Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-17T21:05:14.327Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of the EMDR Psychotherapeutic Approach on Emotional Cognitive Processing in Patients with Depression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2013

Myrna Estela Rosas Uribe ,
Ernesto O. López Ramírez  and
Ignacio Jarero Mena
Myrna Estela Rosas Uribe*
Affiliation:
Universidad Veracruzana (Mexico)
Ernesto O. López Ramírez
Affiliation:
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (Mexico)
Ignacio Jarero Mena
Affiliation:
Asociación Mexicana para Ayuda Mental en Crisis (Mexico)
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Myrna Estela Rosas Uribe. Universidad Veracruzana. Sistema de Enseñanza Abierta. E-mail: meru100@prodigy.net.mx
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The current investigation, framed within the emotional cognitive science field, was conducted with three patients with major depression. They participated in a therapeutic process which involved EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). Data were obtained in the clinical practice through a longitudinal one subject study design, including: emotional valence identification within affective priming experiments; and depressive emotional representation studies, the data of which was analyzed using multi-dimensional scaling. The first ones had the purpose of observing the therapeutic impact over the emotional cognitive bias mechanism regarding depresogenic words related to traumatic experiences; and the second, to analyze modifications on depressive schemata. The results showed that EMDR had a positive effect both on emotional cognitive processing and on long-term memory conceptual organization. In the discussion section, interesting remarks are made on the incorporation of emotional cognitive science tools to the EMDR clinical practice.

La presente investigación enmarcada en el campo de la ciencia cognitiva de la emoción, se llevó a cabo en tres personas, que fueron diagnosticadas con depresión mayor y que participaron en un proceso terapéutico que involucró la aproximación EMDR (por sus siglas en inglés -Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing-). La recolección de datos se realizó en la práctica clínica mediante el diseño de estudios longitudinales de un solo sujeto, dentro de los cuales se consideraron a la vez estudios de identificación de valencia emocional bajo el paradigma de facilitación afectiva, y de análisis de representación emocional depresiva bajo la técnica de escalamiento multidimensional. Los primeros se realizaron para observar los cambios en el mecanismo de sesgo cognitivo emocional sobre las palabras depresogénicas relacionadas a experiencias traumáticas y los segundos, para analizar cómo se modificaban los esquemas depresogénicos. Los resultados muestran que EMDR impactó tanto el procesamiento cognitivo de la información emocional, como la organización conceptual en memoria a largo plazo. En la sección de la discusión se hacen señalamientos interesantes sobre la integración de las herramientas de la ciencia cognitiva de la emoción a la práctica clínica.

Keywords

depressionEMDRemotion-cognitionaffective primingdepressive schematadepresiónEMDRcognición-emociónfacilitación afectiva y esquemas depresivos
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , May 2010 , pp. 396 - 405
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I.& Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2003). DSM-IV-TR: Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales texto revisado. Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T. (1979). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. Nueva York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. E.& Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. Nueva York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A.& Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck depression inventory, second edition: Manual. EU: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Bennett-Goleman, T. (2002). Emotional alchemy: How the mind can heal the heart. Nueva York: Harmony Books.Google Scholar
Bishop, S., Miller, I. W., Norman, W., Buda, M.& Foulke, M. (1986). Cognitive therapy of psychotic depression: A case report. Psychotherapy 23, 167–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American psychologist, 36, 129–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bower, G. H. (1987). Commentary on mood and memory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 443–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L.& Muraoka, M. Y. (1998). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 3–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalgleish, T., Taghavi, R., Doost, H. N., Moradi, A., Yule, W.& Canterbury, R. (1997). Information processing in clinically depressed and anxious children. Journal of Child Psychology, Psychiatry, 38(5), 535–541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C.& Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(2), 229–238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feske, U. (1998). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5, 171–181.Google Scholar
Friendly, M. (1979). Methods for finding graphic representations of associative memory structures. In Puff, C. R. (Ed.), Memory organization and structure. Nueva York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Greenberger, D.& Padesky, Ch. (1998). El control de tu estado de ánimo: Manual de tratamiento de terapia cognitiva para usuarios. Barcelona: Paidós.Google Scholar
Hudlicka, E. (2004). Beyond cognition: Modeling emotion in cognitive architectures. In Erlbaum, L. (Ed.), Proceedings of the sixth international conference on cognitive modeling (118–123). Mahwah, NJ: Autor.Google Scholar
Ironson, G. I., Freund, B., Strauss, J. L.& Williams, J. (2002). A comparison of two treatments for traumatic stress: A community based study of EMDR and prolonged exposure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 113–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLeod, C. (1997). The locus of implicit-explicit dissociation in mood congruent memory. In Payne, D.G. & Conrad, F.C. (Eds.), Intersections in basic and applied memory research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Marcus, S., Marquis, P.& Sakai, C. (1997). Controlled study of treatment of PTSD using EMDR in a HMO setting. Psychotherapy, 34, 307–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, L. L., Shrira, L.& Startup, H. M. (2004). Rumination as a function of goal progress, stop rules and cerebral lateralization. In Papageorgiou, C. & Wells, A. (Ed.), Depressive rumination: Nature, theory and treatment. Londres: Wiley.Google Scholar
Martin, L. L.& Tesser, A. (1996). Some ruminative thoughts. In Wyer, R. S. (Ed.), Advances in social cognition, Vol. 9, (pp. 1–47). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Maxfield, L.& Hyer, L. A. (2002). The relationship between efficacy and methodology in studies investigating EMDR treatment of PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 23–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mog, K.& Bradley, B. P. (2000). Selective attention and anxiety: A cognitive-motivational perspective. In Dalgleish, T. & Power, M. (Ed.), Handbook of cognition and emotion. Nueva York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Monson, C. M.& Friedman, M. J. (2006). Back to the future of understanding trauma: Implications for cognitive-behavioral therapies for trauma. In Follette, V. M. & Ruzek, J. I. (Eds.), Cognitive behavioral therapies for trauma (pp. 1–15). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Musch, J.& Klauer, K. C. (2003). The psychology of evaluation: An introduction. In Musch, J. & Klauer, K. C. (Ed.), The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion. Nueva Jersey: LEA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, G. (2002). Dealing with depression: A commonsense guide to mood disorders. Australia: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Power, M. J.& Dalgleish, T. (1998) Cognition in the context of emotion: The case of depression. In Quelhas, A. C. & Pereira, F. (Eds.), Cognition and context, No. especial de Analise Psycologica (pp. 381–413). Lisboa: Instituto Superior de Psicología Aplicada.Google Scholar
Rothbaum, B. O. (1997). A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for posttraumatic stress disordered sexual assault victims. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 61, 317–334.Google ScholarPubMed
Rush, A. J.& Beck, A. T. (2000). Cognitive therapy. In Kaplan, H. I. & Sadock, B. J. (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychiatry (7a. ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R. (1984a). Emotion as a multi-component process: A model and some cross cultural data. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R. (1984b). Emotion as a multi-component process. In Shaver, P. (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology: Emotions, relationships and health, Vol. 5 (pp. 37–63). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R. (1987). Toward a dynamic theory of emotion: The component process model of affective states. Geneva Studies in Emotion and Communication, 1, 1–98 desde URL://www.unige.ch/fapse/emotion/genstudies/genstudies.html.Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R. (2001). Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking. In Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A. & Johnstone, T. (Ed.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, F. (1989a). Eye movement desensitization: a new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 20, 211–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, F. (1989b). Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure in the treatment of traumatic memories. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2, 199–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, F. (1993). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in 1992. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 417–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, F. (1994). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A new treatment for anxiety and related trauma. In Hyer, Lee (Ed.), Trauma victim: Theoretical and practical suggestions (pp. 501–521). Muncie, Indiana: Accelerated Development Publishers.Google Scholar
Shapiro, F. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols and procedures. Nueva York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Shapiro, F. (2002). Paradigms, processing and personality development. In Shapiro, F. (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, F. (2004). EMDR: Desensibilización y reprocesamiento por medio de movimiento ocular. México: Editorial Pax.Google Scholar
Shapiro, F. (2005). Manual de entrenamiento. Pacific Grove, CA: Autor.Google Scholar
Siegle, G. J. (1996). Rumination on affect: Cause for negative attention biases in depression. Unpublished master thesis, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University.Google Scholar
Siegle, G. J. (1999). Cognitive and Physiological aspects of attention to personally relevant negative information in depression. Unpublished Ph, D, thesis, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University.Google Scholar
Siegle, G. J. (2001). A neural network model of attentional biases in depression. In Reggia, J. & Ruppin, E. (Eds.), Disorders of brain, behavior, and cognition: The neurocomputational perspective (pp. 415–441). Amsterdan: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Spector, J.& Read, J. (1999). The current status of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6, 165–174.3.0.CO;2-V>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Etten, M. L.& Taylor, S. (1998). Comparative efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 5, 126–144.3.0.CO;2-H>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, A. (2009). Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. New York: Guilford PressGoogle Scholar
Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C.& Mathews, A. (1997). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders (2a. ed.). Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar