Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-995ml Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T09:11:15.985Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Exploring the Changing Role of Chinese Entities in WMD Proliferation*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2016

Daniel Salisbury*
Affiliation:
King's College London, UK.
Lucy Jones
Affiliation:
King's College London, UK.
*
Email: daniel.b.salisbury@kcl.ac.uk (corresponding author).

Abstract

This paper seeks to provide an original examination of the nature of the proliferation of sensitive materials and technologies by Chinese entities. A number of publications have attempted to understand the issue of proliferation stemming from businesses based in China, with many having commented on the efforts undertaken both by international actors and by the Chinese government to prevent it. However, relatively few scholars have sought, in any systematic and sustained way, to understand the types of Chinese companies involved in proliferation and the evolution of their behaviour. This paper seeks to argue and account for the declining role of, and concern regarding, Chinese state-owned enterprise in the global proliferation problem. Different accounts for this change, and the relating proliferation challenge posed by China, are examined.

摘要

本文研究了中国实体在敏感材料与敏感技术扩散方面的行为特性。许多文献已经对源于中国企业的武器扩散问题进行了探讨, 也对中国政府与国际各方所采取的防扩散行动做出了评估。但是, 很少有学者能以系统性的、持续的方式来观察中国企业、区分它们的类型、并理解其武器扩散行为模式的演变。本文的观点是: 中国国有企业在全球武器扩散问题中的作用是在不断减小的, 本文也试图解释这个现象。我们分析了关于这个趋势的各种理论, 也阐述了中国在武器防扩散方面将带来的相应挑战。

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The China Quarterly 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

This research was undertaken with generous support from the MacArthur Foundation.

References

Albright, David, and Hinderstein, Corey. 2001. “Algeria: big deal in the desert?The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 57(3), 4552.Google Scholar
Blanchard, Ben. 2014. “China ‘resolutely opposes’ US sanctions on missile parts supplier,” Reuters, 30 April, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/04/30/us-china-usa-iran-idUSBREA3T07720140430. Accessed 13 May 2014.Google Scholar
Boese, Wade. 2008. “Type, targets of sanctions shift in Bush administration,” Arms Control Today, October, http://www.armscontrol.org/print/3387. Accessed 30 March 2015.Google Scholar
Bolton, John. 2004a. “The Bush administration and non-proliferation: a new strategy emerges.” Hearing of the House Committee on International Relations, 30 March, http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa92866.000/hfa92866_0f.htm. Accessed 25 August 2015.Google Scholar
Bolton, John. 2004b. “The Bush administration's forward strategy for nonproliferation.” Address to American Enterprise Institute, 24 June, http://2001-2009.state.gov/t/us/rm/33907.htm. Accessed 30 March 2015.Google Scholar
Bowen, Wyn. 1999. The Politics of Ballistic Missile Non-proliferation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bowen, Wyn, Stewart, Ian and Salisbury, Daniel. 2013. “Engaging China in proliferation prevention.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (Online), 29 October, http://thebulletin.org/engaging-china-proliferation-prevention. Accessed 30 March 2015.Google Scholar
Brødsgaard, Kjeld Erik. 2012. “Politics and business group formation in China: the Party in control.” The China Quarterly 211, 624648.Google Scholar
Bulkeley, Jennifer C. 2004. “Making the system work: challenges for China's export control system.” The Nonproliferation Review 11(1), 145169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CACDA and Saferworld. 2012. “The evolution of EU and Chinese arms export controls.” CACDA and Saferworld Report, March, http://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/view-resource/687-the-evolution-of-eu-and-chinese-arms-export-controls. Accessed 30 March 2015.Google Scholar
Center for Nonproliferation Studies. 2006. “NORINCO delegation visits United States to discuss export control issues and sanctions; talks with CNS researchers.International Export Control Observer 7(May), 2123.Google Scholar
Cheong, Cheok Kee, Ran, Li, Eu, Tan Chye and Miao, Zhang. 2014. “China's state owned enterprises, economic growth and distribution: a revisionist view.” China: An International Journal 12(1), 132152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Countryman, Thomas. 2015. “The civil nuclear agreement with China: balancing the potential risks and rewards.” Testimony to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing, 12 May.Google Scholar
Davis, Lynne E. 1996. “Controlling the threat of dangerous weapons: an overview of the Clinton administration's non-proliferation policy.” Testimony to the House Committee on International Relations, 19 June, http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/congress/1996_h/h960619b.htm. Accessed 25 August 2015.Google Scholar
DeSutter, Paula A. 2003. “China's record of proliferation activities.” Remarks of Paula A. DeSutter before the US–China Commission, Washington, DC, 24 July, http://2001-2009.state.gov/t/vci/rls/rm/24518.htm. Accessed 25 August 2015.Google Scholar
Director of Central Intelligence. 1996. “The acquisition of technology relating to weapons of mass destruction and advanced conventions/munitions July–December 1996,” http://www.fas.org/irp/cia/product/wmd.htm. Accessed 12 June 2013.Google Scholar
Du, Xingqiang, Quan, Zeng and Yingjie, Du. 2011. “Zhengzhi lianxi, guodu touzi yu gongsi jiazhi – jiyu guoyou shangshi gongsi de jingyan shuju” (Political connection, over-investment and corporate value: empirical evidence for state-owned public listed companies). Jinrong yanjiu 8, 93110.Google Scholar
Eyler, Robert. 2007. Economic Sanctions: International Policy and Political Economy at Work. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Gertz, Bill. 1994. “Pakistan–China deal for missiles exposed – nuclear ambitions spur US concern,” The Washington Times, 7 September.Google Scholar
Green, Stephen. 2003. “Will privatisation in China work?” The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House Briefing Note, November.Google Scholar
Holum, John. 1999a. “US congressional confirmation hearing.” Statement to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 28 June, http://www.acronym.org.uk/dd/dd38/38uscon.htm. Accessed 25 August 2015.Google Scholar
Holum, John. 1999b. “Arms control agenda after ACDA.” Remarks to the ACA Annual Meeting, 26 March, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/1999_03/jhmr99. Accessed 25 August 2015.Google Scholar
Holz, Carsten A. 2008. “China's economic growth 1978–2025: what we know today about China's economic growth tomorrow.” World Development 36(10), 1665–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Chin-Hao. 2012. “Bridging the gap.” Final Project Report to the FCO, April, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/207441/Final_FCO_Huang_Chinese_export_controls_report.pdf. Accessed 30 March 2015.Google Scholar
Kagan, Robert A., and Scholz, John. 1984. “The ‘criminology of the corporation’ and regulatory enforcement strategies.” In Hawkins, Keith and Thomas, John (eds.), Enforcing Regulation. Boston, MA: Kluwer Nijhoff Publishing, 6795.Google Scholar
Kan, Shirley. 2006. “China and weapons of mass destruction and missiles: policy issues.” Congressional Research Service Report, updated 26 February, http://www.fas.org/asmp/resources/govern/crs-rl31555.pdf. Accessed 30 March 2015.Google Scholar
Kan, Shirley. 2015. “China and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and missiles: policy issues.” Congressional Research Service Report, updated 5 January, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL31555.pdf. Accessed 25 August 2015.Google Scholar
Li, Genxin, and Jinzhong, Sun. 2007. “On China's export control policy.China International Studies 3(Spring), 1115.Google Scholar
Li, Zheng. 2006. “Qiye shehui zeren xinxi pilu yingxiang yinsu shizheng yanjiu” (Empirical research on factors influencing corporate social responsibility disclosures). Tequ jingji 8, 324–25.Google Scholar
Lieberthal, Kenneth, and Lampton, David (eds.). 1992. Bureaucracy, Politics and Decision Making in Post-Mao China. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lieggi, Stephanie. 2003. “China's white paper on non-proliferation: export controls hit the big time.” Nuclear Threat Initiative, 1 December, http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/chinas-white-paper-non-proliferation. Accessed 30 March 2015.Google Scholar
Lieggi, Stephanie. 2010. “From proliferator to model citizen? China's recent enforcement of nonproliferation-related trade controls and its potential positive impact in the region.Strategic Studies Quarterly Summer, 3962.Google Scholar
Lynch-Wood, Gary, and Williamson, David. 2007. “The social licence as a form of regulation for small and medium enterprises.” Journal of Law and Society 34(3), 321341.Google Scholar
May, Peter J. 2004. “Compliance motivations: affirmatives and negative bases.” Law & Society Review 38(1), 4168.Google Scholar
Medeiros, Evan S. 2005. Chasing the Dragon: Assessing China's System of Export Controls for WMD-related Goods and Technologies. Santa Monica, CA: US National Security Research Division, RAND Corporation.Google Scholar
Medeiros, Evan S., Cliff, Roger, Crane, Keith and Mulvenon, James C.. 2005. A New Direction for China's Defense Industry. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milhollin, Gary, and White, Gerard. 1991. “China's growing trade in nuclear arms, missiles,” The San Francisco Chronicle, 22 May.Google Scholar
National Security Archive. 2013. “China may have helped Pakistan nuclear weapons design, newly declassified intelligence indicates.Electronic Briefing Book 42, 23 April.Google Scholar
Nolan, Peter. 2001. China and the Global Economy: National Champions, Industrial Policy and the Big Business Revolution. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Paul, T.V. 2008. “Chinese–Pakistani nuclear/missile ties and balance of power politics.” The Nonproliferation Review 10(2), 2129.Google Scholar
Piliavin, Irving, Gartner, Rosemary, Thornton, Craig and Matsueda, Ross L.. 1986. “Crime, deterrence and rational choice.” American Sociological Review 51, 101119.Google Scholar
Salisbury, Daniel. 2013. “Trade controls and non-proliferation: compliance costs, drivers and challenges.” Business and Politics 15(4), 529551.Google Scholar
Salisbury, Daniel, and Stewart, Ian J.. 2014. “Li Fang Wei (Karl Lee).” Project Alpha Proliferation Case Study Series, 19 May, https://www.acsss.info/proliferation/item/319-li-fang-wei-karl-lee-proliferation-case-study-series. Accessed 30 March 2015.Google Scholar
Scherr, Edmund F., and Dybvik, Russell. 1992. “China, Pakistan hit by US sanctions for missile deal,” United States Information Agency, http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/mtcr/news/930825-300647.htm. Accessed 30 March 2015.Google Scholar
So, Bennis Wai-yip. 2002. “Growth of private enterprises in China: an unintended consequence of the state sector reforms.” China Report 38(3), 359372.Google Scholar
Speier, Richard H., Chow, Brian G. and Starr, S. Rae. 2001. Non-proliferation Sanctions. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.Google Scholar
Srivastava, Anupam. 2005. “China's export controls: can Beijing's actions match its words?” Arms Control Today 35, November, http://legacy.armscontrol.org/act/2005_11/NOV-China. Accessed 14 December 2015.Google Scholar
Szamosszegi, Andrew, and Kyle, Cole. 2011. “An analysis of state-owned enterprises and state capitalism in China.” US–China Economic and Security Review Commission, 26 October, http://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/10_26_11_CapitalTradeSOEStudy.pdf.Google Scholar
US Embassy Beijing. 2007. “NORINCO claims to be forgoing sales to Iran,” 30 April, Cable No.07BEIJING2896, http://wikileaks.org/cable/2007/04/07BEIJING2896.html. Accessed 25 August 2015.Google Scholar
US Embassy Beijing. 2008. “China shocked at E.O.13382 designations of four Chinese entities,” 13 June, Cable No.06BEIJING12181, http://wikileaks.org/cable/2006/06/06BEIJING12181.html. Accessed 25 August 2015.Google Scholar
White, Gordon, Howell, Jude A. and Shang, Xiaoyuan. 1996. In Search of Civil Society: Market Reform and Social Change in Contemporary China. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Wilkins, Thomas. 2009. “NORINCO comes to Georgia to increase US trade,” China Stakes, 16 February, http://www.chinastakes.com/2009/2/norinco-comes-to-georgia-to-increase-us-trade.html. Accessed 30 March 2015.Google Scholar
Yu, Hong. 2014. “The ascendency of state-owned enterprises in China: development, controversy and problems.” Journal of Contemporary China 23(85), 163182.Google Scholar
Yuan, Jing-Dong. 2002a. “Strengthening China's export control system.” Center for Nonproliferation Studies Report, 4 October, http://cns.miis.edu/reports/pdfs/jdmemo.pdf. Accessed 14 December 2015.Google Scholar
Yuan, Jing-Dong. 2002b. “The evolution of China's non-proliferation policy since the 1990s: progress, problems and prospects.” Journal of Contemporary China Studies 11(31), 209233.Google Scholar
Yuan, Jing-Dong, Saunders, Philip C. and Lieggi, Stephanie. 2002. “Recent developments in China's export controls: new regulations and new challenges.” The Nonproliferation Review 9(3), 153167.Google Scholar
Zhou, Yangmi. 2011. “Zhongguo teda xing guoyou qiye fengxian guanli tese zhi shizheng yanjiu” (The Chinese model of risk management: research on risk management of oversize state-owned enterprises). Wuhan ligong daxue xuebao (shehui kexue bao) 24(3), 297304.Google Scholar