Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T00:50:24.828Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The practicality and relevance of second language critical pedagogy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 December 2009

Graham Crookes*
Affiliation:
University of Hawai'i, USAcrookes@hawaii.edu

Abstract

The paper reviews eight topics in the area of second language critical pedagogy: (i) historical inheritances and lines of development associated with critical pedagogies; (ii) advocacy (and the need for critical language teachers to engage in it); (iii) the diverse institutional contexts that could be explored for critical language pedagogy; (iv) the range of languages within which critical approaches have been explored; (v) EFL critical pedagogy; (vi) the broad range of categories of oppression addressed by critical language pedagogy; (vii) materials for critical language pedagogy, and (viii) the role of the ‘imaginary’ in encouraging critical language pedagogy. I suggest that these constitute matters which, if given attention by critical language pedagogy specialists, could enhance the perceived practicality and/or relevance of the area.

Type
Plenary Speeches
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Appleton, M. (2000). A free range childhood: Self regulation at Summerhill School. Brandon, VT: Foundation for Educational Renewal.Google Scholar
Auerbach, E., Barahona, B., Midy, J., Vaquerano, F. & Zambrano, A. (1996). From the community to the community: A guidebook for participatory literacy training. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Auerbach, E. & Wallerstein, N. (1987). ESL in action. New York: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Auerbach, E. & Wallerstein, N. (2004). Problem-posing at work: Popular educator's guide. Edmonton: Grass Roots Press.Google Scholar
Benesch, S. (1993). ESL, ideology, and the politics of pragmatism. TESOL Quarterly 27, 705717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benesch, S. (2001). Critical English for academic purposes: Theory, politics, and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benesch, S. (ed.) (2009). Critical English for Academic Purposes. Special issue of Journal of English for Academic Purposes 8.2.Google Scholar
Benesch, S. (in press). Critical praxis as materials development: Responding to military recruitment on a U.S. campus. In Harwood, N. (ed.), Materials in ELT: Theory & practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Berge, Z. L. & Clark, T. (eds.) (2005). Virtual schools: Planning for success. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
Block, D. & Cameron, D. (2002). Globalization and language teaching. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowles, S. & Gintis, H. (1976). Schooling in capitalist America: Educational reform and the contradictions of economic life. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Brown, H. D. (1994). Teaching global interdependence as a subversive activity. In Alatis, J. E. (ed.), Educational linguistics, cross-cultural communication, and global interdependence (GURT ‘94). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 174179.Google Scholar
Buchanan, N. K. & Fox, R. A. (2004). Back to the future: Ethnocentric charter schools in Hawai'i. In Rofes, E. & Stulberg, L. M. (eds.), The emancipatory promise of charter schools. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 77106.Google Scholar
Busnardo, J. & Braga, D. Bertoli (2001). Language, ideology, and teaching towards critique: A look at reading pedagogy in Brazil. Journal of Pragmatics 33.5, 635651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castoriadis, C. (1974/1987). The imaginary institution of society (transl. Blamey, K.). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cates, K. (1990). Teaching for a better world: Global issues in language education. The Language Teacher 14.5, 35.Google Scholar
Christison, M. A. & Murray, D. E. (eds.) (2009). Leadership in English language education. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Clark, R. & Ivanič, R. (1997). The politics of writing. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cohen, R. (2005). Out of the box: Learning English and democracy in Mongolia. Essential Teacher 2.4, 2426.Google Scholar
Costa Lima, L. (1984/1988). Control of the imaginary: Reason and imagination in modern times (transl. Sousa, R. W.). Minnesota, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Cox, M. I. P. & de Assis-Peterson, A. A. (1999). Critical pedagogy in ELT: Images of Brazilian teachers of English. TESOL Quarterly 33.3, 433451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, L. M. (1978). Paulo Freire's philosophy: Derivation of curricular principles and their application to second language curriculum design. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Crawford-Lange, L. M. (1981). Redirecting foreign language curricula: Paulo Freire's contribution. Foreign Language Annals 14, 257273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford-Lange, L. M. (1982). Curricular alternatives for second-language learning. In Higgs, T. V. (ed.), Curriculum, competence, and the foreign language teacher. Skokie, IL: National Textbook, 81113.Google Scholar
Crookes, G. (2003). Critical conceptions of ‘professional’ knowledge for the EF/SL teacher, and their implications for administrative orientation. In Syed, Z., Coombe, C. & Troudi, S. (eds.), TESOL Arabia 2002: Critical reflection and practice. Dubai: TESOL Arabia, 4279.Google Scholar
Crookes, G. (2009). Values, philosophies, and beliefs in TESOL. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crookes, G. & Talmy, S. (2004). Second/Foreign Language program preservation and advancement: Literatures and lessons for teachers and teacher education. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies 1.4, 219236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtis, A. & Romney, M. (eds.) (2006). Color, race, and English language teaching: Shades of meaning. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Dewey, J. & Dewey, E. (1915). Schools of to-morrow. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company.Google Scholar
Ellis, R. & Barkhuizen, G. (2005). Analysing learner language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Evans, R. (2006). ‘Social Studies vs. the United States of America’: Harold Rugg and teaching for social justice. In Riley, K. L. (ed.), Social reconstruction: People, politics, perspectives. Greenwich, CT: IAP Publishing, 4568.Google Scholar
Farias, M. (2005). Critical language awareness in foreign language learning. Literatura y Lingüística 16, 211222.Google Scholar
Ferrer, F. (1913). The origins and ideas of the Modern School. London: Watts.Google Scholar
Florio-Ruane, S. (2001). Teacher education and the cultural imagination: Autobiography, conversation, and narrative. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, W. (1986). Paradigms and promises: New approaches to educational administration. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972–1977. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Fredricks, L. (2007). A rationale for critical pedagogy in EFL: The case of Tajikistan. The Reading Matrix 7.2, 2228.Google Scholar
Fuller, B. (ed.) (2000). Inside charter schools: The paradox of radical decentralization. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, B. (2003). Educational policy under cultural pluralism. Educational Researcher 32.9, 1524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghahremani-Ghajar, S. & Mirhosseini, S. A. (2005). English class or speaking about everything in class? Dialogue journal writing as a critical EFL literacy practice in an Iranian high school. Language, Culture and Curriculum 18.3, 286299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson-Graham, J. K. (2006). A post-capitalist politics. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Giroux, H. (1983). Theory and resistance in education: A pedagogy for the opposition. South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey.Google Scholar
Guevara, E. C. (1961/1985). Guerrilla warfare. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Halpin, D. D. (2003). Hope and education: The role of the utopian imagination. London: Routledge Falmer.Google Scholar
IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) (n.d.). Constitution. www.iww.org/culture/official/preamble.shtml.Google Scholar
Jacobs, G., Kumarasamy, P. M., Nopparat, P. & Amy, S. (1998). Linking language and the environment. Toronto: Pippin Publishing.Google Scholar
Janks, H. (1989). Critical linguistics: A starting point for oppositional reading. Presented at the 14th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, Boston, MA; 13–15 October. [ERIC ED314942]Google Scholar
Jorge, M. (2009). Critical EFL in Brazil. Presented at the American Association for Applied Linguistics conference, Denver, CO.Google Scholar
Konoeda, K. & Watanabe, Y. (2008). Task-based critical pedagogy in Japanese EFL classrooms. In Montero, M., Miller, P. C. & Watzke, J. L. (eds.), Readings in language studies (vol. 1). St. Louis, MO: International Society for Language Studies, 4561.Google Scholar
Kramer-Dahl, A. (2001). Importing critical literacy pedagogy: Does it have to fail? Language and Education 15.1, 1432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kridel, C. A., Bullough, R. V. & Goodlad, J. I. (2007). Stories of the Eight-year Study: Reexamining secondary education in America. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kubota, R. (1996). Critical pedagogy and critical literacy in teaching Japanese. Japanese-Language Education around the Globe 6, 3548. The Japan Foundation Japanese Language Institute. [In Japanese]Google Scholar
Kubota, R. & Lin, A. (eds.) (2006). Race and TESOL: Special Issue of TESOL Quarterly 40.6.Google Scholar
Kumagai, Y. (2007). Tension in a Japanese language classroom: An opportunity for critical literacy? Critical Inquiry in Language Studies 4.2–3, 85116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurth-Schai, R. & Green, C. R. (2006). Re-envisioning education and democracy. Greenwich, CN: Information Age.Google Scholar
Leonardo, Z. (2005). Critical pedagogy and race. New York: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lin, A. & Luk, J. (2002). Beyond progressive liberalism and cultural relativism: Towards critical postmodernist sociohistorically situated perspectives in classroom studies. Canadian Modern Language Review 59.1, 97124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez, A. E. A., Santamaria, C. M. & Aponte, R. M. V. (1993). Producing an ecology-based textbook. English Teaching Forum 31.4, 1115.Google Scholar
Manicas, P. (1982). John Dewey: Anarchism and the political state. Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 18.2, 133157.Google Scholar
Mason, R. & Rennie, F. (2008). E-learning and social networking handbook. London: Rouledge.Google Scholar
Mayo, P. (1999). Engaging with practice: A Freirean reflection on different pedagogical sites. In Mayo, P., Liberating praxis: Paulo Freire's legacy for radical education and politics. Westport, CT: Praeger, 125150.Google Scholar
McGroarty, M. (1998). Partnerships with linguistic minority communities (TESOL Occasional Paper #4). Washington, DC: TESOL.Google Scholar
McMahill, C. (2001). Self-expression, gender, and community: A Japanese feminist English class. In Pavlenko, A., Blackledge, A., Piller, I. & Dwyer, M. T. (eds.), Multilingualism, second language learning, and gender. Berlin: Mouton, 307–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, B. (1998). The ESL classroom: Teaching, practice, and community development. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, B. (2004). Modals and memories: A grammar lesson on the Quebec referendum on sovereignty. In Norton & Toohey (eds.), 158–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, B. (2007). Poststructuralism and applied linguistics: Complementary approaches to identity and culture in ELT. In Cummins, J. & Davison, C. (eds.), The international handbook of English language teaching. Dordrecht: Springer, 10331052.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, C. [D.] (1999). Sexual identities in ESL: Queer Theory and classroom inquiry. TESOL Quarterly 33.3, 371392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, C. [D.] (ed.) (2006). Queer inquiry in language education: Special Issue of Journal of Language, Identity and Education 5.1.Google Scholar
Nelson, C. D. (2008). Sexual identities in English language classrooms. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norton, B. (2007). Review of Auerbach & Wallerstein (2004). TESOL Quarterly 41.1, 207209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norton, B. & Toohey, K. (eds.) (2004). Critical pedagogies and language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. (1995). Poetic justice: The literary imagination and public life. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
O'Cadiz, M. del P., Wong, P. L. & Torres, C. A. (1998). Education and democracy: Paulo Freire, social movements, and educational reform in Sao Paulo. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Ohara, Y., Saft, S. & Crookes, G. (2001). Toward a feminist critical pedagogy in a beginning Japanese as a foreign language class. Japanese Language and Literature: Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 35.2, 105133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Mochain, R. (2006). Discusing gender and sexuality in a context-appropriate way: Queer narratives in an EFL college classroom in Japan. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education 5.1, 5166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osborn, T. A. (2000). Critical reflection and the foreign language classroom. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.Google Scholar
Osborn, T. A. (2006). Teaching world languages for social justice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peckham, I. (2003). Freirean codifications: Changing walls into windows. Pedagogy 3.2, 227244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennycook, A. (1990). Towards a critical applied linguistic for the 1990s. Issues in Applied Linguistics 1.1, 828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennycook, A. (2004). Critical moments in a TESOL praxicum. In Norton, & Toohey, (eds.), 327–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pestalozzi, J. H. (1781/1910). Leonard and Gertrude (abr., transl., Channing, E.). Boston, MA: D. C. Heath.Google Scholar
Prilletensky, I. & Prilletensky, O. (2006). Promoting well-being: Linking personal, organizational, and community change. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Purcell-Gates, V. & Waterman, R. (2000). Now we read, we see, we speak: Portrait of literacy development in an adult Freirean-based class. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reagan, T. G. & Osborn, T. A. (1998). Power, authority, and domination in foreign language education. Educational Foundations 12, 4562.Google Scholar
Reagan, T. G. & Osborn, T. A. (2002). The foreign language educator in society: Toward a critical pedagogy. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Rivers, W. (1968). Teaching foreign language skills. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rousseau, J.-J. (1762/1963). Emile. New York: Dutton.Google Scholar
Rugg, H. (1931). An introduction to problems of American culture. Boston, MA: Ginn & Co.Google Scholar
Samuda, V. & Bygate, M. (2008). Tasks in second language learning. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sartre, J.-P. (1940/2004). The imaginary: A phenomenological psychology of the imagination (transl. Webber, J.). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schecter, D. (2005). Beyond hegemony: Towards a new philosophy of political hegemony. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Schecter, D. (2007). The history of the left from Marx to the present: Theoretical perspectives. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Shin, H. & Crookes, G. (2005a). Indigenous critical traditions for TEFL? A historical and comparative perspective in the case of Korea. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies 2.2, 95112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shin, H. & Crookes, G. (2005b). Exploring the possibilities for EFL critical pedagogy in Korea – a two-part case study. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies 2.2, 113138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shor, I. (1987). Critical teaching and everyday life (2nd edn.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Shor, I. (1992). Empowering education: Critical teaching for social change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shor, I. & Freire, P. (1987). A pedagogy for liberation dialogues on transforming education. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.Google Scholar
Siegel, M. & Okamoto, S. (2003). Towards reconceptualizing the teaching and learning of gendered speech styles in Japanese as a Foreign Language. Japanese Language and Literature 37.1, 4966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. P. (1983). The libertarians and education. London: George Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Smoke, T. (1998). Critical multiculturalism as a means of promoting social activism and awareness. In Smoke, T. (ed.), Adult ESL: Politics, pedagogy, and participation in classroom and community programs. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 8998.Google Scholar
Stone, M. K. (1999). The Francis W. Parker school: Chicago's Progressive Education legacy. In Semel, S. F. & Sadovnik, A. R. (eds.), ‘Schools of tomorrow, schools of today’: What happened to progressive education. New York: Peter Lang, 2366.Google Scholar
Sullivan, E. V. (1984). A critical psychology: Interpretation of the personal world. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sung, K. W. (2001). Changing the terrain of English teaching: An inquiry approach using multimedia. Multimedia-assisted Language Learning 4.1, 5785.Google Scholar
Sung, K. W. (2002). Critical theory and pedagogy: Remapping English teaching in Korea. English Teaching 57.2, 6589.Google Scholar
Sung, K. W. (2006). A critical analysis of current discursive practices in ELT in Korea. Foreign Language Education 13.3, 80104.Google Scholar
Sung, K. W. (2007). Glocalizing critical pedagogy. In McLaren, P. & Kincheloe, J. L. (eds.), Critical pedagogy: Where are we now? Berlin: Peter Lang, 163182.Google Scholar
Taylor, P. V. (2003). The texts of Paulo Freire. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Tolman, C. W. (1994). Psychology, society, and subjectivity: An introduction to German critical psychology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Vandrick, S. (2001). Teaching sexual identity issues in ESL classes. Presented at the 35th annual TESOL Convention, St Louis, MO; March. [ED474464]Google Scholar
Wang, W. & Zhang, K. (2007). Tao Xingzhi and the emergence of public education in China. In Hansen, D. T. (ed.), Ethical visions of education. New York: Teachers College Press, 95110.Google Scholar
Wright, N. (1989). Assessing radical education: A critical review of the radical movement in English schooling, 1960–1980. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Xu, Z. (2002). An overview of private education development in modern China. Education Policy Analysis Archives 10.47. http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v10n47/.CrossRefGoogle Scholar