Preservation Foundation. 2000. Treasures from American Film Archives: 50 Preserved Films. San Francisco: Water Mark Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, Laura C. 2000. Measured Excess: Status, Gender, and Consumer Nationalism in South Korea. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Yasuo, Ohtsuka. 1994. Jeeps over the Pacific. Tokyo: Hobby Japan Co.Google Scholar
P'yŏnjippu. 1975. Sajin ŭro ponŭn kwangbok 30-yŏnsa [30 years’ history since the independence, with photo illustrations]. Seoul: Chŏngŭmsa.Google Scholar
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. 1986. The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Seiler, Cotten. 2008. Republic of Drivers: A Cultural History of Automobility in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Koichi, Shimokawa. 1994. The Japanese Automobile Industry: A Business History. London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Sibul, Eric Allan. 2008. “Forging Iron Horses and Iron Men: Rail Transport in the Korean War and the Influence of the US Army Transportation Corps on the Development of the Korean National Railroad.” PhD diss., University of York.Google Scholar
Statistics Korea. 2013. Number of Automobiles by Classification. http://kosis.kr/gen_etl/start.jsp?orgId=999&tblId=DT_999S_153062&conn_path=I3 (accessed January 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Tourism Sciences Society of Korea. 2012. Han'guk hyŏndae kwan'gwangsa: Haebang ihu uri nara kwan'gwang sanŏp ŭi yŏksa [The history of modern tourism in Korea: The history of our tourism industry after Liberation]. Seoul: Paeksan ch'ulp'ansa.Google Scholar
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Virilio, Paul. 1989. War and Cinema: The Logistics of Perception. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Virilio, Paul. 2007. Speed and Politics: An Essay on Dromology. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e).Google Scholar
Gyoung-Hye, Wee. 2010. “The Film Exhibition Practices and Cinema-Going Experience in the Local from the Mid 1950s to the 1960s.” PhD diss., Chung-Ang University.Google Scholar
Acheson. 1951. “To Amembassy Pusan, Department's Telegram no. 695, March 5, 1951.” April 9. RG59 Records of Department of State, Decimal File 1950–1954. Box 2540.Google Scholar
Conners, W. Bradley. 1951. “Report on USIE Korea.” December 7. RG59 Records of Department of State, Decimal File 1950–1954. Box 2539.Google Scholar
Department of the Army, United States. 1950. “Outgoing Classified Message to the Commander in Chief of the Far East (CINCFE), Tokyo, Japan.” October 27. RG59 Records of Department of State, Decimal File 1950–1954. Box 2539.Google Scholar
Muccio, John J. 1950a. “To Secretary of State, REDEPTEL 92, August 24.” September 3. RG59 Department of State, Decimal File 1950–1954. Box 2539.Google Scholar
Muccio, John J. 1950b. “Transmitting Report on September Operations of USIE in Taegu.” October 6. RG59 Department of State, Decimal File 1950–1954. Box 2539.Google Scholar
Stewart, James L. 1947. “Report on the History and Growth of the Office of Civil Information, USAFIK.” November 10. RG554 Records of General HQ, Far East Command, Supreme Commander Allied Powers, and United Nations Command. Box 42.Google Scholar
U.S. Army Forces In Korea. 1948a. “History: Public Information Dept.” August. RG554 Records of General HQ, Far East Command, Supreme Commander Allied Powers, and United Nations Command. Box 39.Google Scholar
U.S. Army Forces In Korea. 1948b. “Report of Activities of the Office of Civil Information, USAFIK – 10 November 1947 to 15 January 1948.” January 15. RG554 Records of General HQ, Far East Command, Supreme Commander Allied Powers, and United Nations Command. Box 42.Google Scholar
Acheson. 1951. “To Amembassy Pusan, Department's Telegram no. 695, March 5, 1951.” April 9. RG59 Records of Department of State, Decimal File 1950–1954. Box 2540.Google Scholar
Conners, W. Bradley. 1951. “Report on USIE Korea.” December 7. RG59 Records of Department of State, Decimal File 1950–1954. Box 2539.Google Scholar
Department of the Army, United States. 1950. “Outgoing Classified Message to the Commander in Chief of the Far East (CINCFE), Tokyo, Japan.” October 27. RG59 Records of Department of State, Decimal File 1950–1954. Box 2539.Google Scholar
Muccio, John J. 1950a. “To Secretary of State, REDEPTEL 92, August 24.” September 3. RG59 Department of State, Decimal File 1950–1954. Box 2539.Google Scholar
Muccio, John J. 1950b. “Transmitting Report on September Operations of USIE in Taegu.” October 6. RG59 Department of State, Decimal File 1950–1954. Box 2539.Google Scholar
Stewart, James L. 1947. “Report on the History and Growth of the Office of Civil Information, USAFIK.” November 10. RG554 Records of General HQ, Far East Command, Supreme Commander Allied Powers, and United Nations Command. Box 42.Google Scholar
U.S. Army Forces In Korea. 1948a. “History: Public Information Dept.” August. RG554 Records of General HQ, Far East Command, Supreme Commander Allied Powers, and United Nations Command. Box 39.Google Scholar
U.S. Army Forces In Korea. 1948b. “Report of Activities of the Office of Civil Information, USAFIK – 10 November 1947 to 15 January 1948.” January 15. RG554 Records of General HQ, Far East Command, Supreme Commander Allied Powers, and United Nations Command. Box 42.Google Scholar
Ahn, Byung-Min. 2012. “The Current Conditions of North Korea Transportation Infrastructure and Future Strategy for the Preparation of Reunification.” Korean Society of Civil Engineers 60(3):11–16.Google Scholar
Böhm, Steffen, Jones, Campbell, Land, Chris, and Paterson, Matthew, eds. 2006. Against Automobility. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Un-sik, Ch'oe. 1995. Han'guk ŭi yuksang kyotʻong [Land traffic in Korea]. Seoul: Ewha Womans University Press.Google Scholar
Yŏng-sŏn, Chŏn. 2010. Kojong K'aedillak ŭl t'ada: Han'guk chadongch'a 110-yŏn ŭi iyagi [King Kojong rides in a Cadillac: A 100 years’ story of cars in Korea]. Seoul: Inmul kwa Sasangsa.Google Scholar
Chosŏn ilbo. 1961. August 1, 4.Google Scholar
Chosŏn ilbo. 1968. January 9, 1.Google Scholar
Davis, Clarence. 1991. “Railway Imperialism in China, 1895–1939.” In Railway Imperialism, eds. Davis, Clarence B., Wilburn, Kenneth E., and Robinson, Ronald E., 155–73. New York: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Eckert, Carter J., Lee, Ki-baik, Lew, Young Ick, Robinson, Michael, and Wagner, Edward W.. 1990. Korea Old and New: A History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1978. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2009. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977–1978. New York: Picador.Google Scholar
Fujitani, Takashi. 1998. Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
German, Kathleen. 2009. “Economic Convergence and the Celebration of Mass Production: The World War II Advertising Campaign to Sell Jeeps.” In War and the Media: Essays on News Reporting, Propaganda and Popular Culture, eds. Haridakis, Paul M., Hugenberg, Barbara S., and Wearden, Stanley T., 92–111. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland.Google Scholar
Gudis, Catherine. 2004. Buyways: Billboards, Automobiles, and the American Landscape. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kay, Jane Holtz. 1998. Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America, and How We Can Take It Back. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kim, Christine. 2009. “Politics and Pageantry in Protectorate Korea (1905–10): The Imperial Progresses of Sunjong.” Journal of Asian Studies 68(3):835–59.Google Scholar
Sang, Kim Han. 2008. Choguk kŭndaehwa rŭl yuram hagi: Pak Chŏng-hŭi chŏngkwŏn hongbo dŭraibŭ, ʻP'aldogangsan’ 10-yŏn [Sightseeing modernization of the fatherland: ʻP'aldogangsan, 10 years of the propaganda series for the Park Chung Hee regime]. Seoul: Korean Film Archive.Google Scholar
Sang, Kim Han. 2010. “Tamnonŭi sŭngni: Pak Chŏng-hŭi chŏnggwŏn'gi kosoktoroŭi munhwajŏk kŏnsŏl” [Triumph of the discourses: The cultural construction of expressways during the Park Chung Hee regime]. In Kosoktoroŭi inmunhak [Humanities on expressways], eds. Chŏnggyu, Kang et al. , 185–206. Seongnam: Korea Expressway Corporation.Google Scholar
Sang, Kim Han. 2011. “1945–48nyŏn chuhanmigunjŏng mit chuhanmigunsaryŏngbuŭi yŏnghwasŏnjŏn” [The U.S. film propaganda in South Korea, 1945–48: The study on film materials discovered in the U.S. National Archives]. Miguksa yŏnʼgu 34:177–212.Google Scholar
Sang, Kim Han. 2013a. “Chosŏn-Manju kwan'gwang munhwa yŏnghwa wa kŭkchang ibent'u rosŏŭi Tonga sin chilsŏ” [Chosŏn-Manchurian Tourist Cultural Films and New Order in East Asia as Cinematic Events]. In Asia ibent'u: Soro tarun Asiadul ui kyonghap [Asian events: Competition among different Asias], eds. Yoo, Sunyoung and Cha, Seung-Ki, 199–234. Seoul: Krinbi.Google Scholar
Sang, Kim Han. 2013b. “Cold War and the Contested Identity Formation of Korean Filmmakers: On Boxes of Death and Kim Ki-yŏng's USIS Films.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 14(3):551–63.Google Scholar
Hŭi-kap, Kim. 1992. Ŏnŭ kwangdae-ŭi sarang [Love of a clown]. Seoul: Samjin kihoek.Google Scholar
Hyŏng-guk, Kim. 1989. Tosi sidae ŭi Hanʾguk munhwa [Korean culture in the urban age]. Seoul: Nanam.Google Scholar
So-young, Kim. 2010. “Sunjong hwangjeŭi nam, sŏsunhaenggwa ch'unggunaegungnon” [Imperial tour of Emperor Sunjong and the discourse on loyalty and patriotism]. Han'guksa hakpo 39:159–93.Google Scholar
Korean Film Archive. 2009. Han'guk yŏnghwasa kusul ch'aerok yŏn'gu sirijŭ: Saengaesa Pae Sŏk-in [Korean film oral history series: Life history of Pae Sŏk-in]. Seoul: Korean Film Archive.Google Scholar
Kyŏnghyang sinmun. 1949. February 3, 4.Google Scholar
Kyŏnghyang sinmun. 1955. October 1, 3.Google Scholar
Kyŏnghyang sinmun. 1967. March 27, 5.Google Scholar
LaMarre, Thomas. 2009. The Anime Machine: A Media Theory of Animation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Jin-kyung. 2010. Service Economies: Militarism, Sex Work, and Migrant Labor in South Korea. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Wang-moo, Lee. 2007. “Taehanjegukki sunjongŭi namsunhaeng yŏn'gu” [A study on the emperor's parade: His majesty of Sunjong in the Daehan empire]. Chŏngsin munhwa yŏn'gu 30(2):59–88.Google Scholar
Wang-moo, Lee. 2011. “Taehanjegukki sunjongŭi sŏsunhaeng yŏn'gu” [A study on the emperor's parade: His majesty of Sunjong in northern province of the Daehan empire]. Tongbuga yŏksa nonch'ong 31:285–318.Google Scholar
Maeilgyŏngje sinmun. 1967. July 11, 5.Google Scholar
Maeilgyŏngje sinmun. 1968. September 24, 4.Google Scholar
Ministry of the Environment, Japan. 2002. Heisei 14-nenban junkangata shakai hakusho [White paper on cyclic society, 2002 edition]. http://www.env.go.jp/policy/hakusyo/hakusyo.php3?kid=216 (accessed September 22, 2013).Google Scholar
Ministry of Transportation, Republic of Korea. 1973. Kyot'ong t'onggye yŏnbo [Statistics yearbook of transportation]. Seoul: Ministry of Transportation.Google Scholar
Moon, Seungsook. 2005. Militarized Modernity and Gendered Citizenship in South Korea. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Murphy, John. 2009. The Eisenhower Interstate System. New York: Chelsea House.Google Scholar
National Film Preservation Foundation. 2000. Treasures from American Film Archives: 50 Preserved Films. San Francisco: Water Mark Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, Laura C. 2000. Measured Excess: Status, Gender, and Consumer Nationalism in South Korea. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Yasuo, Ohtsuka. 1994. Jeeps over the Pacific. Tokyo: Hobby Japan Co.Google Scholar
P'yŏnjippu. 1975. Sajin ŭro ponŭn kwangbok 30-yŏnsa [30 years’ history since the independence, with photo illustrations]. Seoul: Chŏngŭmsa.Google Scholar
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. 1986. The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Seiler, Cotten. 2008. Republic of Drivers: A Cultural History of Automobility in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Koichi, Shimokawa. 1994. The Japanese Automobile Industry: A Business History. London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Sibul, Eric Allan. 2008. “Forging Iron Horses and Iron Men: Rail Transport in the Korean War and the Influence of the US Army Transportation Corps on the Development of the Korean National Railroad.” PhD diss., University of York.Google Scholar
Statistics Korea. 2013. Number of Automobiles by Classification. http://kosis.kr/gen_etl/start.jsp?orgId=999&tblId=DT_999S_153062&conn_path=I3 (accessed January 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Tourism Sciences Society of Korea. 2012. Han'guk hyŏndae kwan'gwangsa: Haebang ihu uri nara kwan'gwang sanŏp ŭi yŏksa [The history of modern tourism in Korea: The history of our tourism industry after Liberation]. Seoul: Paeksan ch'ulp'ansa.Google Scholar
Toyota Motor Corporation. 2012. 75-Year History through Text. http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/text/index.html (accessed January 12, 2014).Google Scholar
Urry, John. 2004. “The ‘System’ of Automobility.” Theory, Culture & Society 21(4/5):25–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Virilio, Paul. 1989. War and Cinema: The Logistics of Perception. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Virilio, Paul. 2007. Speed and Politics: An Essay on Dromology. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e).Google Scholar
Gyoung-Hye, Wee. 2010. “The Film Exhibition Practices and Cinema-Going Experience in the Local from the Mid 1950s to the 1960s.” PhD diss., Chung-Ang University.Google Scholar