Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-ws8qp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-29T00:03:04.668Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Assessing the Social and Economic Barriers to Permeable Surface Utilization for Residential Driveways in Kitchener, Canada

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2014

Stephanie A. Cote
Affiliation:
Solid Waste Programs Assistant, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
S.E. Wolfe*
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, Department of Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
*
Address correspondence to: S.E. Wolfe, Department of Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1 Canada; (phone) 519-888-4567 ext. 38690; (fax) 519-746-0292; (e-mail) sewolfe@uwaterloo.ca.
Get access

Abstract

Urban stormwater runoff rates are expected to intensify with climate change. Permeable surfaces, a low-impact development (LID) stormwater management technology, can be used to mitigate the impacts of urban stormwater runoff. Permeable surfaces have demonstrable benefits for use in northern climates, but widespread use requires greater recognition of this potential. This article reports on the multiple barriers associated with the installation of a permeable surface in single-family residences, along with the characteristics and incentives associated with early adopters. Results from standardized, self-administered mail-back questionnaires distributed within a Kitchener, Canada, community identified awareness, cost, and technological acceptance as permeable surface adoption barriers. Other results indicate that Kitchener residents possess the necessary characteristics to support permeable surface adoption once technical and economic barriers are resolved. This article contributes insights on barriers to LID urban stormwater management practices to both the academic and applied literatures.

Environmental Practice 16: 6–18 (2014)

Type
Features
Copyright
© National Association of Environmental Professionals 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AECOM. 2010. Memorandum on City of Kitchener Stormwater Rate Implementation. Project 60148170. AECOM, Kitchener, Canada, 7 pp. Formerly available at http://www.kitchener.ca/en/ (accessed September 3, 2012).Google Scholar
AECOM. 2011. Five-Year Stormwater Report Card 2010 Technical Report. Project 60118433. AECOM, Kitchener, Canada, 44 pp. Available at http://www.kitchener.ca/en/livinginkitchener/resources/2010StormwaterManagementAudit5YearReportCardTechnicalReport.pdf (accessed September 3, 2012).Google Scholar
Arnold, C.L., and Gibbons, J.C.. 1996. Impervious Surface Coverage: The Emergence of a Key Environmental Indicator. Journal of the American Planning Association 62(2):243258.Google Scholar
Ball, J.E., and Rankin, K.. 2010. The Hydrological Performance of a Permeable Pavement. Urban Water Journal 7(2):7990.Google Scholar
Barnhill, K., and Smardon, R.. 2012. Gaining Ground: Green Infrastructure Attitudes and Perceptions from Stakeholders in Syracuse, New York. Environmental Practice 14(1):616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bean, E.Z., Hunt, W.F., and Bidelspach, D.A.. 2007. Field Survey of Permeable Pavement Surface Infiltration Rates. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 133(3):249255.Google Scholar
Beebe, T.J., Stoner, S.M., Anderson, K.J., and Williams, A.R.. 2007. Selected Questionnaire Size and Color Combinations Were Significantly Related to Mailed Survey Response Rates. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 60(11):11841189.Google Scholar
Bester, M.L., Frind, E.O., Molson, J.W., and Rudolph, D.L.. 2006. Numerical Investigation of Road Salt Impact on an Urban Wellfield. Ground Water 44(2):165175.Google Scholar
Binstock, M. 2011, June. Greening Stormwater Management in Ontario: An Analysis of Challenges and Opportunities. Canadian Institute for Environmental Law and Policy, Toronto, 30 pp. Available at http://cielap.org/pdf/GreeningStormManOntario.pdf (accessed September 3, 2012).Google Scholar
Brattebo, B.O., and Booth, D.B.. 2003. Long-Term Stormwater Quantity and Quality Performance of Permeable Pavement Systems. Water Research 37(18):43694376.Google Scholar
Brown, C., Chu, A., van Duin, B., and Valeo, C.. 2009. Characteristics of Sediment Removal in Two Types of Permeable Pavement. Water Quality Resources Journal of Canada 44(1):5970.Google Scholar
Bryman, A., Teevan, J.J., and Bell, E.A.. 2009. Social Research Methods, 2nd Canadian edition. Oxford University Press, Don Mills, Canada, 392 pp.Google Scholar
Burns, M.J., Fletcher, T.D., Walsh, C.J., Ladson, A.R., and Hatt, B.E.. 2012. Hydrologic Shortcomings of Conventional Urban Stormwater Management and Opportunities for Reform. Landscape and Urban Planning 105(3):230240.Google Scholar
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). 2013. Housing Market Outlook, Canada edition. CMHC, Ottawa, 32 pp. Available at http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/odpub/esub/61500/61500_2013_Q01.pdf?fr=1367032490584 (accessed April 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Carter, T., and Fowler, L.. 2008. Establishing Green Roof Infrastructure through Environmental Policy Instruments. Environmental Management 42(1):151164.Google Scholar
Chawla, L. 2008. Participation and the Ecology of Environmental Awareness. In Participation and Learning: Perspectives on Education and the Environment, Health and Sustainability, A. Reid, B.B. Jensen, and J. Nikel, eds. Springer-Verlag, New York, 98110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
City of Kitchener. 2010a. Kitchener’s Stormwater Management Program: 2010 Report Card. 6 pp. Available at http://www.kitchener.ca//en/livinginkitchener/resources/2010StormwaterManagementAudit5YearReportCardpamphlet.pdf (accessed September 3, 2012).Google Scholar
City of Kitchener. 2010b. Stormwater Credit Policy. 413 pp. Available at http://www.kitchener.ca/en/livinginkitchener/Stormwater_Credit_Policy.asp (accessed September 3, 2012).Google Scholar
City of Kitchener. 2011. Fast facts about Kitchener. 4 pp. Available at http://www.kitchener.ca/en/insidecityhall/resources/2011_01_Fast_Facts.pdf (accessed August 16, 2012).Google Scholar
City of Kitchener. 2012. Important: Stormwater Utility Rate Change. 1 p. Available at http://www.kitchener.ca/en/livinginkitchener/resources/SWM_UtilityInsert_2012_EPOST.pdf (accessed September 3, 2012).Google Scholar
City of Kitchener. 2013. Residential Stormwater Credit Application. 11 pp. Available at http://www.kitchener.ca/en/businessinkitchener/resources/SWM_Stormwater_Credit_Application_-_Mar_1_2013.pdf (accessed April 24, 2013).Google Scholar
City of Kitchener. 2014. Stormwater Utility. Available at http://www.kitchener.ca/en/livinginkitchener/Stormwater_Utility.asp (accessed January 29, 2014).Google Scholar
City of Toronto. 2006, June. Making a Sustainable City Happen: The Toronto Green Development Standard 2006. 86 pp. Available at http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/2006/agendas/committees/ren/ren060710/it003.pdf (accessed September 3, 2012).Google Scholar
Coffman, L.S. 2000. Low Impact Development Design: A New Paradigm for Stormwater Management Mimicking and Restoring the Natural Hydrologic Regime. In National Conference on Tools for Urban Water Resource Management and Protection: Proceedings, February 7–10, Chicago. US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 158–167.Google Scholar
Collins, K.A., Hunt, W.F., and Hathaway, J.M.. 2008. Hydrologic Comparison of Four Types of Permeable Pavement and Standard Asphalt in Eastern Northern Carolina. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 13(12):11461157.Google Scholar
Cowell, D.W. 1998. Ecological Landscape Planning Techniques for Biodiversity and Sustainability. Environmental Management and Health 9(2):7278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crabbe, P., and Robin, M.. 2006. Institutional Adaption of Water Resource Infrastructures to Climate Change in Eastern Ontario. Climate Change 78(1):103133.Google Scholar
Credit Valley Conservation (CVC) and Toronto Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). 2010. Low Impact Development Stormwater Management Planning and Design Guide, version 1.0. CVC, Mississauga, and TRCA, Toronto, Canada, 12 pp. Available at http://www.creditvalleyca.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/lid-swm-guide-intro.pdf (accessed September 12, 2012).Google Scholar
Cunderlik, J.M., and Ouarda, T.B.M.J.. 2009. Trends in the Timing and Magnitude of Floods in Canada. Journal of Hydrology 375(3–4):471480.Google Scholar
Dietz, M.E. 2007. Low Impact Development Practices: A Review of Current Research and Recommendations for Future Directions. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 186(1–4):351363.Google Scholar
Dillman, D.A. 1991. The Design and Administration of Mail Surveys. Annual Review of Sociology 17:225249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolnicar, S., and Hurlimann, A.. 2010. Australians’ Water Conservation Behaviours and Attitudes. Australian Journal of Water Resources 14(1):4353.Google Scholar
Donofrio, J., Kuhn, Y., McWalter, K., and Winsor, M.. 2009. Water-Sensitive Urban Design: An Emerging Model in Sustainable Design and Comprehensive Water-Cycle Management. Environmental Practice 11(3):179189.Google Scholar
Earles, A., Rapp, D.P.E., Clary, J., and Lopitz, J.. 2009. Breaking Down the Barriers to Low Impact Development in Colorado. In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009, Great Rivers: Proceedings of the Congress, May 17–29, Kansas City, MO, S. Starrett, ed. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 914–923.Google Scholar
Elçi, A. 2011. Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater Resources Using Groundwater Flow Models. In Climate Change and Its Effects on Water Resources: Issues of National and Global Security, A. Baba, G. Tayfur, O. Gündüz, K.W.F. Howard, M.J. Friedel, and A. Chambel, eds. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, volume 3. Springer, New York, 6375.Google Scholar
Expert Panel on Climate Change Adaption. 2009. Adapting to Climate Change in Ontario. Queens Printer for Ontario, Toronto, 88 pp.Google Scholar
Fay, L., and Shi, X.. 2012. Environmental Impacts of Chemicals for Snow and Ice Control: State of the Knowledge. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 223(5):27512770.Google Scholar
Frazer, L. 2005. Paving Paradise: The Peril of Impervious Surfaces. Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7):A456A462.Google Scholar
Freeman, S., Vigoda-Gadot, E., Sterr, H., Schultz, M., Korchenkov, I., Krost, P., and Angel, D.. 2012. Public Attitudes towards Marine Aquaculture: A Comparative Analysis of Germany and Israel. Environmental Science & Policy 22:6072.Google Scholar
Genskow, K.D., and Wood, D.M.. 2011. Improving Voluntary Environmental Management Programs: Facilitating Learning and Adaptation. Environmental Management 47(5):907916.Google Scholar
Gilbert, J.K., and Clausen, J.C.. 2006. Stormwater Runoff Quality and Quantity from Asphalt, Paver, and Crushed Stone Driveways in Connecticut. Water Research 40(4):826832.Google Scholar
Gollan, N., and Corbett, N.. 2011. Memorandum on Credit Policy Development: Memorandum #1: Introduction, Background (including Research) and Purpose. City of Kitchener and City of Waterloo, Kitchener, Canada, 7 pp. Available at http://www.kitchener.ca/en/livinginkitchener/resources/SWCPFINALMemo1.pdf (accessed January 29, 2014).Google Scholar
Government of Ontario. 2011. Climate Ready: Ontario’s Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan 2011–2014. Queens Printer for Ontario, Toronto, 120 pp.Google Scholar
Grillakis, M.G., Koutroulis, A.G., and Tsanis, I.K.. 2011. Climate Change Impact on the Hydrology of Spencer Creek Watershed in Southern Ontario, Canada. Journal of Hydrology 409(1–2):119.Google Scholar
Hamin, E.M., and Gurran, N.. 2009. Urban Form and Climate Change: Balancing Adaptation and Mitigation in the U.S. and Australia. Habitat International 33(3):238245.Google Scholar
He, C., and Marsalek, J.. 2009. Hydraulic Optimization of a Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Storage Facility Using Numerical and Physical Modeling. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36(2):363373.Google Scholar
He, J., Valeo, C., Chu, A., and Neumann, N.F.. 2011. Stormwater Quantity and Quality Response to Climate Change Using Artificial Neural Networks. Hydrological Processes 25(8):12981312.Google Scholar
Heaney, J.P., and Sansalone, J.J.. 2009. Urban Stormwater Management in 2050. In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009, Great Rivers: Proceedings of the Congress, May 17–29, Kansas City, MO, S. Starrett, ed. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2336–2344.Google Scholar
Hendry, C., Harborne, P., and Brown, J.. 2010. So What Do Innovating Companies Really Get from Publicly Funded Demonstration Projects and Trials? Innovation Lessons from Solar Photovoltaics and Wind. Energy Policy 38(8):45074519.Google Scholar
Hood, I. 2008. Green Building in North America. Paper 4c: Residential Building in North America: The benefits of a North American Strategy—A Perspective from Canada. Sheltair Group, Vancouver, Canada, 52 pp. Available at http://www.cec.org/Storage/61/5383_GBPaper4c_en.pdf (accessed September 12, 2012).Google Scholar
Houdeshel, C.D., Pomeroy, C.A., Hair, L., and Goo, R.. 2009. Cost Estimating Tools for Low-Impact Development Best Management Practices. In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009, Great Rivers: Proceedings of the Congress, May 17–29, Kansas City, MO, S. Starrett, ed. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 991–1003.Google Scholar
Houle, K.M., Roseen, R.M., Ballestero, T.P., Briggs, J.F., and Houle, J.J.. 2009. Examinations of Pervious Concrete and Porous Asphalt Pavements Performance for Stormwater Management in Northern Climates. In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009, Great Rivers: Proceedings of the Congress, May 17–29, Kansas City, MO, S. Starrett, ed. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 1105–1122.Google Scholar
Huang, J., Valeo, C., He, J., and Chu, A.. 2012. Winter Performance of Inter-locking Pavers—Stormwater Quantity and Quality. Water 4(4):9951008.Google Scholar
Hungerford, H.R., and Volk, T.L.. 1990. Changing Learner Behavior through Environmental Education. Journal of Environmental Education 21(3):822.Google Scholar
Jordaan, S., and Stevens, C.M.A.. 2007. Overcoming Barriers on the Path to Water Conservation. Water Soft Path Lexicon, volume 1. Friends of the Earth Canada, Ottawa, 113.Google Scholar
Juhola, S., and Westerhoff, L.. 2011. Challenges of Adaptation to Climate Change across Multiple Scales: A Case Study of Network Governance in Two European Countries. Environmental Science & Policy 14(3):239247.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. 2011. Stormwater Strategies: Cities Prepare Aging Infrastructure for Climate Change. Environmental Health Perspectives 119(12):A514A519.Google Scholar
Kuang, X., and Fu, Y.. 2013. Coupled Infiltration and Filtration Behaviours of Concrete Porous Pavement for Stormwater Management. Hydrological Processes 27(4):532540.Google Scholar
Kwiatkowski, M., Welker, A.L., Traver, R.G., Vanacore, M., and Ladd, T.. 2007. Evaluation of an Infiltration Best Management Practice Utilizing Pervious Concrete. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 43(5):12081222.Google Scholar
Lake Erie Source Protection Region (LESPR). 2011, June. Drinking Water Threat: The Application of Road Salt; Drinking Water Threat: The Handling and Storage of Road Salt. Final Discussion Paper. LESPR, Cambridge, Canada, 53 pp. Available at http://www.sourcewater.ca/plandevelopment/12_13_Salt_DiscussionPaper_Final.pdf (accessed April 23, 2013).Google Scholar
Larson, P.D., and Chow, G.. 2003. Total Cost/Response Rate Trade-offs in Mail Survey Research: Impact of Follow-up Mailings and Monetary Incentives. Industrial Marketing Management 32(7):533537.Google Scholar
Litman, T. 2011. Why and How to Reduce the Amount of Land Paved for Roads and Parking Facilities. Environmental Practice 13(1):3846.Google Scholar
Maibach, E. 1993. Social Marketing for the Environment: Using Information Campaigns to Promote Environmental Awareness and Behavior Change. Health Promotion International 8(3):209224.Google Scholar
Marsalek, J., and Schreier, H.. 2009. Innovation in Stormwater Management in Canada: The Way Forward. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 44(1):vx.Google Scholar
Mayer, A.L., Shuster, W.D., Beaulieu, J.J., Hopton, M.E., Rhea, L.K., Roy, A.H., and Thurston, H.W.. 2012. Building Green Infrastructure via Citizen Participation: A Six-Year Study in the Shepherd Creek (Ohio). Environmental Practice 14(1):5767.Google Scholar
McGuire, G., Wyper, N., Chan, M., Campbell, A., Bernstein, S., and Vivian, J.. 2010, February. Re-inventing Rainwater Management: A Strategy to Protect Health and Restore Nature in the Capital Region. Environmental Law Clinic, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada, 107 pp. Available at http://www.elc.uvic.ca/press/documents/stormwater-report-FINAL.pdf (accessed September 3, 2012).Google Scholar
Murphy, G.K., and Gregory, M.. 2009. Stormwater Management Program and Funding Review. 18 pp. Formerly available at http://www.kitchener.ca/en/ (accessed January 12, 2011).Google Scholar
Newton, D.B. 2005. The Effectiveness of Modular Porous Pavement as a Stormwater Treatment Device (unpublished PhD dissertation). Griffith University, Nathan, Australia, 73 pp. Available at https://www120.secure.griffith.edu.au/rch/items/a98c0848-dec8-1f19-6609-03bd818ae830/1/02Main.pdf (accessed September 3, 2012).Google Scholar
Ontario Ministry of Environment. 2003, March. Stormwater Management Planning and Design Manual. Queen’s Printer for Ontario, Toronto, 372 pp. Available at http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@ene/@resources/documents/resource/std01_079721.pdf (accessed September 3, 2012).Google Scholar
Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy. 1994, June. Stormwater Management Practices Planning and Design Manual. Queens’s Printer for Ontario, Toronto, 260 pp. Available at https://archive.org/stream/stormwatermanage00marsuoft#page/n1/mode/2up and https://archive.org/stream/stormwatermanage00marsuoft/stormwatermanage00marsuoft_djvu.txt.Google Scholar
Picketts, I.M., Werner, A.T., Murdock, T.Q., Curry, J., Déry, S.J., and Dyer, D.. 2012. Planning for Climate Change Adaptation: Lessons Learned from a Community-Based Workshop. Environmental Science & Policy 17:8293.Google Scholar
Podolsky, L., and MacDonald, E.. 2008, August. Green Cities, Great Lakes: Using Green Infrastructure to Reduce Combined Sewer Overflows. Ecojustice, Toronto, 51 pp. Available at http://www.blue-economy.ca/sites/default/files/reports/green%20cities.pdf (accessed September 3, 2012).Google Scholar
Rodriguez, J.M., Molnar, J.J., Fazio, R.A., Sydnor, E., and Lowe, M.J.. 2008. Barriers to Adoption of Sustainable Agriculture Practices: Change Agent Perspectives. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 24(1):6071.Google Scholar
Rogers, E.M. 1983. Diffusion of Innovations, 3rd edition. Free Press, New York, 524 pp.Google Scholar
Roseen, R.M., Ballestero, T.P., Houle, J.J., Briggs, J.F., and Houle, K.M.. 2012. Water Quality and Hydrologic Performance of a Porous Asphalt Pavement as a Storm-Water Treatment Strategy in a Cold Climate. Journal of Environmental Engineering 138(1):8189.Google Scholar
Rowe, A.A., Borst, M., O’Connor, T.P., and Stander, E.K.. 2009. Pervious Pavement System Evaluation. In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009, Great Rivers: Proceedings of the Congress, May 17–29, Kansas City, MO, S. Starrett, ed. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 1–8.Google Scholar
Sanderson, M., Karrow, P.F., Greenhouse, J.P., Paloschi, G.V.R., Schneider, G., Mulamoottil, G., Mason, C., McBean, E.A., Fitzpatrick, P.N., Mitchell, B., Shrubsole, D., and Child, E.. 1995. Groundwater Contamination in the Kitchener-Waterloo Area Ontario. Canadian Water Resources Journal 20(3):145160.Google Scholar
Sansalone, J., Kuang, X., Ying, G., and Ranieri, V.. 2012. Filtration and Clogging of Permeable Pavement Loaded by Urban Drainage. Water Research 46(20):67636774.Google Scholar
Scholz, M., and Grabowiecki, P.. 2007. Review of Permeable Pavement Systems. Building and Environment 42(11):38303836.Google Scholar
Siva, S. 2009. Appendix A: Executive Summary of Draft Final Report. In Stormwater Management Program and Funding Review: Study Recommendation. City of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada, iv. Available at http://www.waterloo.ca/en/contentresources/resources/living/report_stormwater_program_funding_review_april_2009.pdf (accessed January 29, 2014).Google Scholar
Thurston, H.W., Taylor, M.A., Shuster, W.D., Roy, A.H., and Morrison, M.A.. 2010. Using a Reverse Auction to Promote Household Level Stormwater Control. Environmental Science & Policy 13(5):405414.Google Scholar
Tivesten, E., Jonsson, S., Jakobsson, L., and Norin, H.. 2012. Nonresponse Analysis and Adjustment in a Mail Survey on Car Accidents. Accident Analysis & Prevention 48:401415.Google Scholar
Toronto and Region Conservation. 2008, November. Performance Evaluation of Permeable Pavement and a Bioretention Swale—Seneca College, King City, Ontario. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Toronto, 120 pp. Available at http://sustainabletechnologies.ca/wp/clean-water/stormwater-management/permeable-pavement/performance-evaluation-of-permeable-pavement-and-a-bioretention-swale-seneca-college-king-city-ontario/ (accessed September 3, 2012).Google Scholar
Vachon, S., and Menz, F.C.. 2006. The Role of Social, Political, and Economic Interests in Promoting State Green Electricity Policies. Environmental Science & Policy 9(7–8):652662.Google Scholar
Webster, C. 1997. Effects of Researcher Presence and Appeal on Response Quality in Hand-Delivered, Self-Administered Surveys. Journal of Business Research 38(2):105114.Google Scholar
Yazicigil, H., Yilmaz, K.K., Erdemli, B.U., and Yagbasan, O.. 2011. Impacts of Decreasing Recharge Rates on Sustainable Groundwater Management. In Climate Change and Its Effects on Water Resources: Issues of National and Global Security, A. Baba, G. Tayfur, O. Gündüz, K.W.F. Howard, M.J. Friedel, and A. Chambel, eds. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C 3: Environmental Security, volume 3. Springer, New York, 4350.Google Scholar
Yong, C.F., McCarthy, D.T., and Deletic, A.. 2012. Predicting Physical Clogging of Porous and Permeable Pavements. Journal of Hydrology 481:4855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, T., Bell, L., Horner, M.W., Sulik, J., and Zhang, J.. 2012. Consumer Responses towards Home Energy Financial Incentives: A Survey-Based Study. Energy Policy 47(3):291297.Google Scholar
Zimmer, C.A., Heathcote, I.W., Whiteley, H.R., and Schroeter, H.. 2007. Low-Impact Development Practices for Stormwater: Implications for Urban Hydrology. Canadian Water Resources Journal 32(3):193212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar