Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T07:43:23.633Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

On the Nature of Transitions: the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the Neolithic Revolution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2008

Ofer Bar-Yosef
Ofer Bar-Yosef
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology Peabody Museum 11 Divinity Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article discusses two major revolutions in the history of humankind, namely, the Neolithic and the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic revolutions. The course of the first one is used as a general analogy to study the second, and the older one. This approach puts aside the issue of biological differences among the human fossils, and concentrates solely on the cultural and technological innovations. It also demonstrates the issues that are common-place to the study of the transition from foraging to cultivation and animal husbandry can be employed as an overarching model for the study of the transition from the Middle to the Upper Palaeolithic. The advantage of this approach is that it focuses on the core areas where each of these revolutions began, the ensuing dispersals and their geographic contexts.

Type
Articles
Information
Cambridge Archaeological Journal , Volume 8 , Issue 2 , October 1998 , pp. 141 - 163
Copyright
Copyright © The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akazawa, T., Aoki, K. & Bar-Yosef, O., 1998. Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia. New York (NY): Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Ambrose, S.H., 1998. Chronology of the later Stone Age and food production in East Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 25, 377–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ammerman, AJ. & Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., 1984. The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arensburg, B., Schepartz, L.A., Tillier, A.M., Vandermeersch, B. & Rak, Y., 1990. A reappraisal of the anatomical basis for speech in Middle Palaeolithic hominds. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 83, 137–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Yosef, D.E., 1991. Changes in the selection of marine shells from the Natufian to the Neolithic, in Bar-Yosef, & Valla, (eds.), 629–36.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O., 1992. The role of Western Asia in modern human origins. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (London) 337, 193–200.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O., 1994. The contributions of southwest Asia to the study of the origin of modern humans, in Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans, eds. Nitecki, M.H. & Nitecki, D. V.. New York (NY): Plenum, 23–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O., 1998. The Natufian culture in the Levant: threshold to the origins of agriculture. Evolutionary Anthropology 6, 159–77.3.0.CO;2-7>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Belfer-Cohen, A., 1989a. The origins of sedentism and farming communities in the Levant. Journal of World Prehistory 3, 447–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Belfer-Cohen, A., 1989b. The Levantine ‘PPNB’ interaction sphere, in People and Culture in Change, ed. Hershkovitz, I.. (BAR International Series 508(i).) Oxford: BAR, 59–72.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Belfer-Cohen, A., 1991. From sedentary hunter-gatherers to territorial farmers in the Levant, in Between Bands and States, ed. Gregg, S.A.. Carbondale (IL): Center for Archaeological Investigations, 181–202.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Belfer-Cohen, A., 1992. From foraging to farming in the Mediterranean Levant, in Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory, eds. Gebauer, A.B. & Price, T.D.. Madison (WI): Prehistory Press, 21–48.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Meadow, R.H., 1995. The origins of agriculture in the Near East, in Last Hunters, First Farmers: New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture, eds. Price, T.D. & Gebauer, A.B.. Santa Fe (NM): School of American Research Press, 39–94.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F.R. (eds.), 1991. The Natufian Culture in the Levant. Ann Arbor (MI): International Monographs in Prehistory.Google Scholar
Baruch, U., 1994. The late Quaternary pollen record of the Near East, in Late Quaternary Chronology and Paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean, eds. Bar-Yosef, O. & Tucson, R.K. (AZ) & Cambridge: Radiocarbon and the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 103–20.Google Scholar
Baruch, U. & Bottema, S., 1991. Palynological evidence for climatic changes in the Levant c. 17,000–9000 Bp, in Bar-Yosef, & Valla, (eds.), 11–20.Google Scholar
Begin, S.B., Broecker, W., Buchbinder, B., Druckman, Y., Kaufman, A., Magaritz, M. & Neev, D., 1985. Dead Sea and Lake Lisan levels in the last 30,000 years. Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A., 1988. The appearance of symbolic expression in the Upper Pleistocene of the Levant as compared to Western Europe, in La Pensée, vol. 5: L'Homme de Neanderthal: Actes du colloque international de Liège, ed. Otte, M.. Liège: Universtié de Liège, 25–9.Google Scholar
Bentley, G.R., 1996. How did prehistoric women bear ‘Man the Hunter’? Reconstructing fertility from the archaeological record, in Gender and Archaeology, ed. Wright, R.P.. Philadelphia (PA): University of Pennsylvania Press, 23–51.Google Scholar
Bentley, G.R., Goldberg, T. & Jasienska, G., 1993. The fertility of agricultural and non-agricultural traditional societies. Population Studies 47, 269–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binford, L.R., 1968. Early Upper Pleistocene adaptations in the Levant. American Anthropologist 70, 707–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binford, L.R., 1980. Willow smoke and dogs' tails: huntergatherer settlement systems and archaeological site formation. American Antiquity 45, 4–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binford, L.R., 1983. In Pursuit of the Past: Decoding the Archaeological Record. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Binford, L.R., 1989. Isolating the transition to cultural adaptation: an organizational approach, in The Emergence of Modern Humans: Biocultural Adaptations in the Later Pleistocene, ed. Trinkaus, E.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 18–41.Google Scholar
E., Boëda, Geneste, J.M. & Meignen, L., 1990. Identification de chaînes operatoires lithiques du Paléolithique ancien et moyen. Paléo 2, 43–80.Google Scholar
Braidwood, L.S, Braidwood, R.J., Howe, B., Reed, C.A. & Watson, P.J. (eds.), 1983. Prehistoric Archaeology Along the Zagros Flanks. Chicago (IL): The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Braidwood, R.J., 1975. Prehistoric Men. Glenview (IL): Scott, Freeman & Company.Google Scholar
Braidwood, R.J. & Howe, B. (eds.), 1960. Prehistoric Investigations in Iraqi Kurdistan. Chicago (IL): Oriental Institute.Google Scholar
Braudel, F., 1987. Grammaire de Civilisations. Paris: Les Edition Arthaud.Google Scholar
Brooks, A.S., Helgren, D.M., Cramer, J.S., Franklin, A., Hornyak, W., Keating, J.M., Klein, R.G., Rink, W.J., Schwarcz, H., Smith, J.N.L., Stewart, K., Todd, N.E., Verneirs, J. & Yellin, J.E., 1995. Dating and context of three Middle Stone Age sites with bone points in the Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire. Science 268, 548–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cauvin, J., 1994. Naissance des divinités, naissance de I'agriculture. Paris: Empreintes.Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., Menozzi, P. & Piazza, A., 1993. Demic expansions and human evolution. Science 259, 639–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cherry, J.F., 1990. The first colonization of the Mediterranean islands: a review of recent research, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3, 145–221.Google Scholar
Childe, G.V., 1952. New Light on the Most Ancient East. New York (NY): Praeger.Google Scholar
Clark, G.A., 1997. The Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe: an American perspective. Norwegian Archaeological Review 30, 25–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, J.D., 1992. The earlier Stone Age/Lower Palaeolithic in North Africa and the Sahara, in New Light on the Northeast African Past, eds. Klees, F. & Kuper, R.. Köln: Heinrich Barth Institut, 18–37.Google Scholar
Cohen, M.N., 1977. The Food Crisis in Prehistory: Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, M.N., 1989. Health and the Rise of Civilization. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Conard, N., 1990. Laminar lithic assemblages from the last interglacial complex in northwestern Europe. Journal of Anthropological Research 46, 243–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conard, N. & Adler, D., 1997. Lithic reduction and hominid behavior in the Middle Paleolithic of the Rhineland. Journal of Anthropological Research 53, 147–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conkey, M.W., Soffer, O., Stratmann, D. & Jablonski, N.G. (eds.), 1997. Beyond Art: Pleistocene Image and Symbol. San Francisco (CA): Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Copeland, L., 1975. The Middle and Upper Palaeolithic of Lebanon and Syria in the light of recent research, in Problems in Prehistory: North Africa and the Levant, eds. Wendorf, F. & Marks, A.E.. Dallas (TX): SMU Press, 317–50.Google Scholar
Danin, A., 1983. Desert Vegetation of Israel and Sinai. Jerusalem: Cana Publishing House.Google Scholar
Davidson, I., 1997. The power of pictures, in Conkey, et al. (eds.), 125–59.Google Scholar
de Beaune, S.A., 1989. Essai d'une classification typologique des galets et plaquettes utilisés au Paléolithique. Gallia Préhistoire 31, 27–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deacon, H.J., 1992. Southern Africa and modern human origins. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 337, 177–83.Google ScholarPubMed
Deacon, T., 1997. The Symbolic Species: the Co-Evolution of Language and the Brain. New York (NY): Norton.Google Scholar
d'Errico, . Zilhão, J., Julien, M., Baffier, D. & Pelegrin, J., 1998. Neanderthal acculturation in Western Europe? Current Anthropology 39 (Supplement), 1–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dibble, H.L., 1995. Middle Paleolithic scraper reduction: background, clarification, and review of the evidence to date. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2, 299–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donald, M., 1991. Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Durham, W., 1990. Coevolution: Genes, Culture, and Human Diversity. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Evin, J., 1995. Possibilité et nécessité de la calibration des datations C-14 de l'archéologie du Proche-Orient. Paléorient 21, 5–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Féblot-Augustins, J., 1997. La circulation des matières premières au Paléolithique. Liège: ERAUL, no. 75.Google Scholar
Flannery, K.V., 1973. The origins of agriculture. Annual Review of Anthropology 2, 271–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flannery, K.V., 1983. Early pig domestication in the Fertile Crescent, a retrospective look, in The Hilly Flanks and Beyond, eds. Young, T.C., Smith, P.E.L. & Mortensen, P.. Chicago (IL): Oriental Institute, 163–88.Google Scholar
Foley, R. & Lahr, M. Mirazón, 1997. Mode 3 technologies and the evolution of modern humans. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 7(1), 3–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gambier, D., 1989. Fossil hominids from the early Upper Paleolithic (Aurignacian) of France, in Mellars, & Stringer, (eds.), 194–211.Google Scholar
Gamble, C.S., 1982. Interaction and alliance in Palaeolithic society. Man 17, 92–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamble, C.S., 1986. The Palaeolithic Settlement of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Garrard, A., Colledge, S. & Martin, L., 1996. The emergence of crop cultivation and caprine herding in the ‘Marginal Zone’ of the southern Levant, in , Harris (ed.), 204–26.Google Scholar
Geneste, J.M., Jaubert, J., Lenoir, M., Meignen, L. & Turq, A., 1997. Approche technologique des Moustériens Charentiens du sud-ouest de la France et du Languedoc Oriental. Paléo 9, 101–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilman, A., 1984. Explaining the Upper Palaeolithic revolution, in Marxist Perspectives in Archaeology, ed. Springs, E.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 115–26.Google Scholar
Goldstein, D.A., Linares, A.R., Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. & Feldman, M.W., 1995. Genetic absolute dating based on microsatellites and the origin of modern humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 92, 6723–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodfriend, G.A., 1991. Holocene trends in 180 land snail shells from the Negev Desert and their implications for changes in rainfall source areas. Quaternary Research 35, 417–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goring-Morris, A.N., 1991. The Harifian of the southern Levant, in Bar-Yosef, & Valla, (eds.), 173–216.Google Scholar
Harlan, J.R., 1977. The origins of cereal agriculture in the Old World, in Origins of Agriculture, ed. Reed, C.A.. Paris: Mouton Publishers, 357–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harlan, J.R. & Zohary, D., 1966. Distribution of wild wheat and barley. Science 153, 1074–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harpending, H., Batzer, M., Gurven, M., Jorde, L., Rogers, A. & Sherry, S., 1998. Genetic traces of ancient demography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 95, 1961–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, D. (ed.), 1996. The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. London: UCL Press.Google Scholar
Harris, D. & Hillman, G.C. (eds.), 1989. Foraging and Farming: the Evolution of Plant Exploitation London: Unwin Hymann.Google Scholar
Hartwell, R.M., 1971. The Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Henry, D.O., 1989. From Foraging to Agriculture: the Levant at the End of the Ice Age. Philadelphia (PA): University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heun, M., Schäfer-Pregl, R., Klawan, D., Castagna, R., Accerbi, M., Basilio, B. & Salamini, F., 1997. Site of einkorn wheat domestication identified by DNA fingerprinting. Science 278, 1312–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillman, G.C., 1996. Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of the Northern Fertile Crescent: possible preludes to cereal cultivation, in Harris, (ed.), 159–203.Google Scholar
Hillman, G.C. & Davies, M.S., 1990. Domestication rates in wild-type wheats and barley under primitive cultivation. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 39, 39–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillman, G.C. & Davies, M.S., 1992. Domestication rate in wild wheats and barley under primitive cultivation: preliminary results and the archaeological implications of field measurements of selection coefficient, in Préhistoire de I'Agriculture ed. AndersonGerfaud, P.C.. Paris: CNRS, 119–58.Google Scholar
Hillman, G.C., Colledge, S. & Harris, D.R., 1989. Plant food economy during the Epi-Palaeolithic period at Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria: dietary diversity, seasonality and modes of exploitation, in Harris, & Hillman, (eds.), 240–66.Google Scholar
Hole, F., 1984a. A reassessment of the Neolithic revolution. Paléorient 10, 49–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hole, F., 1984b. Analysis of structure and design in prehistoric ceramics. World Archaeology 15, 326–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hole, F., 1989. A two-part, two-stage model of domestication, in The Walking Larder, ed. Clutton-Brock, J.. London: Unwin Hyman, 97–104.Google Scholar
Hole, F., 1996. The context of caprine domestication in the Zagros region, in Harris, (ed.), 263–81.Google Scholar
Hovers, E., Rak, Y., Lavi, R. & Kimbel, W.H., 1995. Hominid remains from Amud Cave in the context of the Levantine Middle Paleolithic. Paléorient 21, 47–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hublin, J.J., 1992. Southern African and modern human origins. The Royal Society 337, 185–91.Google Scholar
Hublin, J.J., Ruiz, C.B., Lara, P.M., Fontugne, M. & Reyss, J.L., 1995. The Mousterian site of Zafarraya (Andalucia, Spain): dating and implications on the Paleolithic peopling process of Western Europe. Comptes Rendus de l'Académic des Sciences, série IIz 321, 931–7.Google Scholar
Jelinek, A.J., 1990. The Amudian in the context of the Mugharan tradition at the Tabun Cave (Mount Carmel), Israel, , in Mellars, (ed.), 81–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kay, R.F., Cartmill, M. & Balow, M., 1998. Thehypoglossal canal and the origin of human vocal behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 95, 5417–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keeley, L.K., 1996. War Before Civilization. New York (NY): Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kelly, R., 1995. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Kislev, M.E., 1989. Pre-domesticated cereals in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Period, in People and Culture Change, ed. Hershkovitz, I..(BAR International Series 5081.) Oxford: BAR, 147–52.Google Scholar
Kislev, M.E., 1997. Early agriculture and paleoecology of Netiv Hagdud, in An Early Neolithic Village in the Jordan Valley, part I: The Archaeology of Netiv Hagdud, eds. Bar-Yosef, O. & Gopher, A.. Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 209–36.Google Scholar
Kislev, M.E., Nadel, D. & Carmi, I., 1992. Epi-Palaeolithic (19,000 Bp) cereal and fruit diet at Ohalo II, Sea of Galilee, Israel. Review of Palacobotany and Palynology 71, 161–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, R.G., 1989. The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins. Chicago (IL): The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Klein, R.G., 1995. Anatomy, behavior, and modern human origins. Journal of World Prehistory 9, 167–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kozlowski, J.K., 1992. The Balkans in the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic: the gate to Europe or a cul de sac. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krings, M., Stone, A., Schmitz, R.W., Krainitzki, H., Stoneking, M. & Pääbo, S., 1997. Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of Modern Humans. Cell 90, 19–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laj, C., Mazaud, A. & Duplessy, J.C., 1996. Geomagnetic intensity and 14C abundance in the atmosphere and ocean during the past 50 kyr. Geophysical Research Letters 23, 2045–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landes, D., 1969. Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Landmann, G., Reimer, A., Lemcke, G. & Kempe, S., 1996. Dating Late Glacial abrupt climate changes in the 14,570 yr long continuous varve record of Lake Van, Turkey. Paléo 122, 107–18.Google Scholar
Legge, A., 1996. The beginning of caprine domestication in Southwest Asia, in Harris, (ed), 238–62.Google Scholar
Lieberman, P., 1989. The origins of some aspects of human language and cognition, in Mellars, & Stringer, (eds.), 391–414.Google Scholar
Lieberman, P. E., 1997. Eve Spoke: Human Language and Human Evolution. New York (NY): Norton.Google Scholar
Liubin, V.P., 1977. Mousterian Culture in the Caucasus. Leningrad: Nauka.Google Scholar
Lourandos, H., 1997. Continent of Hunter-gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McBrearty, S., Bishop, L. & Kingston, J., 1996. Variability in traces of Middle Pleistocene hominid behavior in the Kapthurin Formation, Baringo, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 30, 563–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McBurney, C.B.M., 1967. The Haua Fteah (Cyrenaica) and the Stone Age of the Southeast Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McCorriston, J. & Hole, F., 1991. The ecology of seasonal stress and the origins of agriculture in the Near East. American Anthropologist 93, 46–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marks, A.E., 1983. Prehistory and Paleoenvironmcnts in the Central Negev, Israel, vol. III. Dallas (TX): Southern Methodist University Press.Google Scholar
Marks, A.E., 1993. The Early Upper Paleolithic: the view from the Levant, in Before Lascaux: the Complete Record of the Early Upper Paleolithic, eds. Knecht, H., PikeTay, A. & White, R.. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, 5–22.Google Scholar
Marshack, A., 1972. The Roots of Civilisation. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Google Scholar
Marshack, A., 1997. Paleolithic image making and symboling in Europe and the Middle East: a comparative review, in Conkey, et al. (eds.), 53–91.Google Scholar
Mayewski, P.A. & Bender, M., 1995. The GISP2 ice core record: Paleoclimate highlights. Reviews of Geophysics 07 (Supplement), 1287–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meignen, L., 1993. Les industries lithiques de l'abri des Canalettes: Couche 2, in L'abri des Canalettes: Un Habitat Moustérien sur les Grands Causses, ed. Meignen, L.. Paris: CNRS, 239–328.Google Scholar
Meignen, L., 1994. Le Paléolithique moyen au Proche-Orient: Le phénomène laminaire, in Révillion, & Tuffreau, (eds.), 125–59.Google Scholar
Meignen, L., 1995. Levallois lithic production systems in the Middle Paleolithic of the Near East: The case of the unidirectional method, in The Definition and Interpretation of Levallois Technology, eds. Dibble, H. & Bar-Yosef, O.. Madison (WI): Prehistory Press, 361–80.Google Scholar
Meignen, L. & O., Bar-Yosef, 1991. Les outils lithiques moustériens de Kébara, in Le Squelette Mousterienne de Kebara 2, Mt Carmel, Israël, eds. Bar-Yosef, O. & Vandermeersch, B.. Paris: CNRS, 49–76.Google Scholar
Mellars, P., 1989. Major issues in the emergence of modern humans. Current Anthropology 30, 349–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellars, P. (ed.), 1990. The Emergence of Modern Humans. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Mellars, P., 1996a. The Neanderthal Legacy: an Archaeological Perspective from Western Europe. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellars, P., 1996b. Symbolism, language, and the Neanderthal mind, in Mellars, & Gibson, (eds.), 15–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellars, P. & Gibson, K. (eds.), 1996. Modelling the Early Human Mind. (McDonald Institute Monograph.) Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar
Mellars, P. & Stringer, C. (eds.), 1989. The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives in the Origins of Modern Humans. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, N.F., 1992. The origins of plant cultivation in the Near East, in The Origins of Agriculture, eds. Cowan, C.W. & Watson, P.J.. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Press, 39–58.Google Scholar
Minugh-Purvis, N., 1993. Re-examination of the immature hominid maxilla from Tangier, Morocco. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 92, 449–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mithen, S., 1996. Domain-specific intelligence and the Neanderthal mind, in Mellars, & Gibson, (eds.), 217–29.Google Scholar
Mithen, S., 1997. Prehistory of the Mind: a Search for the Origins of Art, Religion and Science. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Nadel, D., Carmi, I. & Segal, D., 1995. Radiocarbon dating of Ohalo II: archaeological and methodological implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 22, 811–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, P.K. & Quinault, R. (eds.), 1993. The Industrial Revolution and British Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohnuma, K., 1988. Ksar Akil, Lebanon: a Technological Study of the Earlier Upper Palaeolithic Levels at Ksar Akil, vol. III: Levels XXV-X1V. Oxford: BAR.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohnuma, K. & Bergman, C.A., 1990. A technological analysis of the Upper Palaeolithic Levels (XXV-VI) of Ksar Akil, Lebanon, in Mellars, (ed.), 91–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otte, M., 1994. Rocourt (Liège, Belgique): Industrie laminaire ancienne, in Révillion, & Tuffreau, (eds.), 179–86.Google Scholar
Otte, M. & Keeley, L.H., 1990. The impact of regionalisation on the Palaeolithic studies. Current Anthropology 31, 577–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otte, M., Yalçinkaya, I., Léotard, J.M., Kartal, M., Bar-Yosef, O., Kozlowski, J., López-Bayón, I. & Marshack, A., 1995. The Epi-Palaeolithic of Öküzini cave (SW Anatolia) and its mobiliary art. Antiquity 69, 931–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Relethford, J.H., 1995. Genetics and modern human origins. Evolutionary Anthropology 4, 53–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renfrew, C., 1987. Archaeology and Language: the Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
RéVillion, S. & Cliquet, D., 1994. Technologie du débitage laminaire du gisement paléolithique moyen de Saint-Germain-des-Vaux/Port-Racine (Secteur I) dans le contexte des industries du Paléolithique moyen du Massif Armoricain, in Révillion, & Tuffreau, (eds.), 45–62.Google Scholar
Révillion, S. & Tuffreau, A. (eds.), 1994. Les industries laminaires au Paléolithique moyen. Paris: CNRS.Google Scholar
Roberts, R.G., Jones, R. & Smith, R.A., 1990. Thermoluminescence dating of a 50,000-year-old human occupation site in northern Australia. Nature 345, 153–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roebroeks, W., Kolen, J. & Resnik, E., 1988. Planning depth, anticipation and the organization of Middle Palaeolithic technology: the ‘Archaic Natives meet Eve's Descendents’. Helinium XXVIII, 17–34.Google Scholar
Rossignol-Strick, M., 1995. Sea-land correlation of pollen records in the eastern Mediterranean for the glacialinterglacial transition: biostratigraphy versus radiometric time-scale. Quaternary Science Reviews 14, 893–915.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruvolo, M., 1996. A new approach to studying modern human origins: hypothesis testing with coalescence time distributions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 5, 202–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruvolo, M., 1997. Molecular phylogeny of the hominoids: Inferences from multiple independent DNA sequence data sets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14, 248–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sage, R.F., 1995. Was low atmospheric CO2 during the Pleistocene a limiting factor for the origin of agriculture? Global Change Biology 1, 93–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlanger, N., 1996. Understanding Levallois: lithic technology and cognitive archaeology. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6 (2), 231–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherratt, A., 1997. Climatic cycles and behavioural revolutions: the emergence of modern humans and the beginning of farming. Antiquity 71, 271–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shmida, A., Evenari, M. & Noy-Meir, I., 1986. Hot desert ecosystems: an integrated view, in Hot Desserts and Arid Shrublands, ed. Evenari, M.. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 379–87.Google Scholar
Smith, B.D., 1995. The Emergence of Agriculture. New York (NY): Scientific American Library.Google Scholar
Soffer, O., 1989a. The Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition on the Russian Plait, in Mellars, & Stringer, (eds.), 714–12.Google Scholar
Soffer, O., 1989b. Storage, sedentism and the Eurasian Palaeolithic record. Antiquity 63, 719–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sokal, R.R., Oden, N.L. & Wilson, C., 1991. Genetic evidence for the spread of agriculture in Europe by demic diffusion. Nature 351, 143–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Straus, L.G., 1997. The Iberian situation between 40,000 and 30,000 Bp in light of European models of migration and convergence, in Conceptual Issues in Modern Humans Origins Research, eds. Clark, G.A. & Wiliermet, CM.. New York (NY): Aldine de Gruyter, 235–52.Google Scholar
Stringer, C. & Gamble, C., 1993. In Search of the Neanderthals. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Tchernov, E., 1991. Biological evidence for human sedentism in southwest Asia during the Natufian, in Bar-Yosef, & Valla, (eds.), 315–40.Google Scholar
Thieme, H., 1997. Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 385, 807–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tillet, T., 1989. L'Aterien saharien: essai sur le comportement d'une civilisation paléolithique face à l'accroissement de l'aridité. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France V, 91–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuffreau, A. & Sommé, J. (eds.), 1988. Le gisement Paléolithique moyen de Biache-Saint-Vast (Pas-de-Calias), vol. 1. (Mémoires de la Société Préhistorique Française 21.) Paris: Ministère de la Culture et de la communication, du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, du Conseil general du Pas-de Calais et de Sollac.Google Scholar
Uerpmann, H.P., 1987. The Ancient Distribution of Ungulate Mammals in the Middle East. Weisbaden: Ludwig Reichert Verlag.Google Scholar
Uerpmann, H.P., 1996. Animal domestication: accident or intention?, in Harris, (ed.), 227–37.Google Scholar
van Andel, T. & Runnels, C.N., 1995. The earliest farmers in Europe. Antiquity 69, 481–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Peer, P., 1998. The Nile Corridor and the Out-of-Africa model: an examination of the archaeological record. Current Anthropology 39 (Supplement), 115–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Zeist, W., 1986. Some aspects of Early Neolithic plant husbandry in the Near East. Analolica 15, 49–67.Google Scholar
van Zeist, W. & Bakker-Heeres, J.A.H., 1984. Archaeobotanical studies in the Levant 3: Late Palaeolithic Mureybit. Palacohistoria 26, 171–89.Google Scholar
van Zeist, W. & Bottema, S., 1991. Late Quaternary Vegetation of the Near East. Weisbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag.Google Scholar
Von Tunzelman, G.N., 1993. Technological and organizational change in industry during the early Industrial Revolution, in O'Brien, & Quinault, (eds.), 254–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wendorf, F., Schild, R. & Close, A.E., 1993. Egypt during the Last Interglacial: the Middle Paleolithic of Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East. New York (NY): Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wengler, L., 1997. La transition du Moustérien à l'Atérien. L'Atithropologie 101, 448–81.Google Scholar
Whallon, R., 1989. Elements of cultural change in the Later Palaeolithic, in Mellars, & Stringer, (eds.), 433–54.Google Scholar
White, R., 1989. Production complexity and standardization in early Aurignacian bead and pendant manufacture: evolutionary implications, in Mellars, & Stringer, (eds.), 366–90.Google Scholar
White, R., 1997. Substantial acts: from materials to meaning in Upper Paleolithic representation, in Conkey, et al. (eds.), 93–121.Google Scholar
Wolf, E.R., 1982. Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wright, H.E., 1995. Environmental determinism in Near Eastern prehistory. Current Anthropology 34, 458–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, K., 1991. The origins and development of ground stone assemblages in Late Pleistocene southwest Asia. Paleorient 17, 19–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, T.C., Smith, P.E.L. & Mortensen, P., 1983. Introduction, in The Hilly Flanks and Beyond, eds. Young, T.C., Smith, P.E.L. & Mortensen, P.. Chicago (IL): The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1–7.Google Scholar
Zohary, D. & Hopf, M., 1994. Domestication of Plants in the Old World. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Zubrow, E., 1989. The demographic modelling of Neanderthal extinction, in Mellars, & Stringer, (eds.), 212–31.Google Scholar