¹ Some Gypsies prefer to be referred to as “Roma” (which means “men” in the Romani language), the singular of which is “Rom”; the adjective is “Romani.” I will use “Roma” and “Gypsies” interchangeably.

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³⁸ Author interview with Jirina Šiklová, professor of sociology, Charles University, Prague, August 31, 1999.

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⁴² Cited by Fonseca, Isabel, Bury Me Standing (New York: Knopf, 1995), 296.Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ See Huntington, Samuel, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), 12–24.Google Scholar

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⁴⁶ Horváth, Aladár in Budapest Week, September 9–15, 1993Google Scholar; and Osztojkán, Bela, Megkérdezem Önt is (Budapest: Phralipe, 1994), 71.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Author interview with Karel Holomek, former member of parliament, president of the Association of Roma in Moravia, Brno, September 1,1999.

⁴⁸ See, for instance, Jurova, Anná, “Cigányok-romák Szlovákiában 1945 után,” Regio 7, no. 2 (1996), 50–51.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Author interviews with Gheorghe Raducanu, member of parliament and of the Council of National Minorities and a leader of the Partida Romilor, Bucharest, March 14, 1995; and Emilija Simoska, director of the Center for Ethnic Relations at the Institute for Sociological, Political, and Juridical Research, Skopje, November 23,1999.

⁵⁰ Author interviews with Costel Vasile, leader of the Young Generation Society of the Roma, Bucharest, March 14,1995; and Orgovánová (fn. 43).

⁵¹ Author interview with Holomek (fn. 47).

⁵² Some examples from Hungary: “Hiányosságot igen, visszaélést nem talált a számvevõszák,” and “Az elnökség es a központi hivatal tevékenysége ellendrizhetetlen,” Amaro Drom, April 1996, 12–13Google Scholar; and “Lelassult a romák szociális lakásprogramja,” Magyar Hírlap, April 14, 1998;Google Scholar“Képviselõk árulása,” Amaro Drom, February 1999, 10–11.Google Scholar

⁵³ Author interview with Siklová (fn. 38), who directed the project.

⁵⁴ See the articles in Phralipe, December 1996, 3—8; and author interview with Antal Heizer, chief adviser at the Prime Minister's Office, Budapest, May 28,1998.

⁵⁵ See a 1998 research project on the Romanian Roma directed by Catalin and Elena Zamfir; they found that only 7.3 percent read newspapers “often” and 56 percent “never” (Manuscript, 1999). See also The Media and the Roma in Contemporary Europe (Princeton: Project on Ethnic Relations, 1996), 14–16Google Scholar, 23.

⁵⁶ Author interviews with Judit Horvath, editor-in-chief of Amaro Drom, Austin, March 31,1995, and Ivan Vesely, an official of the Romani Civic Initiative (Romská Obcanská Iniciativa), Prague, August 24, 1999.

⁵⁷ Author interview with Jarka Balážová, editor of the Roma radio program in Prague, Prague, August 14,1996.

⁵⁸ See Mirga, Andrzej and Mróz, Lech, Cyganie: Odmiennośći nietolerancja (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1994), 31–32.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ See, for instance, Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Gypsies of Bulgaria (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1991), 43;Google Scholar and author interviews with Rumyana Kolarova and Nikolay Gentchev, professors of political science and history, respectively, at the University of Sofia, Sofia, March 6–7, 1995.

⁶⁰ Hurrle, Jakob, “On the Outskirts of Kosice,” Newsletter of the HCAR, no. 6 (1998), 13–15.Google Scholar

⁶¹ “Ki bazsevál jövóre a cigányoknak?” Né'fszava, August 24, 1993.

⁶² OMRI Daily Digest 2, no. 6 (January 9,1996).

⁶³ Author interviews with Kolarova (fn. 59); Krassimir Kanev of the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee, Sofia, March 6, 1995; Elena Marushiakova, an ethnographer at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, March 9, 1995; Yonko Grozev, legal adviser to the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee, Sofia, November 11,1999; Orgovánová (fn. 43), Prešov, June 13,1994, and Bratislava, September 7, 1999; Péter Hunčik, president of the Sándor Máray Foundation, Bratislava, August 15, 1996; Michal Vaśečka, Roma specialist at the Institute for Public Affairs, Bratislava, August 15, 1996; and Ingrid Baumannová, a consultant to the Foundation for Civic Society, Bratislava, September 6, 1999.

⁶⁴ Author interview with Simoska (fn. 49).

⁶⁵ See “Iliescut támogatják a romák,” Szabadság (Cluj), October 25, 1999Google Scholar; and the text of the protocol, published in the PR's newspaper, Asul de trefla 80 (1999), 17–19.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Author interview with Dan Pavel, director of the Project on Ethnic Relations Bucharest office, Bucharest, November 2, 1999.

⁶⁷ Author interview with Nicolae Paun, president of Partida Romilor, Bucharest, November 5, 1999.

⁶⁸ Author interviews with Nora Costache, an activist with the Young Generation Society of the Roma, Bucharest, May 23,1996; and Ivan Gheorghe, secretary general of Partida Romilor, Bucharest, November 5,1999.

⁶⁹ Havas, Gabor, Kertesi, Gábor, and Kemé'ny, István, “The Statistics of Deprivation: The Roma in Hungary,” Hungarian Quarterly 36 (Summer 1995), 80Google Scholar.

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⁷¹ “Gypsies Miss Out as Eastern Europe's Democratic Caravan Hits the Road,” Guardian, June 21, 1990;” A Parlamentbe készül a Magyarországi Cigánypárt,” Népszabadság, June 15, 1992; “Cigányvoksok,” Magyar Narancs, September 23,1993.

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⁷⁴ The Legislative and Institutional Frameworkfor the National Minorities of Romania (Bucharest: Ro-manian Institute for Human Rights, 1994), 100Google Scholar; and author interview with Dan Oprescu, head of National Office for the Roma, Department for the Protection of National Minorities, Government of Romania, Bucharest, November 2,1999.

⁷⁵ Basic Statistical Datafor the Republic of Macedonia (Skopje: Statistical Office of Macedonia, 1992), 48Google Scholar; and Basic Statistical Datafor the Republic of Macedonia (Skopje: Statistical Office of Macedonia, 1998), 66–69.Google Scholar

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⁷⁷ Author interview with Petar Atanasov, secretary of the National Council on Ethnic and Demographic Issues at the Council of Ministers, Sofia, November 15,1999.

⁷⁸ After 1998 two self-governments ceased to exist; therefore, their number in 2000 was 763. See Tabajdi, Csaba, Látlelet a magyarországi cigányság helyzetéról (Budapest: Miniszterelnöki Hivatal, 1996), 12Google Scholar; “Helyi nyerók,” Amaro Drom, November 1998, 3.