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Endohedral Metallofullerenes: Isolation and Characterization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 February 2011

H. C. Dorn ,
S. Stevenson ,
P. Burbank ,
Z. Sun ,
T. Glass ,
K. Harich ,
P. H. M. Van Loosdrecht ,
R. D. Johnson ,
R. Beyers  and
J. R. Salem
...Show all authors
H. C. Dorn
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212
S. Stevenson
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212
P. Burbank
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212
Z. Sun
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212
T. Glass
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212
K. Harich
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212
P. H. M. Van Loosdrecht
Affiliation:
IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120-6099
R. D. Johnson
Affiliation:
IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120-6099
R. Beyers
Affiliation:
IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120-6099
J. R. Salem
Affiliation:
IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120-6099
M. S. De Vries
Affiliation:
IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120-6099
C. S. Yannoni
Affiliation:
IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120-6099
C. H. Kiang
Affiliation:
Materials and Molecular Simulation Ctr., Beckman Institute, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125
D. S. Bethune
Affiliation:
IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120-6099
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Since the initial discovery of fullerenes nearly a decade ago [1], material scientists have focused attention on the possibility of encapsulating one or more metal atoms inside these spheroidal carbon frames. The experimental realization of macroscopic quantities of endohedral metallofullerenes (Am@C2n, n=30-55) in the early 1990's has heightened interest in developing this new class of tunable materials with possible electronic and/or optical applications [2,3]. They have been characterized by a number of spectroscopic techniques, for example, scanning tunneling microscope [4,5], EXAFS [6,7] and x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy [8]. However, low production yields and purification difficulties have hampered the development of this new class of materials. The soluble product distribution usually consists of high levels of the empty-caged fullerenes C60, C70, C84 and decreasing levels of the higher fullerenes, while the endohedral metallofullerene fraction usually constitutes less than 1% of the total soluble yield. Furthermore, the endohedral metallofullerene fraction consists of molecules with different numbers of metal atoms encapsulated (m=1-3), cage sizes (C2n) and isomers of the same mass (e.g., Er2@C82). The purification process is further complicated by the chemical reactivity of several endohedral metallofullerenes [9] in aerobic environments. For several years, we have been involved in a collaborative effort to develop methodology for detection, isolation, and characterization of endohedral metallofullerenes. The focus of the present study is on fullerenes encapsulating metals from Group II1b, (Sc@C2n, Y@C2n, and La@C2n) and the lanthanide series metal (Er@C2n).

Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) , Volume 359: Symposium G – Science and Technology of Fullerene Materials , 1994 , 123
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1995

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