Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-94d59 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T20:24:08.926Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Language Policy and Planning in Hong Kong*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 November 2008

Extract

Hong Kong has a population of 5,902,100 people crowded into its land area of 1076 sq. kms. In broad terms, 98 percent of its population are Chinese.1 They speak Cantonese among themselves and English in dealing with expatriates. The expatriate community, once predominantly British, now reflects the full range of national and multinational commercial and banking interests, including those of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Taiwan. Luke and Richards (1982) described Hong Kong as having diglossia without bilingualism.

Type
Country and Regional Surveys
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Unannotated Bibliography

Anley, V. and Winters, E.. 1991. English language proficiency gap of form 5 school leaver employees in the private sector. Hong Kong: Institute ofLanguage in Education.Google Scholar
Attorney General's Chambers. 1986. Discussion paper on the laws in Chinese. Hong Kong: Attorney General's Chambers.Google Scholar
Bacon-Shone, J. and Bolton, K.Forthcoming. Report on the secondsociolinguistic survey of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong KongUniversity. Xerox, [conducted 1993.]Google Scholar
Bauer, R. S. 1982. D for two in Cantonese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 10.276280.Google Scholar
Bauer, R. S. 1984. The Hong Kong Cantonese speech community. Hong Kong:Hong Kong University, Centre of Asian Studies. Xerox.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, R. S. 1988. Written Cantonese of Hong Kong. Cahiers de Languistique Asie Orientate 17.2.245293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bickley, V. 1985. Planning for language use in Hong Kong. Institute of Language in Education Journal 1.716.Google Scholar
Bickley, V. 1991. Where from there? Awareness of language use and theusefulness of language awareness in Hong Kong. In Bickley, V. (ed.) Where from here? Issues relating to the planning, managing and implementing of language teaching and training programmes in the 90's. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 1536.Google Scholar
Biggs, J. B. 1992. Why and how do Hong Kong students learn? Hong Kong: Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong. [Education Paper 14.][pages 6572 review research using the learning and study processquestionnaire to investigate the effects of medium of instruction onstudents’ approaches to learning.]Google Scholar
Bolton, K. and Kwok, H. 1990. The dynamics of the Hong Kong accent: Socialidentity and sociolinguistic description. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. 1. 1. 147172.Google Scholar
Bolton, K. and Luke, K. K.. 1993. The sociolinguistic survey of language in Hong Kong (19831993). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Report.Google Scholar
Bond, M. H. 1983. How language variation affects inter-cultural differentiation ofvalues by Hong Kong bilinguals. Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 2.1.5766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, M. H. 1991. Beyond the Chinese face: Insights from psychology. HongKong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bond, M. H. 1993. Between the Yin and the Yang. The identity of the HongKong Chinese. Inaugural professorial address delivered May 21st, 1993at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Bond, M. H. (ed.)1986. The psychology of the Chinese people. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bond, M. H. and Cheung, M. K.. 1984. Experimenter language choice and ethnic affirmation by Chinese trilinguals in Hong Kong. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 8.347356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, M. H. and King, A. Y. C.. 1985. Coping with the threat of westernizationin Hong Kong. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 9.351364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, M. H. and Lai, T. M.. 1986. Embarassment and code-switching. Journal of Social Psychology. 126.2.179186.Google Scholar
Bond, M. H. and Yang, K. S.. 1982. Ethnic affirmation versus cross-culturalaccommodation. The variable impact of questionnaire language onChinese bilinguals in Hong Kong. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 13.2.169185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brimer, M. A. (ed.) 1984. Collected papers on education in Hong Kong HongKong: Faculty of Education, Hong Kong University.Google Scholar
Brimer, M. A. and Griffin, P.. 1985. Mathematics achievement in Hong Kong secondary schools. Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, Hong KongUniversityGoogle Scholar
Brimer, M. A. et al. 1985. The effects of the medium of instruction on the achievement of form 2 students in Hong Kong secondary schools HongKong: Joint project of the Educational Research Establishment, EducationDepartment/Faculty of Education, Hong Kong University.Google Scholar
Chan, J. 1986a. The Chinese language and legal education in Hong Kong. Paperpresented at the conference on Language Policy and Language Planningin Hong Kong.Hong Kong,City Polytechnic of Hong Kong,December 1986.Google Scholar
Chan, J. 1986b. The place of the mother tongue in a bilingual society. New Horizons. 27.712.Google Scholar
Chan, M. M. and Kwok, H. 1986. The impact of English on Hong KongChinese. In Viereck, W. and Bald, W. (eds.) English in contact with other languages Budapest: Akademiai Kiado. 407431.Google Scholar
Chan, W. M. et al. , 1992. Minimum English language requirements and English courses for College of Education student teacher. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.Google Scholar
Chen, A. H. Y. 1982. 1997: The language of the law in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Law Journal. 15.1947.Google Scholar
Chen, A. H. Y. 1992. Law in a foreign language: The case of Hong Kong. Paperpresented at the conference on Emerging Educational Challenges for Lawin Commonwealth Asia and Australasia: The Implications for LegalEducation. Hong Kong, April 1992.Google Scholar
Cheng, H. N. L., 1973. At what cost: Instruction through the English medium. Hong Kong: Shun Shing.Google Scholar
Cheng, J. Y. S. and Kwong, P. C. K. (eds.) 1992. The other Hong Kong report. Hong Kong: Chinese University PressGoogle Scholar
Cheung, Y. S. 1984. The use of English and Chinese languages in Hong Kong. Language Learning and Communication. 3.273287.Google Scholar
Cheung, Y. S. 1985. Readability and reading comprehension: An investigation of the readability of form 1 text-books in English in Hong Kong schools. Hong Kong: Alpha Educational Books.Google Scholar
Crawford, N. B. (ed.) 1986. Collected papers on education in Hong Kong: A response to the Education Commission's second report Hong Kong: Faculty of Education, Hong Kong University. [Occasional Paper No. 1.]Google Scholar
Devereux, J. R., Cooper, A. and Ng, L. G.. 1992. Technical Institute graduates, English and the workplace. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.Google Scholar
Education Commission. 1984. Education Commission report No. 1. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer.Google Scholar
Education Commission. 1986. Education Commission report No. 2. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer.Google Scholar
Education Commission. 1990. Education Commission report No. 4. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer.Google Scholar
Education Department 1989. Report of the working group set up to review language improvement measures. Hong Kong: Hong Kong GovernmentPrinter.Google Scholar
Elley, W. B. 1992.How in the world do students read? The Hague: TheInternational Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.Google Scholar
Falvey, P. 1991. Language curriculum and behavioural problems in schools: Theconnection. In Crawford, N. and Hui, E. K. P. (eds.) The curriculum and behaviour problems in schools. Hong Kong: Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong: 7984. [Education Papers 11.]Google Scholar
Fu, G. S. 1975. A Hong Kong perspective: English language learning and theChinese student. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan. Ph.D. diss.Google Scholar
Fu, G. S. 1979. Bilingual education in Hong Kong: A historical perspective. Working Papers in Language and Language Teaching. 1.110. [LanguageCentre. Hong Kong University.]Google Scholar
Fu, G. S. 1987. The Hong Kong bilingual. In Lord, R. and Cheng, H. N. L. (eds.) Language education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 2750.Google Scholar
Fu, G. S. and Iu, P. T.. 1988. Language attitudes and the social order in Hong Kong after 1997. In McCarthy, B. (ed.) AppliedLinguistics Association of Australia. 135149. [Occasional Paper number10.]Google Scholar
Gibbons, J. 1979a. Code mixing and koineising in the speech of students at the University of Hong Kong. Anthropological Linguistic 3. 113123.Google Scholar
Gibbons, J. 1979b. U-gay-wa: A linguistic study of the campus language ofstudents at the University of Hong Kong. In Lord, R. (ed.) Hong Kong language papers. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 343.Google Scholar
Gibbons, J. 1982. The issue of the language of instruction in the lower forms of Hong Kong secondary schools. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 3.2.117127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbons, J. 1987. Code-mixing and code choice: A Hong Kong case study Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Hirvela, A. and Law, E.. 1991. A survey of local English teachers’ attitudes towards English and E.L.T. Institute of Language in Education Journal. 8.2538.Google Scholar
Ho, K. K. 1992. A bibliography of empirical research on mother tongue education in Hong Kong. In Luke, K.K. (ed.) Into the twenty first century: Issues of language in education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: LinguisticSociety of Hong Kong. 101107.Google Scholar
Holbrook, J. 1989. Science education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: National IEACentre, Department of Education, Hong Kong University.Google Scholar
Hong Kong Chinese Language Committee. 1971/1972. Reports 1–4. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer.Google Scholar
Hong Kong Government. 1963. Report of the Fulton Commission. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer.Google Scholar
Hong Kong Government. 1965. Education policy Hong Kong: Hong KongGovernment Printer.Google Scholar
Hong Kong Government. 1973. Report of the Board of Education on the proposed expansion of secondary school education in Hong Kong over the next decade. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer.Google Scholar
Hong Kong Government. 1974a. Secondary education in Hong Kong during the next decade. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer.Google Scholar
Hong Kong Government. 1974b. Official languages ordinance [No. 10/74.] HongKong: Hong Kong Government Printer.Google Scholar
Hong Kong Governmento. 1982. A perspective on education in Hong Kong: Report by a visiting panel. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer.Google Scholar
Hong Kong Government. 1983. A draft agreement between the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the government of the People's Republic of China on the future of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer, [signed May 1985 as the Joint Declaration on the Future of Hong Kong.]Google Scholar
Hong Kong Government. 1989. Official Languages ordinance [revised edition]. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer.Google Scholar
Ip, B. T. C. H. and Chan, G. H. F.. 1985. Studies on the modes of language of instruction at junior secondary levels in Anglo-Chinese schools. HongKong: Educational Research Establishment, Education Department.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. K. 1983a. Language policy in Hong Kong: The Llewellyn report andthe medium of instruction. New Horizons. 24.195204.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. K. 1983a. Bilingual switching strategies: A study of the modes of teacher-talk in bilingual secondary school classrooms in Hong Kong. Language Learning and Communication. 2.3.267285.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. K. 1983c. Language policy in education in Hong Kong. The Asian Journal of Public Administration. 5.2.2543.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. K. 1991. Teaching and learning in the English stream in secondary schools: Implications of E.C.R.4. Institute of Language in Education Journal. 8.1024.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. K.. Forthcoming. Language acquisition and the development oflexically-based reading strategies for E.S.L. texts. In Watkins, D. A. and Biggs, J. B. (eds.) The Asian learner: Research and practice. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. K. and Cheung, Y. S.. 1992. Reading literacy in Hong Kong. In Bird, N. and Morris, J. (eds.) QUILT and QUILL: Achieving and maintaining quality in language teaching and learning. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 408419.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. K. and Lee, P. M. 1987. Modes of instruction: Teaching strategiesand student responses. In Lord, and Cheng, H. N. L. (eds.) Language education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 99122.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. K., Shek, C. K. W. and Law, E. H. F. 1991. Implementing Hong Kong's proposed language policy for secondary schools: Research and its implications. In Crawford, N.B. and Hui, E.K.P. (eds.) The curriculum and behaviour problems in schools: A response to ECR4. Hong Kong: Faculty of Education, Hong Kong University. 95109. [Education Paper 11.] [Section 2 of this publication deals with medium of instruction issues, 62–109.]Google Scholar
Johnson, R. K., Shek, C. K. W. and Law, E. H. F. 1993. Using English as the medium of instruction in Hong Kong school Hong Kong: Longman (Far East) Ltd.Google Scholar
Kwan, K. M. 1989. An evaluation of students’ language difficulties in using history and integrated science materials in form 1 in an Anglo-Chinese secondary school. Hong Kong: Faculty of Education, Hong Kong University. M.Ed. diss.Google Scholar
Kwo, O. 1987. Language policies in Hong Kong secondary education: Alternative strategies. Education Journal. 15.1.8598.Google Scholar
Kwo, O. 1989. Language education in a changing economic and political context:The teaching of Putonghua in Hong Kong schools. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 10.4.297306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lau, E. 1992. Bilingual legislation in Hong Kong: A bilingual's view. Paperpresented at a conference: Emerging Educational Challenges for Law in Commonwealth Asia and Australasia: The Implication for Legal Education. Hong Kong, April 1992.Google Scholar
Lee, J. 1992. Bar questions translation of H. K. laws. South China Morning Post. March 20, pg. 5.Google Scholar
Li, Y. C. et al. 1993. Language proficiency requirements for teachers of Putonghua and the design of Putonghua courses and materials for teachers. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.Google Scholar
Linguistic Society of Hong Kong. 1992a. A blueprint for linguistic chaos: A critique of the report of the working group set up to review languageimprovement measures. In Luke, K. K. (ed.) Issues of language in education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Linguistic Society of Hong Kong. 157165. [Appendix 1.]Google Scholar
Linguistic Society of Hong Kong. 1992b. A response to the Education Commission report no.4. In Luke, K. K. (eds.) Issues of language in education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Linguistic Society of Hong Kong.167177. [Appendix 1.]Google Scholar
Lo, M. F., Chan, G. H. F. and Ip, B. T. C. H. 1985. A comparison of academicperformance of junior secondary students in Anglo-Chinese and Chinesemiddle schools. Hong Kong: Educational Research Establishment, Education Department. [Research Report.]Google Scholar
Lo, T. 1988. Using the mother tongue as the teaching medium in Hong Kong:But whose? In. Bickley, V. (ed.) Languages in education in a bilingual or multilingual setting. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 210219.Google Scholar
Lord, R. 1987. Language policy and planning in Hong Kong: Past, present and(especially) future. In Lord, R. and Cheng, H. N. L. (eds.) Language education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 324.Google Scholar
Lord, R. and Cheng, H. N. L. (eds.) 1987. Language education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.Google Scholar
Luke, K. K. 1991. ‘Mixed code’ teaching. In Crawford, N. and Hui, E. K. P.(eds.) The curriculum and behaviour problems in schools: A response to Education Commission Report No.4. Hong Kong: Faculty of Education, Hong Kong University. 8593. [Education Papers 11.]Google Scholar
Luke, K.k. (ed.) 1992. Into the twenty first century: Issues of language in education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: The Linguistic Society of HongKong. [All the papers in this collection relate to language policy ineducation.]Google Scholar
Luke, K. K. and Nancarrow, O. T. 1991. On being literate in Hong Kong. Institute of Language in Education Journal. 8.8492.Google Scholar
Luke, K. K. and Richards, J. C.. 1982. English in Hong Kong: Functions andstatus. English World-Wide. 3.1.4764.Google Scholar
Lundberg, I. and Linnakyla, P.. 1993. Teaching reading around the world. The Hague: The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.Google Scholar
Newbrook, M. 1988. English syntax and lexis in Singapore and Hong Kong:Shared features and points of difference. Paper presented at the FirstHong Kong Conference on Language and Society.Hong KongUniversity,Hong Kong, 1988.Google Scholar
People's Republic of China Government. 1990. The basic law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China Beijing:People's Republic of China Government Printer. [Chinese with anEnglish translation.]Google Scholar
Pierson, H. D. and Bond, M. H.. 1982. How do Chinese bilinguals respond to variations of interviewer language and ethnicity? Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 1.2.123139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierson, H. D. and Bond, M. H. and Fu, G. S.. 1982. Report on the linguistic attitudes project inHong Kong and its relevance for second language instruction. Language Learning and Cummunication. 1.289316.Google Scholar
Pierson, H. D. and Bond, M. H. and Lee, S. Y.. 1980. An analysis of the relationshipbetween language attitudes and English attainment of secondary school students in Hong Kong. Language Learning. 30.289316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Postlethwaite, T. N. and Ross, K. N.. 1992. Effective schools in reading: Implications for educational planners. The Hague: The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.Google Scholar
Shek, C. K. W., Johnson, R. K. and Law, E. H. F. 1991. Survey of the language policy and practice in 193 Hong Kong secondary schools. New Horizons. 32.110.Google Scholar
Sin, K. K. 1992. The translatability of law. In Lee, T. H. T. (ed.) Research on Chinese linguistics in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Linguistic Society ofHong Kong. 8799.Google Scholar
Siu, P. K., et.al 1979. The final report on the effects of the medium of instruction on student cognitive development and academic achievement. Hong Kong: School of Education, Chinese University of Hong Kong.Google Scholar
So, D. 1984. The social selection of an English-dominant bilingual educationsystem in Hong Kong: An ecolinguistic analysis. Honolulu: Universityof Hawaii. Ph.D. diss.Google Scholar
So, D. 1989. Implementing mother-tongue education amidst societal transitionfrom diglossia to triglossia in Hong Kong. Language and Education. 3.1.2944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
So, D. 1992. Language-based bifurcation of secondary education in Hong Kong:Past, present and future. In Luke, K. K. (ed.) Into the twenty first century: Issues of language in education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: LinguisticSociety of Hong Kong. 6995.Google Scholar
Tam, P. T. K. 1980. A survey of the language mode used in teaching juniorforms in Anglo-Chinese secondary schools in Hong Kong. RELC Journal. 11.1.4360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, K. W. 1990. English and Chinese readability scales for science textbooks. Hong Kong: Faculty of Education, Hong Kong University. M. Ed.assignment.Google Scholar
Thomas, M. 1986. The language of the law in Hong Kong. Paper presented at theconference on Language Policy and Language Planning in Hong Kong. Hong Kong, December 1986.Google Scholar
Tang, K. W. 1988. The development of a bilingual legal system in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Law Journal. 18.1.1524Google Scholar
Ujejsky, T. 1989. The future of the English language in Hong Kong law. In Wacks, R. (ed.) The future of the law in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. 164185.Google Scholar
Witt, H. (ed.) 1993. Hong Kong 1993: A review of 1992. Hong Kong: HongKong Government Printer.Google Scholar
Wong, K. M. K. 1992. Medium of instruction group assessment (MIGA): Final report. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.Google Scholar
Wu, K. Y. 1992. Chinese/Cantonese writing in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Faculty of Education, Hong Kong University. M.Ed. diss.Google Scholar
Yang, K. S. and Bond, M. H. 1980. Ethnic affirmation by Chinese bilinguals. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 11.411425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yau, M. S. 1989. The controversy over teaching medium in Hong Kong: Ananalysis of a language policy. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 10.4.279295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yau, S. C. 1992. Language policies in post 1997 Hong Kong. In Luke, K. K. (ed.) Into the twenty first century: Issues of language in education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Linguistic Society of Hong Kong. 1529.Google Scholar
Yee, A. 1986. Whither Hong Kong's educators after 1997? New Horizons. 27.16.Google Scholar