Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T08:05:28.492Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Common Brotherhood for Their Mutual Benefit: Sir Charles Macara and Internationalism in the Cotton Industry, 1904–1914

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 September 2015

JONATHAN E. ROBINS*
Affiliation:
Jonathan E. Robins is an assistant professor of history in the Social Sciences Department at Michigan Technological University. Contact information: Social Sciences Department, 1400 Townsend Drive, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931. E-mail: jrobins@mtu.edu.

Abstract

Unlike their national counterparts, international trade associations are a little-studied aspect of the global economic system. Much of the literature on trade associations has focused on rent-seeking behavior, although theories of transaction costs and social capital have been gaining influence. This article uses the early history of the International Federation of Master Cotton Spinners’ and Manufacturers’ Associations (IFMCSMA), still operating today as the International Textile Manufacturers’ Federation, to test different explanations for the formation and persistence of international trade associations. The IFMCSMA case illustrates the challenges of rent-seeking on an international scale, and highlights the importance of social ties in building cooperation. Firms and individuals used the IFMCSMA to pursue reforms across the cotton textile industry and enjoyed some success in collective negotiations with other actors and organizations.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author 2015. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved. 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Barrett, Charles Simon. The Mission, History and Times of the Farmers’ Union. Nashville, TN: Marshall & Bruce Co., 1909.Google Scholar
Beckert, Sven. Empire of Cotton: A Global History. New York: Knopf, 2014.Google Scholar
Bowker, B. Lancashire Under the Hammer. London: L. & Virginia Woolf, 1928.Google Scholar
Carter, George Reginald. The Tendency Towards Industrial Combination: A Study of the Modern Movement Towards Industrial Combination in Some Spheres of British Industry; Its Forms and Developments, Their Causes, and Their Determinant Circumstances. London: Constable, 1913.Google Scholar
Chandler, Alfred D. Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Chapman, Sydney J. Unemployment: The Results of an Investigation Made in Lancashire and an Examination of the Report of the Poor Law Commission. Economic Series 12. Manchester, UK: University of Manchester Press, 1909.Google Scholar
Clavin, Patricia. Securing the World Economy: The Reinvention of the League of Nations, 1920–1946. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conant, Luther. Cotton Tare. Washington, DC: Bureau of Corporations, Department of Commerce and Labor, 1912.Google Scholar
Copeland, Melvin Thomas. The Cotton Manufacturing Industry of the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1912.Google Scholar
Cotton: Its Preparation, Transportation and Marketing. 2 vols. Washington, DC: GPO, 1913.Google Scholar
Farnie, D. A, and Jeremy, David J.. The Fibre That Changed the World: The Cotton Industry in International Perspective, 1600–1990s. Pasold Studies in Textile History, 14. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Farnie, Douglas A. The Manchester Ship Canal and the Rise of the Port of Manchester, 1894–1975. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Galambos, Louis. Competition and Cooperation: The Emergence of a National Trade Association. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1966.Google Scholar
Hallström, Kristina Tamm. Organizing International Standardization: ISO and the IASC in Quest of Authority. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2004.Google Scholar
Henderson, Sir Hubert Douglas. The Cotton Control Board. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922.Google Scholar
Hutton, J. Arthur. The Work of the British Cotton Growing Association. Manchester: BCGA, 1904.Google Scholar
Iriye, Akira. Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacman, Allen F., and Roberts, Richard, eds. Cotton, Colonialism, and Social History in Sub-Saharan Africa. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1995.Google Scholar
Lazonick, William. Competitive Advantage on the Shop Floor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Lenin, V. I. Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. Translated by Delaney, Tim and Goins, Kevin for the Marxists Internet Archive, 2008. http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc.Google Scholar
Ludwig, Mario, ed. The Cotton Industry Today and Tomorrow: Official Report on the Jubilee International Cotton Congress Held at Buxton, England, 13th–20th May, 1954. Manchester: International Federation of Cotton and Allied Textile Industries 1955.Google Scholar
Lyons, F.S.L. Internationalism in Europe, 1815–1914. Leyden: A. W. Sythoff, 1963.Google Scholar
Macara, Charles W. Recollections. London: Cassell, 1921.Google Scholar
Macara, Charles W. Social and Industrial Reform: Some International Aspects. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes, 1919.Google Scholar
Macara, Charles W. The Cotton Industry: Proposed International Congress. Brussels: Privately published, 1904.Google Scholar
Macara, Charles W. The New Industrial Era. Manchester: Sherratt and Hughes, 1923.Google Scholar
Macrosty, Henry William. The Trust Movement in British Industry: A Study of Business Organization. New York: Agathon Press, 1907.Google Scholar
Marrison, Andrew J. British Business and Protection, 1903–1932. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazower, Mark. Governing the World: The History of an Idea, 1815 to the Present. New York: Penguin, 2012.Google Scholar
McIvor, Arthur. Organised Capital: Employers’ Associations and Industrial Relations in Northern England, 1880-1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, Thomas Southworth. Cotton Trade Guide and Student’s Manual. Austin, TX: E. L. Steck, 1915.Google Scholar
Mills, William Haslam. Sir Charles W. Macara, Bart.: A Study of Modern Lancashire. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes, 1917.Google Scholar
Murphy, Craig N., and Yates, JoAnne. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO): Global Governance through Voluntary Consensus. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nixon, Robert L. Cotton Warehouses: Storage Facilities Now Available in the South. USDA Bulletin 216. Washington, DC: GPO, 1916.Google Scholar
Olson, Mancur. The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Pearse, Arno S. The Cotton Industry of India. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans, 1930.Google Scholar
Pitcher, M. Anne. Politics in the Portuguese Empire: The State, Industry, and Cotton, 1926–1974. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Powell, George Harold. Coöperation in Agriculture. New York: Macmillan, 1913.Google Scholar
Quark, Amy A. Global Rivalries: Standards Wars and the Transnational Cotton Trade. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinalda, Bob. Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day. Routledge, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridgeway, George L. Merchants of Peace: The History of the International Chamber of Commerce. New York: Little, Brown and Co., 1959.Google Scholar
Röder, Tilmann J. From Industrial to Legal Standardization, 1871-1914 Transnational Insurance Law and the Great San Francisco Earthquake. Translated by Heinemann, Frederik. Leiden and Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, Mary B. Firms, Networks, and Business Values: The British and American Cotton Industries Since 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandberg, Lars G. Lancashire in Decline: A Study in Entrepreneurship, Technology, and International Trade. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Saxonhouse, Gary R. The Japanese Economy in Retrospect: Selected Papers by Gary R. Saxonhouse. Singapore: World Scientific, 2010.Google Scholar
Smith, Herbert Knox. Report of the Commissioner of Corporations on Cotton Exchanges. Vols. 2–3. 3 vols. Washington, DC: GPO, 1908.Google Scholar
Woolf, Leonard. International Government. New York: Brentano’s, 1916.Google Scholar
United States Department of Agriculture. Yearbook of Agriculture. Washington, DC: GPO, 1913.Google Scholar
Becker, William H. “American Wholesale Hardware Trade Associations, 1870–1900.” The Business History Review 45, no. 2 (1971): 179200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, Lisa. “Private Commercial Law in the Cotton Industry: Creating Cooperation through Rules, Norms, and Institutions.” Michigan Law Review 99, no. 7 (2001): 17241790. doi:10.2307/1290478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boli, John, and Thomas, George M.. “INGOs and the Organization of World Culture.” In Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875, edited by Boli, John and Thomas, George M., 1349. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Bouilly, Robert H. “The Development of American Cotton Exchanges, 1870–1916.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri–Columbia, 1975.Google Scholar
Bowden, S., and Higgins, D. M. “Short-Time Working and Price Maintenance: Collusive Tendencies in the Cotton-Spinning Industry, 1919–1939.” The Economic History Review 51, no. 2 (1998): 319343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
British and European ‘Cottoners’ in the South.” Outlook, November 1907: 460462.Google Scholar
Broadberry, Stephen, and Marrison, Andrew. “External Economies of Scale in the Lancashire Cotton Industry, 1900–1950.” The Economic History Review 55, no. 1 (2002): 5177.Google Scholar
Carnevali, Francesca. “Social Capital and Trade Associations in America, c. 1860–1914: A Microhistory Approach.” The Economic History Review 64, no. 3 (2011): 905928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conant, Luther. “The United States Cotton Futures Act.” The American Economic Review 5, no. 1 (1915): 211.Google Scholar
Doner, Richard F., and Schneider, Ben Ross. “Business Associations and Economic Development: Why Some Associations Contribute More Than Others.” Business and Politics 2, no. 3 (2000): 261288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, L. Tuffly. “The Round Bale Cotton Controversy.” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 71, no. 2 (1967): 194225.Google Scholar
Fletcher, W. Miles. “The Japan Spinners Association: Creating Industrial Policy in Meiji Japan.” Journal of Japanese Studies 22, no. 1 (1996): 4975. doi:10.2307/133046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fourth World Cotton Conference.” Textiles 19, no. 1 (July 1921): 11.Google Scholar
Fowler, Alan. “Impact of the First World War on the Lancashire Cotton Industry and Its Workers.” In The First World War and the International Economy, edited by Wrigley, Chris, 7698. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis. “Social Capital, Civil Society and Development.” Third World Quarterly 22, no. 1 (2001): 720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, David M. “Was the Lancashire Cotton Textile Industry Competitive? An Alternative Analysis.” In King Cotton: A Tribute to Douglas A. Farnie, edited by Wilson, J. F., 8392. Lancaster, UK: Crucible, 2009.Google Scholar
Hill-Aiello, Thomas A. “Dallas, Cotton and the Transatlantic Economy, 1885–1956.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington, 2006.Google Scholar
Huberman, M. “Some Early Evidence of Worksharing: Lancashire before 1850.” Business History 37, no. 4 (1995): 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IFMCSMA. Report of the First International Congress. Held in Zürich, May 23–27, 1904. Manchester: Marsden and Co., Ltd., 1904.Google Scholar
IFMCSMA. Report of the Second International Congress. Held in Manchester, June 5–7 and 9, and Liverpool, June 8, 1905. Manchester: Thiel & Tangye, 1905.Google Scholar
IFMCSMA. Report of the Third International Congress. Held in Bremen, June 25–27, 1906. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans & Co., 1906.Google Scholar
IFMCSMA. Report of the Fifth International Congress. Held in Paris, June 1–3, 1908. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans & Co., 1908.Google Scholar
IFMCSMA. Report of the Sixth International Congress. Held in Milan, 1909. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans & Co., 1909.Google Scholar
IFMCSMA. Report of the Eighth International Congress. Held in Barcelona, May 8–10, 1911. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans & Co., 1911.Google Scholar
IFMCSMA. Report of the Ninth International Congress. Held in Scheveningen, June 9–11, 1913. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans & Co., 1913.Google Scholar
IFMCSMA. Second International Conference of Cotton Growers, Spinners, and Manufacturers, Held at Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A., October 7th, 8th and 9th, 1907. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans & Co., 1908.Google Scholar
International Federation of Cotton and Allied Textile Industries. Historic Sketch. Manchester, 1960.Google Scholar
International Textile Manufacturers’ Federation. ITMF: 100 Years, 1904–2004, 2004. http://www.itmf.org/publications/free/datei14.pdf.Google Scholar
Jeremy, David J. “International Changes in Cotton-Manufacturing Productivity, 1830–1950s.” In The Fibre That Changed the World, edited by Farnie, Douglas A. and Jeremy, David J., 153190. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Jeremy, David J. “Organization and Management in the Global Cotton Industry, 1800–1990s.” In The Fibre That Changed the World, edited by Jeremy, David J. and Farnie, Douglas A., 191248. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Jeremy, David J. “‘Working the Business as One’: Cultural and Organisational Aspects of the Calico Printers’ Association Merger of 1899.” In King Cotton: A Tribute to Douglas A. Farnie, edited by Wilson, J. F, 93116. Lancaster: Crucible, 2009.Google Scholar
Jones, Eric. “Cotton: ‘The Most Studied of All Manufactures.’Business History 47, no. 4 (2005): 594–99. doi:10.1080/00076790500133090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kindleberger, Charles P. “Standards as Public, Collective and Private Goods.” Kyklos 36, no. 3 (1983): 377396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leunig, Tim, Marrison, Andrew, and Broadberry, Stephen. “Selling English Cotton into the World Market: Implications for the Rationalisation Debate 1900–1939.” In King Cotton: A Tribute to Douglas A. Farnie, edited by Wilson, J. F., 3958. Lancaster, UK: Crucible, 2009.Google Scholar
Leunig, Timothy. “New Answers to Old Questions: Explaining the Slow Adoption of Ring Spinning in Lancashire, 1880–1913.” The Journal of Economic History 61, no. 2 (2001): 439466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Nan. “Building a Network Theory of Social Capital.” In Social Capital, edited by Lin, Nan, Cook, Karen, and Burt, Ronald S., 329. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction, 2005.Google Scholar
Lipartito, K. J. “The New York Cotton Exchange and the Development of the Cotton Futures Market.” Business History Review 57, no. 1 (1983): 5072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mangialardi, Gino J., and Anthony, W. Stanley. “Cotton Bale Presses at Gins, 1960–2004.” The National Cotton Ginners Association, 2005. http://www.cotton.org/ncga/techpubs/upload/1823-Cotton_Bale_Presses_at_Gins.pdf.Google Scholar
McIvor, Arthur. “Employers Associations and Industrial Relations in Lancashire, 1890–1939: A Comparative Study of the Development, Organisation and Labour Relations Strategies of Employers’ Combinations in the Cotton, Building and Engineering Industries.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1983.Google Scholar
McIvor, Arthur. “Sir Charles Wright Macara.” In Dictionary of Business Biography, 4: 714. London: Butterworths, 1985.Google Scholar
Nelson, Lawrence J. “Welfare Capitalism on a Mississippi Plantation in the Great Depression.” The Journal of Southern History 50, no. 2 (May 1984): 225250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Official Report World Cotton Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, October 13–16, 1919. Boston: Executive Committee, 1919.Google Scholar
Pietruska, Jamie L. “‘Cotton Guessers.’” In The Rise of Marketing and Market Research, edited by Berghoff, Hartmut, Spiekermann, Uwe, and Scranton, Philip. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.Google Scholar
Podolny, Joel M., and Scott Morton, Fiona M.. “Social Status, Entry and Predation: The Case of British Shipping Cartels 1879–1929.” The Journal of Industrial Economics 47, no. 1 (1999): 4167. doi:10.1111/1467-6451.00089.Google Scholar
Report of the Conference of Growers and Manufacturers of Cotton.” Typescript, 1906. Http://www.cs.arizona.edu/patterns/weaving/other/conf_ctn1_1.pdf. University of Arizona On-Line Digital Archive of Documents on Weaving and Related Topics.Google Scholar
Reveley, J. “Reciprocity, Associability, and Cartelisation: Organisational Development of the New Zealand Shipowners’ Federation, 1906–1960s.” Business History 54, no. 7 (2012): 10771098.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robins, Jonathan E. “Lancashire and the ‘Undeveloped Estates’: The British Cotton Growing Association Fundraising Campaign, 1902–1914.” Journal of British Studies 54, no. 4, forthcoming (2015).Google Scholar
Robins, Jonathan E. “The Cotton Crisis: Empire and Globalization in the Atlantic World.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Rochester, 2010.Google Scholar
Saxonhouse, G.R., and Wright, G.. “New Evidence on the Stubborn English Mule and the Cotton Industry, 1878–1920.” The Economic History Review 37, no. 4 (1984): 507519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, James A. B. Cotton as a World Power; a Study in the Economic Interpretation of History. New York: F. A. Stokes, 1916.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Arno. Cotton Growing in India. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans, 1912.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Arno. Indian Cotton: Report of Arno S. Pearse on His 3rd Visit to India, Oct 1913–Feb 1914. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans, 1914.Google Scholar
Schneider, Volker. “Global Economic Governance by Private Actors: The International Chamber of Commerce.” Organised Business and the New Global Order. London, 2000, 232246.Google Scholar
Schröter, Harm G. “Cartels Revisited: An Overview on Fresh Questions, New Methods, and Surprising Results.” Revue Économique 64, no. 6 (2013): 9891010.Google Scholar
Sully, Daniel J. “King Cotton’s Impoverished Retinue.” Cosmopolitan, February 1909.Google Scholar
Sunseri, Thaddeus. “The Baumwollfrage: Cotton Colonialism in German East Africa.” Central European History 34, no. 1 (2001): 3151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tedlow, Richard S. “Trade Associations and Public Relations.” In Trade Associations in Business History, edited by Yamazaki, Hiroaki and Miyamoto, Matao, 139167. International Conference on Business History 14. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Telser, Lester G., and Higinbotham, Harlow N.. “Organized Futures Markets: Costs and Benefits.” Journal of Political Economy 85, no. 5 (1977): 9691000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toms, Steven. “The English Cotton Industry and the Loss of the World Market.” In King Cotton: A Tribute to Douglas A. Farnie, edited by Wilson, J. F., 6482. Lancaster: Crucible, 2009.Google Scholar
Webster, , Kitchell, Henry. “Slave of Cotton.” The American Magazine 62, no. 3 (1906): 302310.Google Scholar
Bolton Archives and Local Studies Centre (Bolton Archives) Papers of the Bolton and District Cotton Manufacturers’ Association (FET), Bolton Master Cotton Spinners’ Association (FET), Darwen Cotton Manufacturers’ Association (FET), Cotton Spinners’ and Manufacturers’ Association (FET), Federation of Master Cotton Spinners’ Associations (FET).Google Scholar
Greater Manchester County Record Office (GMCRO) Papers of the Cotton Employers’ Parliamentary Association (B14), Federation of Master Cotton Spinners’ Associations (B14), North & North East Lancashire Cotton Spinners’ and Manufacturers’ Association (B14)Google Scholar
Oldham Local Studies and Archives (Oldham Archives) Papers of the Oldham and Rochdale Textile Employers’ Association (D-AAN).Google Scholar
University of Arizona Digital Archive of Documents on Weaving. Textiles, Lace, and Related Topics (https://www.cs.arizona.edu/patterns/weaving/front_door.html)Google Scholar
Cotton illustrations and ephemera collections; Typescript “Report of the Conference of Growers and Manufacturers of Cotton,” 1906Google Scholar
University of Birmingham Special Collections Records of the British Cotton Growing Association (BCGA)Google Scholar
Barrett, Charles Simon. The Mission, History and Times of the Farmers’ Union. Nashville, TN: Marshall & Bruce Co., 1909.Google Scholar
Beckert, Sven. Empire of Cotton: A Global History. New York: Knopf, 2014.Google Scholar
Bowker, B. Lancashire Under the Hammer. London: L. & Virginia Woolf, 1928.Google Scholar
Carter, George Reginald. The Tendency Towards Industrial Combination: A Study of the Modern Movement Towards Industrial Combination in Some Spheres of British Industry; Its Forms and Developments, Their Causes, and Their Determinant Circumstances. London: Constable, 1913.Google Scholar
Chandler, Alfred D. Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Chapman, Sydney J. Unemployment: The Results of an Investigation Made in Lancashire and an Examination of the Report of the Poor Law Commission. Economic Series 12. Manchester, UK: University of Manchester Press, 1909.Google Scholar
Clavin, Patricia. Securing the World Economy: The Reinvention of the League of Nations, 1920–1946. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conant, Luther. Cotton Tare. Washington, DC: Bureau of Corporations, Department of Commerce and Labor, 1912.Google Scholar
Copeland, Melvin Thomas. The Cotton Manufacturing Industry of the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1912.Google Scholar
Cotton: Its Preparation, Transportation and Marketing. 2 vols. Washington, DC: GPO, 1913.Google Scholar
Farnie, D. A, and Jeremy, David J.. The Fibre That Changed the World: The Cotton Industry in International Perspective, 1600–1990s. Pasold Studies in Textile History, 14. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Farnie, Douglas A. The Manchester Ship Canal and the Rise of the Port of Manchester, 1894–1975. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Galambos, Louis. Competition and Cooperation: The Emergence of a National Trade Association. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1966.Google Scholar
Hallström, Kristina Tamm. Organizing International Standardization: ISO and the IASC in Quest of Authority. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2004.Google Scholar
Henderson, Sir Hubert Douglas. The Cotton Control Board. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922.Google Scholar
Hutton, J. Arthur. The Work of the British Cotton Growing Association. Manchester: BCGA, 1904.Google Scholar
Iriye, Akira. Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacman, Allen F., and Roberts, Richard, eds. Cotton, Colonialism, and Social History in Sub-Saharan Africa. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1995.Google Scholar
Lazonick, William. Competitive Advantage on the Shop Floor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Lenin, V. I. Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. Translated by Delaney, Tim and Goins, Kevin for the Marxists Internet Archive, 2008. http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc.Google Scholar
Ludwig, Mario, ed. The Cotton Industry Today and Tomorrow: Official Report on the Jubilee International Cotton Congress Held at Buxton, England, 13th–20th May, 1954. Manchester: International Federation of Cotton and Allied Textile Industries 1955.Google Scholar
Lyons, F.S.L. Internationalism in Europe, 1815–1914. Leyden: A. W. Sythoff, 1963.Google Scholar
Macara, Charles W. Recollections. London: Cassell, 1921.Google Scholar
Macara, Charles W. Social and Industrial Reform: Some International Aspects. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes, 1919.Google Scholar
Macara, Charles W. The Cotton Industry: Proposed International Congress. Brussels: Privately published, 1904.Google Scholar
Macara, Charles W. The New Industrial Era. Manchester: Sherratt and Hughes, 1923.Google Scholar
Macrosty, Henry William. The Trust Movement in British Industry: A Study of Business Organization. New York: Agathon Press, 1907.Google Scholar
Marrison, Andrew J. British Business and Protection, 1903–1932. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazower, Mark. Governing the World: The History of an Idea, 1815 to the Present. New York: Penguin, 2012.Google Scholar
McIvor, Arthur. Organised Capital: Employers’ Associations and Industrial Relations in Northern England, 1880-1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, Thomas Southworth. Cotton Trade Guide and Student’s Manual. Austin, TX: E. L. Steck, 1915.Google Scholar
Mills, William Haslam. Sir Charles W. Macara, Bart.: A Study of Modern Lancashire. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes, 1917.Google Scholar
Murphy, Craig N., and Yates, JoAnne. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO): Global Governance through Voluntary Consensus. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nixon, Robert L. Cotton Warehouses: Storage Facilities Now Available in the South. USDA Bulletin 216. Washington, DC: GPO, 1916.Google Scholar
Olson, Mancur. The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Pearse, Arno S. The Cotton Industry of India. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans, 1930.Google Scholar
Pitcher, M. Anne. Politics in the Portuguese Empire: The State, Industry, and Cotton, 1926–1974. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Powell, George Harold. Coöperation in Agriculture. New York: Macmillan, 1913.Google Scholar
Quark, Amy A. Global Rivalries: Standards Wars and the Transnational Cotton Trade. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinalda, Bob. Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day. Routledge, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridgeway, George L. Merchants of Peace: The History of the International Chamber of Commerce. New York: Little, Brown and Co., 1959.Google Scholar
Röder, Tilmann J. From Industrial to Legal Standardization, 1871-1914 Transnational Insurance Law and the Great San Francisco Earthquake. Translated by Heinemann, Frederik. Leiden and Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, Mary B. Firms, Networks, and Business Values: The British and American Cotton Industries Since 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandberg, Lars G. Lancashire in Decline: A Study in Entrepreneurship, Technology, and International Trade. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Saxonhouse, Gary R. The Japanese Economy in Retrospect: Selected Papers by Gary R. Saxonhouse. Singapore: World Scientific, 2010.Google Scholar
Smith, Herbert Knox. Report of the Commissioner of Corporations on Cotton Exchanges. Vols. 2–3. 3 vols. Washington, DC: GPO, 1908.Google Scholar
Woolf, Leonard. International Government. New York: Brentano’s, 1916.Google Scholar
United States Department of Agriculture. Yearbook of Agriculture. Washington, DC: GPO, 1913.Google Scholar
Becker, William H. “American Wholesale Hardware Trade Associations, 1870–1900.” The Business History Review 45, no. 2 (1971): 179200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, Lisa. “Private Commercial Law in the Cotton Industry: Creating Cooperation through Rules, Norms, and Institutions.” Michigan Law Review 99, no. 7 (2001): 17241790. doi:10.2307/1290478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boli, John, and Thomas, George M.. “INGOs and the Organization of World Culture.” In Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875, edited by Boli, John and Thomas, George M., 1349. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Bouilly, Robert H. “The Development of American Cotton Exchanges, 1870–1916.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri–Columbia, 1975.Google Scholar
Bowden, S., and Higgins, D. M. “Short-Time Working and Price Maintenance: Collusive Tendencies in the Cotton-Spinning Industry, 1919–1939.” The Economic History Review 51, no. 2 (1998): 319343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
British and European ‘Cottoners’ in the South.” Outlook, November 1907: 460462.Google Scholar
Broadberry, Stephen, and Marrison, Andrew. “External Economies of Scale in the Lancashire Cotton Industry, 1900–1950.” The Economic History Review 55, no. 1 (2002): 5177.Google Scholar
Carnevali, Francesca. “Social Capital and Trade Associations in America, c. 1860–1914: A Microhistory Approach.” The Economic History Review 64, no. 3 (2011): 905928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conant, Luther. “The United States Cotton Futures Act.” The American Economic Review 5, no. 1 (1915): 211.Google Scholar
Doner, Richard F., and Schneider, Ben Ross. “Business Associations and Economic Development: Why Some Associations Contribute More Than Others.” Business and Politics 2, no. 3 (2000): 261288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, L. Tuffly. “The Round Bale Cotton Controversy.” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 71, no. 2 (1967): 194225.Google Scholar
Fletcher, W. Miles. “The Japan Spinners Association: Creating Industrial Policy in Meiji Japan.” Journal of Japanese Studies 22, no. 1 (1996): 4975. doi:10.2307/133046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fourth World Cotton Conference.” Textiles 19, no. 1 (July 1921): 11.Google Scholar
Fowler, Alan. “Impact of the First World War on the Lancashire Cotton Industry and Its Workers.” In The First World War and the International Economy, edited by Wrigley, Chris, 7698. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis. “Social Capital, Civil Society and Development.” Third World Quarterly 22, no. 1 (2001): 720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, David M. “Was the Lancashire Cotton Textile Industry Competitive? An Alternative Analysis.” In King Cotton: A Tribute to Douglas A. Farnie, edited by Wilson, J. F., 8392. Lancaster, UK: Crucible, 2009.Google Scholar
Hill-Aiello, Thomas A. “Dallas, Cotton and the Transatlantic Economy, 1885–1956.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington, 2006.Google Scholar
Huberman, M. “Some Early Evidence of Worksharing: Lancashire before 1850.” Business History 37, no. 4 (1995): 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IFMCSMA. Report of the First International Congress. Held in Zürich, May 23–27, 1904. Manchester: Marsden and Co., Ltd., 1904.Google Scholar
IFMCSMA. Report of the Second International Congress. Held in Manchester, June 5–7 and 9, and Liverpool, June 8, 1905. Manchester: Thiel & Tangye, 1905.Google Scholar
IFMCSMA. Report of the Third International Congress. Held in Bremen, June 25–27, 1906. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans & Co., 1906.Google Scholar
IFMCSMA. Report of the Fifth International Congress. Held in Paris, June 1–3, 1908. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans & Co., 1908.Google Scholar
IFMCSMA. Report of the Sixth International Congress. Held in Milan, 1909. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans & Co., 1909.Google Scholar
IFMCSMA. Report of the Eighth International Congress. Held in Barcelona, May 8–10, 1911. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans & Co., 1911.Google Scholar
IFMCSMA. Report of the Ninth International Congress. Held in Scheveningen, June 9–11, 1913. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans & Co., 1913.Google Scholar
IFMCSMA. Second International Conference of Cotton Growers, Spinners, and Manufacturers, Held at Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A., October 7th, 8th and 9th, 1907. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans & Co., 1908.Google Scholar
International Federation of Cotton and Allied Textile Industries. Historic Sketch. Manchester, 1960.Google Scholar
International Textile Manufacturers’ Federation. ITMF: 100 Years, 1904–2004, 2004. http://www.itmf.org/publications/free/datei14.pdf.Google Scholar
Jeremy, David J. “International Changes in Cotton-Manufacturing Productivity, 1830–1950s.” In The Fibre That Changed the World, edited by Farnie, Douglas A. and Jeremy, David J., 153190. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Jeremy, David J. “Organization and Management in the Global Cotton Industry, 1800–1990s.” In The Fibre That Changed the World, edited by Jeremy, David J. and Farnie, Douglas A., 191248. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Jeremy, David J. “‘Working the Business as One’: Cultural and Organisational Aspects of the Calico Printers’ Association Merger of 1899.” In King Cotton: A Tribute to Douglas A. Farnie, edited by Wilson, J. F, 93116. Lancaster: Crucible, 2009.Google Scholar
Jones, Eric. “Cotton: ‘The Most Studied of All Manufactures.’Business History 47, no. 4 (2005): 594–99. doi:10.1080/00076790500133090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kindleberger, Charles P. “Standards as Public, Collective and Private Goods.” Kyklos 36, no. 3 (1983): 377396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leunig, Tim, Marrison, Andrew, and Broadberry, Stephen. “Selling English Cotton into the World Market: Implications for the Rationalisation Debate 1900–1939.” In King Cotton: A Tribute to Douglas A. Farnie, edited by Wilson, J. F., 3958. Lancaster, UK: Crucible, 2009.Google Scholar
Leunig, Timothy. “New Answers to Old Questions: Explaining the Slow Adoption of Ring Spinning in Lancashire, 1880–1913.” The Journal of Economic History 61, no. 2 (2001): 439466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Nan. “Building a Network Theory of Social Capital.” In Social Capital, edited by Lin, Nan, Cook, Karen, and Burt, Ronald S., 329. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction, 2005.Google Scholar
Lipartito, K. J. “The New York Cotton Exchange and the Development of the Cotton Futures Market.” Business History Review 57, no. 1 (1983): 5072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mangialardi, Gino J., and Anthony, W. Stanley. “Cotton Bale Presses at Gins, 1960–2004.” The National Cotton Ginners Association, 2005. http://www.cotton.org/ncga/techpubs/upload/1823-Cotton_Bale_Presses_at_Gins.pdf.Google Scholar
McIvor, Arthur. “Employers Associations and Industrial Relations in Lancashire, 1890–1939: A Comparative Study of the Development, Organisation and Labour Relations Strategies of Employers’ Combinations in the Cotton, Building and Engineering Industries.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1983.Google Scholar
McIvor, Arthur. “Sir Charles Wright Macara.” In Dictionary of Business Biography, 4: 714. London: Butterworths, 1985.Google Scholar
Nelson, Lawrence J. “Welfare Capitalism on a Mississippi Plantation in the Great Depression.” The Journal of Southern History 50, no. 2 (May 1984): 225250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Official Report World Cotton Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, October 13–16, 1919. Boston: Executive Committee, 1919.Google Scholar
Pietruska, Jamie L. “‘Cotton Guessers.’” In The Rise of Marketing and Market Research, edited by Berghoff, Hartmut, Spiekermann, Uwe, and Scranton, Philip. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.Google Scholar
Podolny, Joel M., and Scott Morton, Fiona M.. “Social Status, Entry and Predation: The Case of British Shipping Cartels 1879–1929.” The Journal of Industrial Economics 47, no. 1 (1999): 4167. doi:10.1111/1467-6451.00089.Google Scholar
Report of the Conference of Growers and Manufacturers of Cotton.” Typescript, 1906. Http://www.cs.arizona.edu/patterns/weaving/other/conf_ctn1_1.pdf. University of Arizona On-Line Digital Archive of Documents on Weaving and Related Topics.Google Scholar
Reveley, J. “Reciprocity, Associability, and Cartelisation: Organisational Development of the New Zealand Shipowners’ Federation, 1906–1960s.” Business History 54, no. 7 (2012): 10771098.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robins, Jonathan E. “Lancashire and the ‘Undeveloped Estates’: The British Cotton Growing Association Fundraising Campaign, 1902–1914.” Journal of British Studies 54, no. 4, forthcoming (2015).Google Scholar
Robins, Jonathan E. “The Cotton Crisis: Empire and Globalization in the Atlantic World.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Rochester, 2010.Google Scholar
Saxonhouse, G.R., and Wright, G.. “New Evidence on the Stubborn English Mule and the Cotton Industry, 1878–1920.” The Economic History Review 37, no. 4 (1984): 507519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, James A. B. Cotton as a World Power; a Study in the Economic Interpretation of History. New York: F. A. Stokes, 1916.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Arno. Cotton Growing in India. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans, 1912.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Arno. Indian Cotton: Report of Arno S. Pearse on His 3rd Visit to India, Oct 1913–Feb 1914. Manchester: Taylor, Garnett, Evans, 1914.Google Scholar
Schneider, Volker. “Global Economic Governance by Private Actors: The International Chamber of Commerce.” Organised Business and the New Global Order. London, 2000, 232246.Google Scholar
Schröter, Harm G. “Cartels Revisited: An Overview on Fresh Questions, New Methods, and Surprising Results.” Revue Économique 64, no. 6 (2013): 9891010.Google Scholar
Sully, Daniel J. “King Cotton’s Impoverished Retinue.” Cosmopolitan, February 1909.Google Scholar
Sunseri, Thaddeus. “The Baumwollfrage: Cotton Colonialism in German East Africa.” Central European History 34, no. 1 (2001): 3151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tedlow, Richard S. “Trade Associations and Public Relations.” In Trade Associations in Business History, edited by Yamazaki, Hiroaki and Miyamoto, Matao, 139167. International Conference on Business History 14. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Telser, Lester G., and Higinbotham, Harlow N.. “Organized Futures Markets: Costs and Benefits.” Journal of Political Economy 85, no. 5 (1977): 9691000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toms, Steven. “The English Cotton Industry and the Loss of the World Market.” In King Cotton: A Tribute to Douglas A. Farnie, edited by Wilson, J. F., 6482. Lancaster: Crucible, 2009.Google Scholar
Webster, , Kitchell, Henry. “Slave of Cotton.” The American Magazine 62, no. 3 (1906): 302310.Google Scholar
Bolton Archives and Local Studies Centre (Bolton Archives) Papers of the Bolton and District Cotton Manufacturers’ Association (FET), Bolton Master Cotton Spinners’ Association (FET), Darwen Cotton Manufacturers’ Association (FET), Cotton Spinners’ and Manufacturers’ Association (FET), Federation of Master Cotton Spinners’ Associations (FET).Google Scholar
Greater Manchester County Record Office (GMCRO) Papers of the Cotton Employers’ Parliamentary Association (B14), Federation of Master Cotton Spinners’ Associations (B14), North & North East Lancashire Cotton Spinners’ and Manufacturers’ Association (B14)Google Scholar
Oldham Local Studies and Archives (Oldham Archives) Papers of the Oldham and Rochdale Textile Employers’ Association (D-AAN).Google Scholar
University of Arizona Digital Archive of Documents on Weaving. Textiles, Lace, and Related Topics (https://www.cs.arizona.edu/patterns/weaving/front_door.html)Google Scholar
Cotton illustrations and ephemera collections; Typescript “Report of the Conference of Growers and Manufacturers of Cotton,” 1906Google Scholar
University of Birmingham Special Collections Records of the British Cotton Growing Association (BCGA)Google Scholar