Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T01:49:40.078Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2: world-wide distribution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2015

S. AL-GARIB ,
A. AGHA  and
L. AL-MESILATY
S. AL-GARIB*
Affiliation:
Department of Poultry and Fish diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
A. AGHA
Affiliation:
Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli, Libya
L. AL-MESILATY
Affiliation:
Deparement of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of AL-zaytouna, Tarhouna, Libya
*
Corresponding author: Algaribnl@yahoo.com
Get access

Abstract

Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAI) subtype H9N2 in poultry has occurred in many countries since the mid-1990s. Outbreaks due to H9N2 have occurred in Korea, Germany, Italy, Ireland, South Africa and the USA. Most recently, H9N2 infections have been reported in several Asian countries, the Middle East and Africa, causing widespread outbreaks in commercial chickens. In these countries, vaccine has been distributed with the aim of controlling the disease. However, H9N2 infections have become endemic in commercial poultry in a significant number of countries. This review is aimed to shed light on the current situation of the LPAI world-wide.

Keywords

respiratory diseaseslow pathogenic avian influenzaH9N2
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 72 , Issue 1 , March 2016 , pp. 125 - 136
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AAMIR, U.B., WERNERY, U., ILYUSHINA, N. and WEBSTER, R.G. (2007) Characterisation of avian H9N2 influenza viruses from United Arab Emirates 2000 to 2003. Virology 361 (1): 45-55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ABDEL-MONEIM, A.S., AFIFI, M.A. and EL-KADY, M.A. (2012) Isolation and mutation trend analysis of influenza A virus subtype H9N2 in Egypt. Virology Journal 9: 173-192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ALEXANDER, D.J. and CAPUA, I. (2008) Avian Influenza in poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal 64: 513-531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AL-GARIB, O.S., KAMMON, A., ASHEG, A., HAMID, M., FATHALLA, H. and LAWALA, A. (2007) Detection of antibodies to avian influenza H9N2 in broiler flocks clinically expressing a respiratory disease syndrome. Proceeding The 15th Congress & Exhibition of the World Veterinary Poultry Association. Beijing, China 130: 1-108.Google Scholar
AL-NATOUR, M.Q. and ABO-SHEHADA, M.N. (2005) Sero-prevalence of avian influenza among broiler-breeder flocks in Jordan. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 70 (1-2): 45-50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ARAFA, A.S., HAGAG, N., ERFAN, A., MADY, W., EL-HUSSEINY, M., ADEL, A. and NASEF, S. (2012) Complete genome characterisation of avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 from a commercial quail flock in Egypt. Virus Genes 45 (2): 283-294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BARBOUR, E.K., SAGHERIAN, V.K., SAGHERIAN, N.K., DANKER, S.K., JABER, L.S., USAYRAN, N.N. and FARRAN, M.T. (2006) Avian influenza outbreak in poultry in the Lebanon and transmission to neighbouring farmers and swine. Veterinaria Italiana 42 (2): 77-85.Google Scholar
BUTT, K.M., SMITH, G.J., CHEN, H., ZHANG, L.J., LEUNG, Y.H., XU, K.M., LIM, W., WEBSTER, R.G., YUEN, K.Y., PEIRIS, J.S. and GUAN, Y. (2005) Human Infection with an Avian H9N2 Influenza A Virus in Hong Kong in 2003. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43 (11): 5760-5767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHENGJUN, L., TIAN, G., YANBING, L., DANDAN, Y., KANGZHEN, Y. and CHEN, H. (2004) Antigenic and genetic analysis of the H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated in China. International Congress Series 1263: 762-765.Google Scholar
CONG, Y.L., PU, J., LIU, Q.F., WANG, S., ZHANG, G.Z., ZHANG, X.L., FAN, W.X., BROWN, E.G. and LIU, J.H. (2007) Antigenic and genetic characterisation of H9N2 swine influenza viruses in China. Journal of General Virology 88: 2035-2041.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
EL-ZOGHBY, E.F., ARAFA, A.S, HASSAN, M.K., ALY, M.M., SELIM, A., KILANY, W.H., SELIM, U., NASEF, S., AGGOR, M.G., ABDELWHAB, E.M. and HAFEZ, H.M. (2012) Isolation of H9N2 avian influenza virus from bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) in Egypt. Archives of Virology 157 (6): 1167-1172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FARES, A.R., ELHAFI, G., ALZALETNY, R. and GERISH, E. (2010) Seroprevalence of Avian Influenza in Broilers and Layers, Northwestern area of Libya. 27ème Congrès Vétérinaire Maghrébin, Hammamet, Tunisia, Pp 10-11.Google Scholar
HOTTA, K., TAKAKUWA, H., LE, Q.M., PHUONG, S.L., MURASE, T., ONO, E., ITO, T., OTSUKI, K. and YAMASHIRO, T. (2012) Isolation and characterisation of H6N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses from Ducks in Hanoi, Vietnam. Virus Research 163 (2): 448-453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IQBAL, M., YAQUB, T., REDDY, K. and MCCAULEY, J.W. (2009) Novel Genotypes of H9N2 influenza A Viruses Isolated from Poultry in Pakistan Containing NS Genes Similar to Highly Pathogenic H7N3 and H5N1 Viruses. PloS one 4(6): e5788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ISABELLA, M., MAT, Y., GWENAELLE, D., FILIP, C., GARBA, A., MOHAMMED, G., ANNALISA, S., SILVIA, O., FRANCESCO, B., ALESSIA, S. and GIOVANNI, C. (2013) Reassortant avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses with H9N2-PB1 gene in poultry, Bangladesh. Emerging of Infectious Diseases 19 (10): 1630-1634.Google Scholar
JI, K., JIANG, W.M., LIU, S., CHEN, J.M., CHEN, J., HOU, G.Y., LI, J.B and HUANG, B.X. (2010) Characterisation of the hemagglutinin gene of subtype H9 avian influenza viruses isolated in 2007-2009 in China. Journal of Virological Methods 163 (2): 186-189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KARTHIK, S., MOHAMMED, M.F., LISA, J.E., DAVID, W., SMRABIUL, A., MKAMRUL, H., PAMELA, M., SCOTT, K., RICHARD, J.W. and ROBERT, G.R. (2014) Genesis of avian influenza H9N2 in Bangladesh. Emerging Microbes and Infection 3 (12): 88.Google Scholar
KHAWAJA, J.Z., NAEEM, K., AHMED, Z. and AHMAD, S. (2005) Surveillance of Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Birds in Areas Adjacent to Epicenter of an out Break in Federal Capital Territory of Pakistan. International Journal of Poultry Science 4 (1): 39-43.Google Scholar
KIANIZADEH, M., POURBAKHSH, S.A., TOROGHI, R. and MOMAYEZ, R. (2006) Pathogenicity and hemagglutinin gene sequence analysis of Iranian avian influenza H9N2 viruses isolated during (1998-2001). University of Shiraz, Iranian Journal of veterinary Research 7 (3): 37-41.Google Scholar
KIM, J.A., CHO, S.H., KIM, H.S. and SEO, S.H. (2006) H9N2 influenza viruses isolated from poultry in Korean live bird markets continuously evolve and cause the severe clinical signs in layers. Veterinary Microbiology 118 (3-4): 169-176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KISHIDA, N., ETO, M., SUNAGA, Y., SUNAGA, Y. and KIDA, H. (2004) Enhancement of pathogenicity of H9N2 influenza A viruses isolated from chicken in China by co-infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus paragallinarum. International Congress Series 1263: 481-485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LEE, D.H., PARK, J.K., LEE, Y.N., SONG, J.M., KANG, S.M., LEE, J.B., PARK, S.Y., CHOI, I.S. and SONG, C.S. (2011) H9N2 avian influenza virus-like particle vaccine provides protective immunity and a strategy for the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals. Vaccine 29 (23): 4003-4007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LEE, Y.J., SHIN, J.Y., SONG, M.S., LEE, Y.M., CHOI, J.G., LEE, E.K., JEONG, O.M., SUNG, H.W., KIM, H.J., KWON, Y.K., KWON, J.H., KIM, C.J., WEBBY, R.J., WEBSTER, R.G. and CHOI, Y.K. (2007) Continuing evolution of H9 influenza viruses in Korean poultry. Virology 359: 313-323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MASE, M., ETO, M., IMAI, K., TSUKAMOTO, K. and YAMAGUCHI, S. (2007) Characterisation of H9N2 influenza A viruses isolated from chicken products imported into Japan from China. Epidemiology and Infection 135 (3): 386-391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NAGARAJAN, S., RAJUKUMAR, K., TOSH, C., RAMASWAMY, V., PUROHIT, K., SAXENA, G., BEHERA, P., PATTNAIK, B., PRADHAN, H.K. and DUBEY, S.C. (2009) Isolation and pathotyping of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Indian poultry. Veterinary Microbiology 133 (1-2): 154-163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NILI, H. and ASASI, K. (2002) Natural cases and experimental study of H9N2 avian influenza in commercial broiler chickens of Iran. Avian Pathology 31 (3): 247-252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PARITOSH, K.B., CHRISTENSENS, J.P., SYED, A.S.U., HIMEL, B., ASHUTOSH, D., MOHAMMED, H.R., MOHAMMED, G., ABU, S.M.A.H., MOHAMMED, A.H., ABDUL, A., RAYHAN, F. and DENATH, N.C. (2008) Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Chickens, Bangladesh. Emerging of Infectious Diseases 14 (12): 1909-1912.Google Scholar
PAZANI, J., VASFI MARANDI, M., ASHRAFIHELAN, J., HOSSEIN MARJANMEHR, S. and GHODS, F. (2008) Pathological Studies of A / Chicken / Tehran / ZMT - 173/99 (H9N2) influenza viruses in commercial broiler chickens of Iran. International Journal of Poultry Science 7 (5): 502-510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ROUSSAN, D.A., KHAWALDEH, G.Y., AL RIFAI, R.H., TOTANJI, W.S. and SHAHEEN, I. A. (2009) . Avian influenza virus H9 subtype in poultry flocks in Jordan. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 88 (1): 77-81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SEO, S.H. and KIM, H.S. (2004) Epidemiology of influenza virus in Korean poultry International Congress Series 1263: 758-761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SONG, J.M., LEE, Y.J., JEONG, O.M., KANG, H.M., KIM, H.R., KWON, J.H., KIM, J.H., SEONG, B.L. and KIM, Y.J. (2008) Generation and evaluation of reassortant influenza vaccines made by reverse genetics for H9N2 avian influenza in Korea. Veterinary Microbiology 130 (3-4): 268-276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SUN, Y., PU, J., JIANG, Z., GUAN, T., XIA, Y., XU, Q., LIU, L., MA, B., TIAN, F., BROWN, E.G. and LIU, J. (2010) Genotypic evolution and antigenic drift of H9N2 influenza viruses in China from1994 to 2008. Veterinary Microbiology 146 (3-4): 215-225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TOMBARI, W., NSIRI, J., LARBI, I., GUERIN, J.L. and GHRAM, A. (2011) Genetic evolution of low pathogenecity H9N2 Avian influenza viruses in Tunisia: acquisition of new mutations. Virology Journal 8: 467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
TOSH, C., NAGARAJAN, S., BEHERA, P., RAJUKUMAR, K., PUROHIT, K., KAMAL, R.P., MURUGKAR, H.V., GOUNALAN, S., PATTNAIK, B., VANAMAYYA, P.R., PRADHAN, H.K. and DUBEY, S.C. (2008) Genetic analysis of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from India. Archives of Virology 153: 1433-1439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
VASFI MARANDI, M. and BOZORGMEHRI FARD, M.H. (2002) Isolation of H9N2 subtype of avian influenza viruses during an outbreak in chickens in Iran. Iranian Biomedical Journal 6 (1): 13-17.Google Scholar
VEGAD, J.L. (2014) Drift variants of low pathogenic avian influenza virus: observations from India. World's Poultry Science Journal 70 (4): 767-774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WOO, J.T. and PARK, B.K. (2008) Seroprevalence of low pathogenic avian influenza (H9N2) and associated risk factors in the Gyeonggi-do of Korea during 2005-2006. Journal of Veterinary Science 9 (2): 161-168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
XU, K., FERRERI, L., RIMONDI, A., OLIVERA, V., ROMANO, M., FERREYRA, H., RAGOD, V., UHARTD, M., CHENA, H., SUTTONA, T., PEREDAB, A. and PEREZ, D.R. (2012) Isolation and characterisation of an H9N2 influenza virus isolated in Argentina. Virus Research 168 (1-2): 41-47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
YU, H., HUA, R.H., WEI, T.C., ZHOU, Y.J., TIAN, Z.J., LI, G.X., LIU, T.O. and TONG, G.Z. (2008) Isolation and genetic characterisation of avian origin H9N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China. Veterinary Microbiology 131: 82-92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ZHANG, Y., YIN, Y., BI, Y., WANGA, S., XU, S., WANGA, J., ZHOU, S., SUN, T. and YOON, K.J. (2012) Molecular and antigenic characterisation of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolates from chicken flocks between 1998 and 2007 in China. Veterinary Microbiology 156 (3-4): 285-293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed