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Organizations and the Democratic Representation of Interests: What Does It Mean When Those Organizations Have No Members?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 December 2015

Kay Lehman Schlozman ,
Philip Edward Jones ,
Hye Young You ,
Traci Burch ,
Sidney Verba  and
Henry E. Brady
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Abstract

This article documents the prevalence in organized interest politics in the United States of organizations—for example, corporations, think tanks, universities, or hospitals—that have no members in the ordinary sense and analyzes the consequences of that dominance for the democratic representation of citizen interests. We use data from the Washington Representatives Study, a longitudinal data base containing more than 33,000 organizations active in national politics in 1981, 1991, 2001, 2006, and 2011. The share of membership associations active in Washington has eroded over time until, in 2011, barely a quarter of the more than 14,000 organizations active in Washington in 2011 were membership associations, and less than half of those were membership association with individuals as members. In contrast, a majority of the politically involved organizations were memberless organizations, of which nearly two-thirds were corporations. The dominance of memberless organizations in pressure politics raises important questions about democratic representation. Studies of political representation by interest groups raise several concerns about democratic inequalities: the extent to which representation of interests by groups is unequal, the extent to which groups fail to represent their members equally, and the extent to which group members are unable to control their leaders. All of the dilemmas that arise when membership associations advocate in politics become even more intractable when organizations do not have members.

Type
Reflections
Information
Perspectives on Politics , Volume 13 , Issue 4 , December 2015 , pp. 1017 - 1029
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 2015 

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Footnotes

This article developed out of conversations when the authors worked together analyzing the data about political voice through organized interests for Kay Lehman Schlozman, Sidney Verba, and Henry E. Brady, The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012). They are grateful to the anonymous readers for helpful suggestions and to Jeffrey Isaac for assistance in shaping their argument.

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