Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-17T10:27:42.542Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Farming Systems Research: Clarification of Terms and Concepts

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 October 2008

Deborah Merrill Sands
Affiliation:
Researchers in Ecological and Agricultural Planning (REAP), PO Box 1155B, Hanover, NH 03755, USA

Summary

Farming Systems Research (FSR) has emerged as a major theme in international agricultural research in the past decade. However, despite widespread use of the term, its meaning and the types of research objectives, approaches, activities and methods to which it applies remain ambiguous. The lack of precision in concepts and terms will discredit FSR and jeopardize donor support. This paper seeks to clarify and define the major types of research approaches and activities encompassed by the general term FSR. Six types of research are distinguished and a new, more precise terminology is proposed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Byerlee, D. & Collinson, M. (1980). Planning Technologies Appropriate to Farmers: Concepts and Procedures. El Batan, Mexico: CIMMYT.Google Scholar
Byerlee, D., Harrington, L. & Winkelmann, D. (1982). Farming Systems Research: issues in research strategy and technology design. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 64:897904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CGIAR (1981). Second Review of the CGIAR. Review Report, 11, 1981. Washington, DC: CGIAR Secretariat.Google Scholar
CIMMYT (1974). Plan Puebla: Seven Years of Experience, 1967–1973. El Batan, Mexico: CIMMYT.Google Scholar
CIMMYT & ISNAR (1984). Issues in Organization and Management of Research with a Farming Systems Perspective aimed at Technology Generation (Ed. Chang, M. Joseph). The Hague, Netherlands: CIMMYT and ISNAR.Google Scholar
Collinson, M. P. (1982). Farming Systems Research in East Africa: The Experience of CIMMYT and Some National Agricultural Research Services, 1976–1981. Michigan State University International Development Paper, 7. East Lansing, Michigan, USA.Google Scholar
Collinson, M. P. (1983). Farm Management in Peasant Agriculture, 2nd edition. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Cornick, T. (1983). The Social Organization of Production in Quimas, Ecuador: A Case Study of Small-Farmer Production in the Highland Andes. PhD thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Dillon, J. L. & Anderson, J. R. (1984). Concept and practice in Farming Systems Research. In Proceedings of ACIAR Consultation in Agricultural Research in E. Africa (Ed. Martin, J. V.). Canberra: ACIAR.Google Scholar
Dillon, J. L., Plucknett, D. L. & Vallaeys, G. J. (1978). Farming Systems Research in the International Agricultural Research Centers. Rome, Italy: Technical Advisory Committee to the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research.Google Scholar
Elliot, H. (1977). Farming Systems Research in Francophone Africa: Methods and Results. Ford Foundation: Farming Systems Seminar, Tunis, Tunisia, February 1–3, 1977.Google Scholar
Ewell, P. & Merrill Sands, D. (1986). The Milpa and its alternatives. In Farming Systems (Eds Turner, B. L. & Brush, S.). New York: Guilford Press. (In press.)Google Scholar
Fresco, L. (1984). Comparing Anglophone and Francophone Approaches to Farming Systems Research and Extension. Paper prepared for the 4th Annual Conference on Farming Systems Research at Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA, 10 1984.Google Scholar
Gilbert, E. H., Norman, D. W. & Winch, F. E. (1980). Farming Systems Research: A Critical Appraisal. Michigan State University Rural Development Paper, 6. East Lansing, Michigan, USA: Michigan State University.Google Scholar
Hart, R. D. (1982a). The ecological systems conceptual framework for agricultural research and development. In Readings in Farming Systems Research and Development, 4459 (Eds Shaner, W., Philipp, P. & Schmehl, W.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press..Google Scholar
Hart, R. D. (1982b). One farming system in Honduras: a case study in Farming Systems Research. In Readings in Farming Systems Research and Development, 5973 (Eds Shaner, W., Philipp, P. & Schmehl, W.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Harwood, R. (1979). Small-Farm Development: Understanding and Improving Farming Systems in the Humid Tropics. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Hildebrand, P. (1977). Socio-economic Considerations in Multiple Cropping Systems. Invited Paper prepared for the Round Table Discussion on Agricultural Production Systems. XVI Annual Reunion of the Board of Directors, Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas (IICA), San Domingo, Dominican Republic.Google Scholar
Hildebrand, P. (1981). Motivating small-farmers to accept change. In Readings in Farming Systems Research and Development, 100109 (Eds Shaner, W., Philipp, P. & Schmehl, W.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Horton, D. (1984). Social Scientists in Agricultural Research: Lessons from the Mantaro Valley Project, Peru. Ottawa, Canada: IDRC.Google Scholar
Huke, R. E. (1982a). Agroclimatic and Dry-Season Maps of South, Southeast, and East Asia. Los Banos, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.Google Scholar
Huke, R. E. (1982b). Rice Area by Type of Culture: South, Southeast, and East Asia. Los Banos, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.Google Scholar
Lang, M. & Cantrell, R. (1984). Accenting the farmers' role: Purdue Farming Systems Unit In Coming Full Circle: Farmers' Participation in the Development of Technology, 6370 (Eds Matlon, P., Cantrell, R., King, D. & M., Benoit-Cattin). Ottawa, Ontario: IDRC.Google Scholar
Matlon, P. (1984). Technology evaluation: five case studies from West Africa. In Coming Full Circle: Farmers' Participation in the Development of Technology, 95118 (Eds Matlon, P., Cantrell, R., King, D. & M., Benoit-Cattin). Ottawa, Ontario: IDRC.Google Scholar
Matlon, P., Cantrell, R., King, D. & Benoit-Cattin, M. (Eds) (1984). Coming Full Circle: Farmers' Participation in the Development of Technology. Ottawa, Ontario: IDRC.Google Scholar
Mayer, H. (1979). Land Use in the Andes: Ecology and Agriculture in the Mantaro Valley of Peru with Special Reference to Potatoes. Lima, Peru: Center for International Potato Research, Social Science Unit.Google Scholar
McDowell, R. & Hildebrand, P. (1980). Integrated Crop and Animal Production: Making the Most of Resources Available to Small Farms in Developing Countries. Working Papers - The Rockefeller Foundation. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation.Google Scholar
Norman, D. W. (1974). Rationalizing mixed cropping under indige'us conditions; the example of Northern Nigeria. Journal of Development Studies 11:321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norman, D. W. (1980). The Farming Systems Research Approach: Relevancy for the Small-Farmer. Michigan State University Development Paper, 8. East Lansing, Michigan, USA: Michigan State University.Google Scholar
Norman, D. W. (1982). Farming Systems Approach to Research. Paper prepared for the Farming Systems in the Field, Farming Systems Research Symposium,Kansas State University,Manhattan, Kansas,November 21–22, 1982.Google Scholar
Norman, D. W., Simmons, E. B. & Mays, H. M. (1982). Farming Systems in the Nigerian Savannah: Research Strategies for Development. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Perrin, R. & Winkelmann, D. (1976). Impediments to technical progress on small versus large farms. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58:888894.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perrin, R. K., Winkelmann, D. L., Moscardi, E. R. & Anderson, J. R. (1976). From Agronomic Data to Farmer Recommendations: An Economics Training Manual. Information Training Bulletin, 21. El Batan, Mexico: CIMMYT.Google Scholar
Rhoades, R. & Booth, R. (1982). Farmer-Back-To-Farmer: A Model for Generating Acceptable Technology. International Potato Research Center, Social Sciences Department Working Paper, 1982–1. Lima, Peru: International Potato Research Center.Google Scholar
Shaner, W. W., Philipps, P. F. & Schmehl, W. R. (1982). Farming Systems Research and Development: A Guidline for Developing Countries. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Simmonds, N. W. (1985). The State of the Art of Farming Systems Research. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.Google Scholar
Simmonds, N. W. (1986). A Short Review of Farming Systems Research in the Tropics. Experimental Agriculture 22:113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoop, W. (1984). Interdisciplinary and Intercommodity Aspects in the Organization of a Farming Systems Research Perspective. Paper presented at the INSORMIL Workshop held at CIMMYT, El Batan, Mexico, September 1721, 1984.Google Scholar
Walker, T. S. (1982). The Perceptions of Farmers and the Participation in the Taddanpalle Watershed Project in 1982–1983. ICRISAT Economics Program Progress Report, 44. Andhra Pradesh, India: ICRISAT.Google Scholar
Whyte, W. F. (1977). Toward a new strategy for research and development in agriculture: helping small farmers in developing countries. Desarrollo Rural en los Americas 9:5162.Google Scholar
Whyte, W. F. (1981). Participatory Approaches to Agricultural Research and Development: A State of the Art Paper. Cornell University, Center for International Studies, Rural Development Committee, Special Series on Agricultural Research and Extension, 1. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.Google Scholar
Winkelmann, D. (1984). Recent views in Farming Systems Research. In Issues in Organization and Management of Research with a Farming Systems Perspective aimed at Technology Generation (Ed. Chang, M. Joseph). The Hague, Netherlands: CIMMYT and ISNAR.Google Scholar
Zandstra, H. G. (1979). Cropping systems research for Asian rice fanners. Agricultural Systems 4:135155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zandstra, H. G. (1982). An Overview of Farming Systems Research. Keynote Address for Farming Systems in the Field, Farming Systems Research Symposium,Kansas State University,Manhattan, Kansas,November 21–21, 1982.Google Scholar
Zandstra, H. G., Price, E. C., Litsinger, J. A. & Morris, R. A. (1981). A Methodology for On-Farm Cropping Systems Research. Los Banos, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.Google Scholar