Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-x4r87 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T08:50:54.760Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia in cattle

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 January 2008

Jeff L. Caswell  and
Marie Archambault
Jeff L. Caswell*
Affiliation:
Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
Marie Archambault
Affiliation:
Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, CP 5000, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: jcaswell@uoguelph.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Mycoplasma bovis is an important and emerging cause of respiratory disease and arthritis in feedlot cattle and young dairy and veal calves, and has a variety of other disease manifestations in cattle. M. bovis is certainly capable of causing acute respiratory disease in cattle, yet the attributable fraction has been difficult to estimate. In contrast, M. bovis is more accepted as a cause of chronic bronchopneumonia with caseous and perhaps coagulative necrosis, characterized by persistent infection that seems poorly responsive to many antibiotics. An understanding of the disease has been recently advanced by comparisons of natural and experimentally induced disease, development of molecular diagnostic tools, and understanding some aspects of virulence, yet uncertainties regarding protective immunity, the importance of genotypic diversity, mechanisms of virulence, and the role of co-pathogens have restricted our understanding of pathogenesis and our ability to effectively control the disease. This review critically considers the relationship between M. bovis infection and the various manifestations of the bovine respiratory disease complex, and addresses the pathogenesis, clinical and pathologic sequelae, laboratory diagnosis and control of disease resulting from M. bovis infection in the bovine respiratory tract.

Keywords

Mycoplasma bovispneumoniaarthritisbacteriacattlereview
Type
Review Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 8 , Issue 2 , December 2007 , pp. 161 - 186
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abu-Amero, KK, Abu-Groun, EA, Halablab, MA and Miles, RJ (2000). Kinetics and distribution of alcohol oxidising activity in Acholeplasma and Mycoplasma species. FEMS Microbiology Letters 183: 147–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adegboye, DS, Rasberry, U, Halbur, PG, Andrews, JJ and Rosenbusch, RF (1995a). Monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical technique for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded calf lung tissues. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 7: 261–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adegboye, DS, Hallbur, PG, Cavanaugh, DL, Werdin, RE, Chase, CC, Miskimins, DW and Rosenbusch, RF (1995b). Immunohistochemical and pathological study of Mycoplasma bovis-associated lung abscesses in calves. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 7: 333–337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adegboye, DS, Halbur, PG, Nutsch, RG, Kadlec, RG and Rosenbusch, RF (1996). Mycoplasma bovis-associated pneumonia and arthritis complicated with pyogranulomatous tenosynovitis in calves. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209: 647–649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alberti, A, Addis, MF, Chessa, B, Cubeddu, T, Profiti, M, Rosati, S, Ruiu, A and Pittau, M (2006). Molecular and antigenic characterization of a Mycoplasma bovis strain causing an outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 18: 41–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Haddawi, M, Mitchell, GB, Clark, ME, Wood, RD and Caswell, JL (2007). Impairment of innate immune responses of airway epithelium by infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 116: 153–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, JW, Viel, L, Bateman, KG, Rosendal, S, Shewen, PE and Physick-Sheard, P (1991). The microbial flora of the respiratory tract in feedlot calves: associations between nasopharyngeal and bronchoalveolar lavage cultures. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 55: 341–346.Google ScholarPubMed
Allen, JW, Viel, L, Bateman, KG and Rosendal, S (1992). Changes in the bacterial flora of the upper and lower respiratory tracts and bronchoalveolar lavage differential cell counts in feedlot calves treated for respiratory disease. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 56: 177–183.Google Scholar
Arcangioli, MA, Duet, A, Meyer, G, Dernburg, A, Bezille, P, Poumarat, F and Le Grand, D (2007). The role of Mycoplasma bovis in bovine respiratory disease outbreaks in veal calf feedlots. Veterinary Journal in press, doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.03.008.Google ScholarPubMed
Assuncao, P, Rosales, RS, Rifatbegovic, M, Antunes, NT, de la Fe, C, Ruiz de Galarreta, CM and Poveda, JB (2006). Quantification of mycoplasmas in broth medium with sybr green-I and flow cytometry. Frontiers in Bioscience 11: 492–497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayling, RD, Baker, SE, Nicholas, RA, Peek, ML and Simon, AJ (2000). Comparison of in vitro activity of danofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, spectinomycin and tilmicosin against Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony type. Veterinary Record 146: 243–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayling, R, Nicholas, R, Hogg, R, Wessels, J, Scholes, S, Byrne, W, Hill, M, Moriarty, J and O'Brien, T (2005). Mycoplasma bovis isolated from brain tissue of calves. Veterinary Record 156: 391–392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ball, HJ, Finlay, D and Reilly, GA (1994). Sandwich ELISA detection of Mycoplasma bovis in pneumonic calf lungs and nasal swabs. Veterinary Record 135: 531–532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bashiruddin, JB, De Santis, P, Varga, E and Stipkovits, L (2001). Confirmation of the presence of Mycoplasma bovis in Hungarian cattle with pneumonia resembling pleuropneumonia. Veterinary Record 148: 743–746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bashiruddin, JB, Frey, J, Königsson, MH, Johansson, KE, Hotzel, H, Diller, R, Santis, Pd, Botelho, A, Ayling, RD, Nicholas, RAJ, Thiaucourt, F and Sachse, K (2005). Evaluation of PCR systems for the identification and differentiation of Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma bovis: a collaborative trial. Veterinary Journal 169: 268–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bebear, CM, Bove, JM, Bebear, C and Renaudin, J (1997). Characterization of Mycoplasma hominis mutations involved in resistance to fluoroquinolones. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41: 269–273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Behrens, A, Heller, M, Kirchhoff, H, Yogev, D and Rosengarten, R (1994). A family of phase- and size-variant membrane surface lipoprotein antigens (Vsps) of Mycoplasma bovis. Infection and Immunity 62: 5075–5084.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Behrens, A, Poumarat, F, Grand, DL, Heller, M and Rosengarten, R (1996). A newly identified immunodominant membrane protein (pMB67) involved in Mycoplasma bovis surface antigenic variation. Microbiology (Reading) 142: 2463–2470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belli, P, Poumarat, F, Perrin, M and Martel, JL (1993). Evaluation of the in vivo activity of enrofloxacin in experimental Mycoplasma bovis infection of calves. Medicina Veterinaria 10: 85–88, 90–91.Google Scholar
Bennett, RH and Jasper, DE (1977). Nasal prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis and IHA titers in young dairy animals. Cornell Veterinarian 67: 361–373.Google ScholarPubMed
Bicknell, SR, Gunning, RF, Jackson, G, Boughton, E and Wilson, CD (1983). Eradication of Mycoplasma bovis infection from a dairy herd in Great Britain. Veterinary Record 112: 294–297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bíró, J, Erdei, N, Szathmáry, Z and Stipkovits, L (2004). Detection of Mycoplasma bovis by different PCR systems. Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja 126: 626–630.Google Scholar
Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc.: (2003). http://www.bi-vetmedica.com/product_sites/PulmoGuardMpB/reference.html (Accessed 25 September 2007).Google Scholar
Boothby, JT, Jasper, DE, Zinkl, JG, Thomas, CB and Dellinger, JD (1983). Prevalence of mycoplasmas and immune responses to Mycoplasma bovis in feedlot calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 44: 831–838.Google ScholarPubMed
Boothby, JT, Mueller, R, Jasper, DE and Thomas, CB (1986). Detecting Mycoplasma bovis in milk by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using monoclonal antibodies. American Journal of Veterinary Research 47: 1082–1084.Google ScholarPubMed
Brank, M, Grand, DL, Poumarat, F, Bezille, P, Rosengarten, R and Citti, C (1999). Development of a recombinant antigen for antibody-based diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis infection in cattle. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6: 861–867.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brooks, BW, Lutze-Wallace, CL, Lu, P and Robertson, RH (2004). Identification and serological specificity of a polysaccharide component from Mycoplasma bovis. Veterinary Research Communications 28: 197–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, JA, Sickles, SA, Johanns, CJ and Rosenbusch, RF (2000). Pasteurization of discard mycoplasma mastitic milk used to feed calves: thermal effects on various mycoplasma. Journal of Dairy Science 83: 2285–2288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, JA, Pinnow, CC, Thomson, JU, Levisohn, S and Rosenbusch, RF (2001). Use of arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction to investigate Mycoplasma bovis outbreaks. Veterinary Microbiology 78: 175–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byrne, WJ, Ball, HJ, McCormack, R and Brice, N (1998). Elimination of Mycoplasma bovis mastitis from an Irish dairy herd. Veterinary Record 142: 516–517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byrne, WJ, Ball, HJ, Brice, N, McCormack, R, Baker, SE, Ayling, RD and Nicholas, RA (2000). Application of an indirect ELISA to milk samples to identify cows with Mycoplasma bovis mastitis. Veterinary Record 146: 368–369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byrne, W, Fagan, J and McCormack, M (2001a). Mycoplasma bovis arthritis as a sequel to respiratory disease in bought-in weanling cattle in the Republic of Ireland. Irish Veterinary Journal 54: 516–519.Google Scholar
Byrne, WJ, McCormack, R, Brice, N, Egan, J, Markey, B and Ball, HJ (2001b). Isolation of Mycoplasma bovis from bovine clinical samples in the Republic of Ireland. Veterinary Record 148: 331–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cai, H, Bell-Rogers, P, Parker, L and Prescott, J (2005). Development of a real-time PCR for detection of Mycoplasma bovis in bovine milk and lung samples. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 17: 537–545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cerda, R, Xavier, J, Sansalone, P, de la, SR and Rosenbush, R (2000). Isolation of Mycoplasma bovis during an outbreak of bovine mastitis at a dairy farm in the province of Buenos Aires. 1st Report in the Republic of Argentina. Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiología 42: 7–11.Google Scholar
Doherty, ML, McElroy, MC, Markey, BK, Carter, ME and Ball, HJ (1994). Isolation of Mycoplasma bovis from a calf imported into the Republic of Ireland. Veterinary Record 135: 259–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duff, GC and Galyean, ML (2007). Board-invited review: recent advances in management of highly stressed, newly received feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 85: 823–840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finch, JM and Howard, CJ (1990). Inhibitory effect of Mycoplasma dispar and Mycoplasma bovis on bovine immune responses in vitro. In: Stanek, G, Cassell, GH, Tully, JG and Whitcomb, RF (eds) Recent Advances in Mycoplasmology. Stuttgart–New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag, pp. 563–569.Google Scholar
Flitman-Tene, R, Mudahi-Orenstein, S, Levisohn, S and Yogev, D (2003). Variable lipoprotein genes of Mycoplasma agalactiae are activated in vivo by promoter addition via site-specific DNA inversions. Infection and Immunity 71: 3821–3830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flores-Gutierrez, GH, Infante, F, Salinas-Melendez, JA, Thomas, CB, Estrada-Bellmann, PC and Briones-Encinia, F (2004). Development of an immunobinding assay with monoclonal antibodies to diagnose Mycoplasma bovis in semen. Veterinary Research Communications 28: 681–686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foddai, A, Idini, G, Fusco, M, Rosa, N, de la Fe, C, Zinellu, S, Corona, L and Tola, S (2005). Rapid differential diagnosis of Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma bovis based on a multiplex-PCR and a PCR-RFLP. Molecular and Cellular Probes 19: 207–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, LK, Kirk, JH and Britten, A (2005). Mycoplasma mastitis: a review of transmission and control. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 52: 153–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Francoz, D, Fortin, M, Fecteau, G and Messier, S (2005). Determination of Mycoplasma bovis susceptibilities against six antimicrobial agents using the E test method. Veterinary Microbiology 105: 57–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gagea, MI, Bateman, KG, Shanahan, RA, van Dreumel, T, McEwen, BJ, Carman, S, Archambault, M and Caswell, JL (2006a). Naturally occurring Mycoplasma bovis-associated pneumonia and polyarthritis in feedlot beef calves. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 18: 29–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gagea, MI, Bateman, KG, van Dreumel, T, McEwen, BJ, Carman, S, Archambault, M, Shanahan, RA and Caswell, JL (2006b). Diseases and pathogens associated with mortality in Ontario beef feedlots. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 18: 18–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geary, SJ, Tourtellotte, ME and Cameron, JA (1981). Inflammatory toxin from Mycoplasma bovis: isolation and characterization. Science 212: 1032–1033.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gevaert, D (2006). The importance of Mycoplasma bovis in respiratory disease in calves. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 131: 124–126.Google Scholar
Ghadersohi, A, Coelen, RJ and Hirst, RG (1997). Development of a specific DNA probe and PCR for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis. Veterinary Microbiology 56: 87–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghadersohi, A, Fayazi, Z and Hirst, RG (2005). Development of a monoclonal blocking ELISA for the detection of antibody to Mycoplasma bovis in dairy cattle and comparison to detection by PCR. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 104: 183–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godinho, KS, Rae, A, Windsor, GD, Tilt, N, Rowan, TG and Sunderland, SJ (2005a). Efficacy of tulathromycin in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease associated with induced Mycoplasma bovis infections in young dairy calves. Veterinary Therapeutics 6: 96–112.Google ScholarPubMed
Godinho, KS, Wolf, RMLG, Sherington, J, Rowan, TG, Sunderland, SJ and Evans, NA (2005b). Efficacy of tulathromycin in the treatment and prevention of natural outbreaks of bovine respiratory disease in European cattle. Veterinary Therapeutics 6: 122–135.Google ScholarPubMed
Godinho, KS, Sarasola, P, Renoult, E, Tilt, N, Keane, S, Windsor, GD, Rowan, TG and Sunderland, SJ (2007). Use of deep nasopharyngeal swabs as a predictive diagnostic method for natural respiratory infections in calves. Veterinary Record 160: 22–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gourlay, RN and Houghton, SB (1985). Experimental pneumonia in conventionally reared and gnotobiotic calves by dual infection with Mycoplasma bovis and Pasteurella haemolytica. Research in Veterinary Science 38: 377–382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gourlay, RN, Thomas, LH and Howard, CJ (1976). Pneumonia and arthritis in gnotobiotic calves following inoculation with Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis. Veterinary Record 98: 506–507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gourlay, RN, Thomas, LH and Wyld, SG (1989). Increased severity of calf pneumonia associated with the appearance of Mycoplasma bovis in a rearing herd. Veterinary Record 124: 420–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grand, DL, Calavas, D, Brank, M, Citti, C, Rosengarten, R, Bézille, P and Poumarat, F (2002). Serological prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis infection in suckling beef cattle in France. Veterinary Record 150: 268–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haines, DM and Chelack, BJ (1991). Technical considerations for developing enzyme immunohistochemical staining procedures on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues for diagnostic pathology. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 3: 101–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haines, DM, Martin, KM, Clark, EG, Jim, GK and Janzen, ED (2001). The immunohistochemical detection of Mycoplasma bovis and bovine viral diarrhea virus in tissues of feedlot cattle with chronic, unresponsive respiratory disease and/or arthritis. Canadian Veterinary Journal 42: 857–860.Google ScholarPubMed
Haines, DM, Moline, KM, Sargent, RA, Campbell, JR, Myers, DJ and Doig, PA (2004). Immunohistochemical study of Haemophilus somnus, Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia hemolytica, and bovine viral diarrhea virus in death losses due to myocarditis in feedlot cattle. Canadian Veterinary Journal 45: 231–234.Google ScholarPubMed
Hale, HH, Hemboldt, CF, Plastridge, WN and Stula, EF (1962). Bovine mastitis caused by a Mycoplasma species. Cornell Veterinarian 52: 582–591.Google ScholarPubMed
Hannan, PC (2000). Guidelines and recommendations for antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing against veterinary mycoplasma species. International Research Programme on Comparative Mycoplasmology. Veterinary Research 31: 373–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Härtel, H, Nikunen, S, Neuvonen, E, Tanskanen, R, Kivelä, SL, Aho, P, Soveri, T and Saloniemi, H (2004). Viral and bacterial pathogens in bovine respiratory disease in Finland. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 45: 193–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayman, B and Hirst, R (2003). Development of a semi-nested PCR for the improved detection of Mycoplasma bovis from bovine milk and mucosal samples. Veterinary Microbiology 91: 91–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heller, M, Berthold, E, Pfutzner, H, Leirer, R and Sachse, K (1993). Antigen capture ELISA using a monoclonal antibody for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis in milk. Veterinary Microbiology 37: 127–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henderson, JP and Ball, HJ (1999). Polyarthritis due to Mycoplasma bovis infection in adult dairy cattle in Northern Ireland. Veterinary Record 145: 374–376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herbelin, A, Ruuth, E, Delorme, D, Michel-Herbelin, C and Praz, F (1994). Mycoplasma arginini TUH-14 membrane lipoproteins induce production of interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha by human monocytes. Infection and Immunity 62: 4690–4694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hermann, R (1992). Genome structure and organization. In: Maniloff, J (ed.) Mycoplasmas: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis. Washington, D.C.: American Society of Microbiology, pp. 157–168.Google Scholar
Hirose, K, Kobayashi, H, Ito, N, Kawasaki, Y, Zako, M, Kotani, K, Ogawa, H and Sato, H (2003). Isolation of mycoplasmas from nasal swabs of calves affected with respiratory diseases and antimicrobial susceptibility of their isolates. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 50: 347–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hotzel, H, Sachse, K and Pfutzner, H (1996). Rapid detection of Mycoplasma bovis in milk samples and nasal swabs using the polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 80: 505–510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hotzel, H, Heller, M and Sachse, K (1999). Enhancement of Mycoplasma bovis detection in milk samples by antigen capture prior to PCR. Molecular and Cellular Probes 13: 175–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houghton, SB and Gourlay, RN (1983). Synergism between Mycoplasma bovis and Pasteurella haemolytica in calf pneumonia. Veterinary Record 113: 41–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, CJ (1981). Mycoplasmacidal action of bovine complement mediated by bovine IgG1, IgG2 or IgM. Veterinary Microbiology 6: 317–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, CJ, Gourlay, RN and Taylor, G (1977). Induction of immunity in calves to Mycoplasma bovis infection of the respiratory tract. Proceedings of the Society for General Microbiology 4: 118.Google Scholar
Howard, CJ, Parsons, KR and Thomas, LH (1986). Systemic and local immune responses of gnotobiotic calves to respiratory infection with Mycoplasma bovis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 11: 291–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, CJ, Thomas, LH and Parsons, KR (1987). Comparative pathogenicity of Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma dispar for the respiratory tract of calves. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 23: 621–624.Google ScholarPubMed
Howard, CJ, Stott, E, Thomas, LH, Gourlay, RN and Taylor, G (1990). Vaccination against natural outbreaks of respiratory disease in calves associated with Mycoplasma bovis, M. dispar and respiratory syncytial virus infection. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie Supplement 20, 400–405.Google Scholar
Infante, F, JrInfante, F and Flores-Gutierrez, GH (2002). Improved immunobinding test using monoclonal antibodies for detection of Mycoplasma bovis in milk. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Resesarch 66: 282–284.Google ScholarPubMed
Infante, Martinez F, Jasper, DE, Stott, JL, Cullor, JS and Dellinger, JD (1990). Immunobinding assay for detection of Mycoplasma bovis in milk. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Resesarch 54: 251–255.Google Scholar
Japanese Society of Chemotherapy (1981). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Chemotherapy 29: 76–79.Google Scholar
Japanese Society of Chemotherapy (1994). Breakpoints for pneumonic infection and septicemia. Chemotherapy 42: 905–914.Google Scholar
Jasper, DE, Rosendal, S and Barnum, DA (1984). Acridine orange staining for diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis infection in cow milk. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 20: 624–625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jungi, TW, Krampe, M, Sileghem, M, Groit, C and Nicolet, J (1996). Differential and strain-specific triggering of bovine alveolar macrophage effector functions by mycoplasmas. Microbial Pathogenesis 21: 487–498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katoh, T, Koya, M, Watanabe, E, Sakai, JI, Ogata, Y and Hikinuma, T (1996). Antibiotic susceptibility of microbial isolates from nasal swabs of bovine pneumonic cases. Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 49: 81–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, LA, Loria, GR, Ramirez, AS, Nicholas, RA, Miles, RJ and Fielder, MD (2005a). Biochemical characterisation of some non fermenting, non arginine hydrolysing mycoplasmas of ruminants. Veterinary Microbiology 109: 129–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khan, LA, Miles, RJ and Nicholas, RAJ (2005b). Hydrogen peroxide production by Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma agalactiae and effect of in vitro passage on a Mycoplasma bovis strain producing high levels of H2O2. Veterinary Research Communications 29: 181–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khodakaram-Tafti, A and Lopez, A (2004). Immunohistopathological findings in the lungs of calves naturally infected with Mycoplasma bovis. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 51: 10–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinde, H, Daft, BM, Walker, RL, Charlton, BR and Petty, R (1993). Mycoplasma bovis associated with decubital abscesses in Holstein calves. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 5: 194–197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kobayashi, H, Morozumi, T, Munthali, G, Mitani, K, Ito, N and Yamamoto, K (1996). Macrolide susceptibility of Mycoplasma hyorhinis isolated from piglets. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40: 1030–1032.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Konigsson, MH, Bolske, G and Johansson, KE (2002). Intraspecific variation in the 16S rRNA gene sequences of Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma bovis strains. Veterinary Microbiology 85: 209–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kusiluka, LJ, Kokotovic, B, Ojeniyi, B, Friis, NF and Ahrens, P (2000a). Genetic variations among Mycoplasma bovis strains isolated from Danish cattle. FEMS Microbiology Letters 192: 113–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kusiluka, LJ, Ojeniyi, B and Friis, NF (2000b). Increasing prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in Danish cattle. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 41: 139–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LaFaunce, NA and McEntee, K (1982). Experimental Mycoplasma bovis seminal vesiculitis in the bull. Cornell Veterinarian 72: 150–167.Google ScholarPubMed
Lamm, CG, Munson, L, Thurmond, MC, Barr, BC and George, LW (2004). Mycoplasma otitis in California calves. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 16: 397–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le Grand, D, Solsona, M, Rosengarten, R and Poumarat, F (1996). Adaptive surface antigen variation in Mycoplasma bovis to the host immune response. FEMS Microbiology Letters 144: 267–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levisohn, S, Garazi, S, Gerchman, I and Brenner, J (2004). Diagnosis of a mixed mycoplasma infection associated with a severe outbreak of bovine pinkeye in young calves. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 16: 579–581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez, A, Maxie, MG, Savan, M, Ruhnke, HL, Thomson, RG, Barnum, DA and Geissinger, HD (1982). The pulmonary clearance of Pasteurella haemolytica in calves infected with bovine virus diarrhea or Mycoplasma bovis. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 46: 302–306.Google ScholarPubMed
Lopez, A, Maxie, MG, Ruhnke, L, Savan, M and Thomson, RG (1986). Cellular inflammatory response in the lungs of calves exposed to bovine viral diarrhea virus, Mycoplasma bovis, and Pasteurella haemolytica. American Journal of Veterinary Research 47: 1283–1286.Google ScholarPubMed
Lu, XD and Rosenbusch, RF (2004). Endothelial cells from bovine pulmonary microvasculature respond to Mycoplasma bovis preferentially with signals for mononuclear cell transmigration. Microbial Pathogenesis 37: 253–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lysnyansky, I, Rosengarten, R and Yogev, D (1996). Phenotypic switching of variable surface lipoproteins in Mycoplasma bovis involves high-frequency chromosomal rearrangements. Journal of Bacteriology 178: 5395–5401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lysnyansky, I, Ron, Y, Sachse, K and Yogev, D (2001a). Intrachromosomal recombination within the vsp locus of Mycoplasma bovis generates a chimeric variable surface lipoprotein antigen. Infection and Immunity 69: 3703–3712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lysnyansky, I, Ron, Y and Yogev, D (2001b). Juxtaposition of an active promoter to vsp genes via site-specific DNA inversions generates antigenic variation in Mycoplasma bovis. Journal of Bacteriology 183: 5698–5708.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macartney, JE, Bateman, KG and Ribble, CS (2003). Health performance of feeder calves sold at conventional auctions versus special auctions of vaccinated or conditioned calves in Ontario. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 223: 677–683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madoff, S, Pixley, BQ, DelGiudice, RA and JrMoellering, RC (1979). Isolation of Mycoplasma bovis from a patient with systemic illness. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 9: 709–711.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maeda, T, Shibahara, T, Kimura, K, Wada, Y, Sato, K, Imada, Y, Ishikawa, Y and Kadota, K (2003). Mycoplasma bovis-associated suppurative otitis media and pneumonia in bull calves. Journal of Comparative Pathology 129: 100–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marenda, MS, Sagné, E, Poumarat, F and Citti, C (2005). Suppression subtractive hybridization as a basis to assess Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma bovis genomic diversity and species-specific sequences. Microbiology (Reading) 151: 475–489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, J, Bochlisch, H, Pfutzner, H and Zepezauer, V (1983). Mycoplasma infection in calves. 3. Histology of pneumonia due to M. bovis. Archiv für Experimentelle Veterinärmedizin 37: 499–507.Google Scholar
Martin, SW, Bateman, KG, Shewen, PE, Rosendal, S and Bohac, JE (1989). The frequency, distribution and effects of antibodies, to seven putative respiratory pathogens, on respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Resesarch 53: 355–362.Google ScholarPubMed
Martin, SW, Bateman, KG, Shewen, PE, Rosendal, S, Bohac, JG and Thorburn, M (1990). A group level analysis of the associations between antibodies to seven putative pathogens and respiratory disease and weight gain in Ontario feedlot calves. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Resesarch 54: 337–342.Google ScholarPubMed
Martin, SW, Nagy, E, Armstrong, D and Rosendal, S (1999). The associations of viral and mycoplasmal antibody titers with respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves. Canadian Veterinary Journal 40: 560–567, 570.Google ScholarPubMed
Martinez, A, Aznar, E, Vina, C and Martinez, JJ (1982). Experimental inoculation of Pasteurella multocida into calves naturally infected with Mycoplasma bovis. Revista de Salud Animal 4: 23–31.Google Scholar
Mattsson, JG, Guss, B and Johansson, KE (1994). The phylogeny of Mycoplasma bovis as determined by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. FEMS Microbiology Letters 115: 325–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazzolini, E, Agnoletti, F and Friso, S (1997). Drug susceptibility of respiratory mycoplasmas of cattle. Obiettivi e Documenti Veterinari 18: 61–66.Google Scholar
McAuliffe, L, Kokotovic, B, Ayling, RD and Nicholas, RA (2004). Molecular epidemiological analysis of Mycoplasma bovis isolates from the United Kingdom shows two genetically distinct clusters. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42: 4556–4565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAuliffe, L, Ellis, RJ, Lawes, JR, Ayling, RD and Nicholas, RAJ (2005). 16S rDNA PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; a single generic test for detecting and differentiating Mycoplasma species. Journal of Medical Microbiology 54: 731–739.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAuliffe, L, Ellis, RJ, Miles, K, Ayling, RD and Nicholas, RAJ (2006). Biofilm formation by mycoplasma species and its role in environmental persistence and survival. Microbiology (Reading) 152: 913–922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miles, K, McAuliffe, L, Persson, A, Ayling, RD and Nicholas, RAJ (2005). Insertion sequence profiling of UK Mycoplasma bovis field isolates. Veterinary Microbiology 107: 301–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muenster, OA, Ose, EE and Matsuoka, T (1979). The incidence of Mycoplasma dispar, ureaplasma and conventional mycoplasma in the pneumonic calf lung. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 43: 392–398.Google ScholarPubMed
Murray, PR and Baron, EJ (2003). Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Washington, D.C.American Society for Microbiology, p. 2310.Google Scholar
Nagatomo, H, Shimizu, T, Higashiyama, Y, Yano, Y, Kuroki, H and Hamana, K (1996). Antibody response to Mycoplasma bovis of calves introduced in a farm contaminated with the organism. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 58: 919–920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagatomo, H, Takegahara, Y, Sonoda, T, Yamaguchi, A, Uemura, R, Hagiwara, S and Sueyoshi, M (2001). Comparative studies of the persistence of animal mycoplasmas under different environmental conditions. Veterinary Microbiology 82: 223–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (2002). Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals. Approved standard M31-A2. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, PA, USA.Google Scholar
Nicholas, RA and Ayling, RD (2003). Mycoplasma bovis: disease, diagnosis, and control. Research in Veterinary Science 74: 105–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicholas, RA, Ayling, RD and Stipkovits, LP (2002). An experimental vaccine for calf pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma bovis: clinical, cultural, serological and pathological findings. Vaccine 20: 3569–3575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicholas, RAJ (2004). Recent developments in the diagnosis and control of Mycoplasma spp. infections in cattle; Proceedings of the 23rd World Buiatrics Congress, Québec, Canada, 11–16 July 2004. Médecin Vétérinaire du Québec 34: 21–23.Google Scholar
Nicholas, RAJ and Baker, S (1998). Recovery of mycoplasmas from animals. In: Miles, RJ and Nicholas, RAJ (eds) Mycoplasma Protocols. Totowa, USA: Humana Press, pp. 37–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholas, RAJ, Ayling, RD, Woodger, N, Wessells, ME and Houlihan, MG (2006). Mycoplasmas in adult cattle: bugs worth bothering about? Irish Veterinary Journal 59: 568–569, 571–572.Google Scholar
Nielsen, KH, Stewart, RB, Garcia, MM and Eaglesome, MD (1987). Enzyme immunoassay for detection of Mycoplasma bovis antigens in bull semen and preputial washings. Veterinary Record 120: 596–598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nussbaum, S, Lysnyansky, I, Sachse, K, Levisohn, S and Yogev, D (2002). Extended repertoire of genes encoding variable surface lipoproteins in Mycoplasma bovis strains. Infection and Immunity 70: 2220–2225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Farrell, K, Dillon, P, Mee, J, Crosse, S, Nolan, M, Byrne, N, Reidy, M, Flynn, F and Condon, T (2001). Strategy for restocking of Moorepark after depopulation following bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Irish Veterinary Journal 54: 70–75.Google Scholar
Pfutzner, H (1984). The tenacity of Mycoplasma bovis. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie, und Hygiene. Series A, Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology 258: 38–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfützner, H (1990). Epizootiology of the Mycoplasma bovis infection of cattle. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie Supplement 20, 394–399.Google Scholar
Pfutzner, H and Sachse, K (1996). Mycoplasma bovis as an agent of mastitis, pneumonia, arthritis and genital disorders in cattle. Revue Scientifique et Technique 15: 1477–1494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinnow, CC, Butler, JA, Sachse, K, Hotzel, H, Timms, LL and Rosenbusch, RF (2001). Detection of Mycoplasma bovis in preservative-treated field milk samples. Journal of Dairy Science 84: 1640–1645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollock, CM, Campbell, JR, Janzen, ED, West, K, Colleen, M and Pollock, DVM (2000). Epidemiological features of the ‘chronic pneumonia-polyarthritis syndrome’ of calves in a Western Canadian feedlot. In: Proceedings of the 9th Symposium of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Breckenridge, Colorado, USA, 6–11 August 2000.Google Scholar
Poumarat, F and Martel, JL (1989). In vitro antibiotic sensitivity of French strains of Mycoplasma bovis. Annales de Recherches Veterinaries 20: 145–152.Google ScholarPubMed
Poumarat, F, Perrin, B and Longchambon, D (1991). Identification of ruminant mycoplasmas by dot immunobinding on membrane filtration (MF dot). Veterinary Microbiology 29: 329–338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poumarat, F, Le Grand, D, Solsona, M, Rosengarten, R and Citti, C (1999). Vsp antigens and vsp-related DNA sequences in field isolates of Mycoplasma bovis. FEMS Microbiology Letters 173: 103–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poumarat, F, Grand, DL, Philippe, S, Calavas, D, Schelcher, F, Cabanié, P, Tessier, P and Navetat, H (2001). Efficacy of spectinomycin against Mycoplasma bovis induced pneumonia in conventionally reared calves. Veterinary Microbiology 80: 23–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poveda, JB (1998). Biochemical characteristics in mycoplasma identification. Methods in molecular biology 104: 69–78.Google ScholarPubMed
Poveda, JB and Nicholas, R (1998). Serological identification of mycoplasmas by growth and metabolic inhibition tests. Methods in Molecular Biology 104: 105–111.Google ScholarPubMed
Reilly, GA, Ball, HJ, Cassidy, JP and Bryson, TD (1993). First reported isolation of Mycoplasma bovis from pneumonic calves in Northern Ireland. Veterinary Record 133: 550–551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rifatbegovic, M, Assunção, P, Poveda, JB and Pasic, S (2007). Isolation of Mycoplasma bovis from the respiratory tract of cattle in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Veterinary Record 160: 484–485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robino, P, Alberti, A, Pittau, M, Chessa, B, Miciletta, M, Nebbia, P, Grand, DL and Rosati, S (2005). Genetic and antigenic characterization of the surface lipoprotein P48 of Mycoplasma bovis. Veterinary Microbiology 109: 201–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez, F, Bryson, DG, Ball, HJ and Forster, F (1996a). Pathological and immunohistochemical studies of natural and experimental Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia in calves. Journal of Comparative Pathology 115: 151–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez, F, Kennedy, S, Bryson, TDG, Fernandez, A, Rodriguez, JL and Ball, HJ (1996b). An immunohistochemical method of detecting Mycoplasma species antigens by use of monoclonal antibodies on paraffin sections of pneumonic bovine and caprine lungs. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 43: 429–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez, F, Sarradell, J, Poveda, JB, Ball, HJ and Fernandez, A (2000). Immunohistochemical characterization of lung lesions induced experimentally by Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma bovis in goats. Journal of Comparative Pathology 123: 285–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenbusch, RF (2000). Failure of antibiotics gentamicin, tylosin, lincomycin and spectinomycin (GTLS) to eliminate Mycoplasma bovis in artificially infected frozen bovine semen. Theriogenology 54: 181–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenbusch, RF, Kinyon, JM, Apley, M, Funk, ND, Smith, S and Hoffman, LJ (2005). In vitro antimicrobial inhibition profiles of Mycoplasma bovis isolates recovered from various regions of the United States from 2002 to 2003. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 17: 436–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosendal, S and Martin, SW (1986). The association between serological evidence of mycoplasma infection and respiratory disease in feedlot calves. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Resesarch 50: 179–183.Google ScholarPubMed
Rosendal, S and Valdivieso-Garcia, A (1981). Enumeration of mycoplasmas after acridine orange staining. Applied Environmental Microbiology 41: 1000–1002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosengarten, R, Behrens, A, Stetefeld, A, Heller, M, Ahrens, M, Sachse, K, Yogev, D and Kirchhoff, H (1994). Antigen heterogeneity among isolates of Mycoplasma bovis is generated by high-frequency variation of diverse membrane surface proteins. Infection and Immunity 62: 5066–5074.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruffo, G, Nani, SP and Podesta, A (1969). Survival of Mycoplasma agalactiae var. bovis in several materials and at different temperatures. Archivio Veterinario Italiano 20: 459–464.Google Scholar
Ryan, MJ, Wyand, DS, Hill, DL, Tourtellotte, ME and Yang, TJ (1983). Morphologic changes following intraarticular inoculation of Mycoplasma bovis in calves. Veterinary Pathology 20: 472–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachse, K, Grajetzki, C, Pfützner, H and Hass, R (1992). Comparison of Mycoplasma bovis strains based on SDS-PAGE and immunoblot protein patterns. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 39: 246–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachse, K, Pfutzner, H, Heller, M and Hanel, I (1993a). Inhibition of Mycoplasma bovis cytadherence by a monoclonal antibody and various carbohydrate substances. Veterinary Microbiology 36: 307–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachse, K, Pfutzner, H, Hotzel, H, Demuth, B, Heller, M and Berthold, E (1993b). Comparison of various diagnostic methods for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis. Revue Scientifique et Technique 12: 571–580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachse, K, Grajetzki, C, Rosengarten, R, Hanel, I, Heller, M and Pfutzner, H (1996). Mechanisms and factors involved in Mycoplasma bovis adhesion to host cells. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie 284: 80–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachse, K, Helbig, JH, Lysnyansky, I, Grajetzki, C, Müller, W, Jacobs, E and Yogev, D (2000). Epitope mapping of immunogenic and adhesive structures in repetitive domains of Mycoplasma bovis variable surface lipoproteins. Infection and Immunity 68: 680–687.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scherm, B, Gerlach, GF and Runge, M (2002). Analysis of heat shock protein 60 encoding genes of mycoplasmas and investigations concerning their role in immunity and infection. Veterinary Microbiology 89: 141–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, G and Umlauft, KD (1987). Pathohistological and bacteriological studies on enzootic pneumonia of calves. Monatshefte für Veterinärmedizin 42: 252–255.Google Scholar
Schulz, G, Blohm, H, Umlauft, KD and Hajesch, B (1990). Colonization of the upper respiratory tract of calves and bacteraemic stages of enzootic pneumonia. Archiv für Experimentelle Veterinärmedizin 44: 475–480.Google Scholar
Shahriar, FM, Clark, EG, Janzen, E, West, K and Wobeser, G (2002). Coinfection with bovine viral diarrhea virus and Mycoplasma bovis in feedlot cattle with chronic pneumonia. Canadian Veterinary Journal 43: 863–868.Google ScholarPubMed
Singh, UM, Doig, PA and Ruhnke, HL (1971). Mycoplasma arthritis in calves. Canadian Veterinary Journal 12: 183–185.Google ScholarPubMed
Skogerboe, TL, Rooney, KA, Nutsch, RG, Weigel, DJ, Gajewski, K and Kilgore, WR (2005). Comparative efficacy of tulathromycin versus florfenicol and tilmicosin against undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle. Veterinary Therapeutics 6: 180–196.Google ScholarPubMed
Springer, WT, Fulton, RW, Hagstad, HV, Nicholson, SS and Garton, JD (1982). Prevalence of Mycoplasma and Chlamydia in the nasal flora of dairy calves. Veterinary Microbiology 7: 351–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stalheim, OH and Proctor, SJ (1976). Experimentally induced bovine abortion with Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis. American Journal of Veterinary Research 37: 879–883.Google ScholarPubMed
Stipkovits, L, Rady, M and Glavits, R (1993). Mycoplasmal arthritis and meningitis in calves. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 41: 73–88.Google ScholarPubMed
Stipkovits, L, Glávits, R, Ripley, P, Molnár, T, Tenk, M and Szeredi, L (2000a). Pathological and immunohistochemical studies of pneumonia in calves experimentally induced by Mycoplasma bovis. In: Bergonier, D, Berthelot, X and Frey, J (eds) Mycoplasmas of Ruminants: Pathogenicity, Diagnostics, Epidemiology and Molecular Genetics. Brussels: European Commission, pp. 27–30.Google Scholar
Stipkovits, L, Ripley, P, Varga, J and Pálfi, V (2000b). Clinical study of the disease of calves associated with Mycoplasma bovis infection. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48: 387–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stipkovits, L, Ripley, PH, Varga, J and Palfi, V (2001). Use of valnemulin in the control of Mycoplasma bovis infection under field conditions. Veterinary Record 148: 399–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stipkovits, L, Ripley, PH, Tenk, M, Glávits, R, Molnár, T and Fodor, L (2005). The efficacy of valnemulin (Econor(R)) in the control of disease caused by experimental infection of calves with Mycoplasma bovis. Research in Veterinary Science 78: 207–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Subramaniam, S, Bergonier, D, Poumarat, F, Capaul, S, Schlatter, Y, Nicolet, J and Frey, J (1998). Species identification of Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma agalactiae based on the uvrC genes by PCR. Molecular and Cellular Probes 12: 161–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanner, AC and Wu, CC (1992). Adaptation of the Sensititre broth microdilution technique to antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Avian Diseases 36: 714–717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tenk, M, Stipkovits, L and Hufnagel, L (2004). Examination of the role of Mycoplasma bovis in bovine pneumonia and a mathematical model for its evaluation. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 52: 445–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tenk, M, Bálint, Á, Stipkovits, L, Bíró, J and Dencso, L (2006). Detection of Mycoplasma bovis with an improved PCR assay. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 54: 427–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ter Laak, EA, Noordergraaf, JH and Boomsluiter, E (1992). The nasal mycoplasmal flora of healthy calves and cows. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 39: 610–616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ter Laak, EA, Noordergraaf, JH and Verschure, MH (1993). Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma dispar, and Ureaplasma diversum strains to antimicrobial agents in vitro. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 37: 317–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, A, Ball, H, Dizier, I, Trolin, A, Bell, C, Mainil, J and Linden, A (2002a). Isolation of mycoplasma species from the lower respiratory tract of healthy cattle and cattle with respiratory disease in Belgium. Veterinary Record 151: 472–476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, A, Dizier, I, Trolin, A, Mainil, J and Linden, A (2002b). Comparison of sampling procedures for isolating pulmonary mycoplasmas in cattle. Veterinary Research Communications 26: 333–339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, A, Nicolas, C, Dizier, I, Mainil, J and Linden, A (2003a). Antibiotic susceptibilities of recent isolates of Mycoplasma bovis in Belgium. Veterinary Record 153: 428–431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, A, Sachse, K, Farnir, F, Dizier, I, Mainil, J and Linden, A (2003b). Adherence of Mycoplasma bovis to bovine bronchial epithelial cells. Microbial Pathogenesis 34: 141–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, A, Dizier, I, Linden, A, Mainil, J, Frey, J and Vilei, EM (2004a). Conservation of the uvrC gene sequence in Mycoplasma bovis and its use in routine PCR diagnosis. Veterinary Journal 168: 100–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, A, Linden, A, Mainil, J, Dizier, I, Baseman, JB, Kannan, TR, Fleury, B, Frey, J and Vilei, EM (2004b). The p40* adhesin pseudogene of Mycoplasma bovis. Veterinary Microbiology 104: 213–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, A, Leprince, P, Dizier, I, Ball, H, Gevaert, K, Damme, JV, Mainil, J and Linden, A (2005a). Identification by two-dimensional electrophoresis of a new adhesin expressed by a low-passaged strain of Mycoplasma bovis. Research in Microbiology 156: 713–718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, A, Linden, A, Mainil, J, Bischof, DF, Frey, J and Vilei, EM (2005b). Mycoplasma bovis shares insertion sequences with Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC: evolutionary and developmental aspects. FEMS Microbiology Letters 245: 249–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, CB, Mettler, J, Sharp, P, Jensen-Kostenbader, J and Schultz, RD (1990). Mycoplasma bovis suppression of bovine lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 26: 143–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, CB, Van Ess, P, Wolfgram, LJ, Riebe, J, Sharp, P and Schultz, RD (1991). Adherence to bovine neutrophils and suppression of neutrophil chemiluminescence by Mycoplasma bovis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 27: 365–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, LH, Howard, CJ, Stott, EJ and Parsons, KR (1986). Mycoplasma bovis infection in gnotobiotic calves and combined infection with respiratory syncytial virus. Veterinary Pathology 23: 571–578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, LH, Howard, CJ, Parsons, KR and Anger, HS (1987). Growth of Mycoplasma bovis in organ cultures of bovine foetal trachea and comparison with Mycoplasma dispar. Veterinary Microbiology 13: 189–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomson, DU and White, BJ (2006). Backgrounding beef cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice 22: 373–398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tschopp, R, Bonnemain, P, Nicolet, J and Burnens, A (2001). Epidemiological study of risk factors associated with Mycoplasma bovis infections in fattening calves. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 143: 461–467.Google Scholar
Tully, JG (1983). Cloning and filtration techniques for mycoplasmas. In: Tully, JG and Razin, S (eds) Methods in Mycoplasmology. Mycoplasma Characterization. Vol. I. New York: Academic Press, pp. 173–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urbaneck, D, Liebig, F, Forbrig, T and Stache, B (2000). Experiences with the use of herd-specific vaccines against respiratory infections with Mycoplasma bovis in a large cattle herd. Der Praktische Tierarzt 81: 756–763.Google Scholar
USDA-APHIS (2007). Current Veterinary Biologics Product Catalogue.Google Scholar
Vanden, Bush TJ and Rosenbusch, RF (2002). Mycoplasma bovis induces apoptosis of bovine lymphocytes. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 32: 97–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanden Bush, TJ and Rosenbusch, RF (2003). Characterization of the immune response to Mycoplasma bovis lung infection. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 94: 23–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanden Bush, TJ and Rosenbusch, RF (2004). Characterization of a lympho-inhibitory peptide produced by Mycoplasma bovis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 315: 336–341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vogel, G, Nicolet, J, Martig, J, Tschudi, P and Meylan, M (2001). Bacterial flora isolated from the lungs of calves with pneumonia and their resistance patterns to antimicrobial drugs. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 143: 341–350.Google Scholar
Vogel, GJ, Laudert, SB, Zimmermann, A, Guthrie, CA, Mechor, GD and Moore, GM (1998). Effects of tilmicosin on acute undifferentiated respiratory tract disease in newly arrived feedlot cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 212: 1919–1924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wachowski, C and Kirchhoff, H (1986). Sensitivity of Mycoplasma bovis field strains to various antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents. Berliner und Münchener tierärztliche Wochenschrift 99: 41–44.Google ScholarPubMed
Waites, KB (2007). Mycoplasma and ureaplasma. In: Murray, PR and Baron, EJ (eds) Manual of Clinical Microbiology: Mycoplasmas and Obligate Intracellular Bacteria. Washington, D.C.: American Society of Microbiology, pp. 1004–1020.Google Scholar
Waites, KB, Crabb, DM, Duffy, LB and Cassell, GH (1997). Evaluation of the Etest for detection of tetracycline resistance in Mycoplasma hominis. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 27: 117–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walz, PH, Mullaney, TP, Render, JA, Walker, RD, Mosser, T and Baker, JC (1997). Otitis media in preweaned Holstein dairy calves in Michigan due to Mycoplasma bovis. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 9: 250–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wiggins, MC, Woolums, AR, Sanchez, S, Hurley, DJ, Cole, DJ, Ensley, DT and Pence, ME (2007). Prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in backgrounding and stocker cattle operations. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 230: 1514–1518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed