Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T00:39:46.371Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

PARTING (WITH) THE DEAD: BODY PARTIBILITY AS EVIDENCE OF COMMONER ANCESTOR VENERATION

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 June 2012

Pamela L. Geller
Pamela L. Geller*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, P.O. Box 248106, Coral Gables, FL 33124
*
pgeller@mail.as.miami.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

As a complement to life histories authored by many researchers of Maya bones, this study narrates death histories. The latter entails detection of perimortem and postmortem changes to decedents' bodies, followed by translation of these changes' encoded meanings. Biographical analysis of body parts and the buildings in which they are situated facilitates such an endeavor. Past investigations of partibility have focused on protracted processing of noble and royal bodies as a means to reconstitute decedents' identities. Commoners' burials, however, have received far less attention. Consequently, it is difficult to determine if partible practices differ according to or transcend social class. To address this lacuna, a multiscalar frame is applied to a burial sample comprised of decedents from varied social settings in the Three Rivers region, northwestern Belize. Identification of widely shared practices related to the becoming and venerating of ancestors offers a springboard for examining particulars within patterns. Scaling down, commoner burials unearthed at the minor center RB-11 are summarized and special attention is paid to the death history of Individual 71. This decedent's intentionally fragmented body reflects general thinking about ancestors as partible and dividual persons. Yet, certain attributes of Individual 71's burial are unique to the sample as a whole, which demonstrates how social class, circumstance, and individual life history are also instrumental in the reformation of ancestorhood.

Type
Research Article
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 23 , Issue 1 , Spring 2012 , pp. 115 - 130
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, Richard E.W. 1995 A Regional Perspective on the Lowland Maya of the Northeast Petén and Northwestern Belize. Paper presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Agrinier, Pierre 1978 A Sacrificial Mass Burial at Miramar, Chiapas, Mexico. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation No. 42. Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.Google Scholar
Andrews, E. Wyllys IV 1959 Dzibilchaltun: Lost City of the Maya. National Geographic Magazine 115(1):90–109.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 1981 Some Issues of Method and Theory in Lowland Maya Settlement in Archaeology. In Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns. Edited by Ashmore, Wendy, pp. 37–70. School of American Research, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.Google Scholar
Bailey, Douglass W. 1990 The Living House: Signifying Continuity. In The Social Archaeology of Houses, edited by Samson, Ross, pp. 19–48. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Barrett, Jason, and Scherer, Andrew 2005 Stones, Bones, and Crowded Plazas: Evidence for Terminal Classic Maya Warfare at Colha, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 16:101–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, Marshall J. 1971 The Identification of a Second Plaza Plan at Tikal, Guatemala, and Its Implications for Ancient Maya Social Complexity. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Becker, Marshall J. 1992 Burials as Caches, Caches as Burials: A New Interpretation of the Meaning of Ritual Deposits among the Classic Period Lowland Maya. In New Theories on the Ancient Maya, edited by Danien, Elin C. and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 185–196. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Becker, Marshall J. 1993 Earth Offerings among the Classic Period Lowland Maya: Burials and Caches as Ritual Deposits. In Perspectivas antropológicas en el mundo maya, edited by de León, María Josefa Iglesias Ponce and de Asís, FranciscoPerramón, Ligorred, pp. 45–74. Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas, Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana, Madrid.Google Scholar
Becker, Marshall J. 1999 Excavation in Residential Areas of Tikal: Groups with Shrines, Tikal Report 21. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar
Bell, Ellen E. 2002 Engendering a Dynasty: A Royal Woman in the Margarita Tomb, Copan. In Ancient Maya Women, edited by Ardren, Traci, pp. 89–104. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.Google Scholar
Berryman, Carrie Anne 2007 Captive Sacrifice and Trophy Taking among the Ancient Maya: An Evaluation of the Bioarchaeological Evidence and Its Sociopolitical Implications. In The Taking and Displaying of Human Body Parts as Trophies by Amerindians, edited by Cachon, Richard J. and Dye, David H., pp. 377–399. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloch, Maurice 1971 Placing the Dead: Tombs, Ancestral Villages, and Kinship Organization in Madagascar. Seminar Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bloch, Maurice, and Parry, Jonathan 1982 Death and the Regeneration of Life. Cambridge University Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E. 2006 On to the 21st Century. In Bioarchaeology: The Contextual Analysis of Human Remains, edited by Buikstra, Jane E. and Beck, Lane A., pp. 347–357. Elsevier, Burlington, MA.Google Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E., and Scott, Rachel E. 2009 Identity Formation: Communities and Individuals. In Bioarchaeology and Identity in the Americas, edited by Knudson, Kelly J. and Stojanowski, Christopher M., pp. 24–58. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Bullard, William 1960 Maya Settlement Patterns in Northeastern Petén, Guatemala. American Antiquity 25:355–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busby, Cecilia 1997 Permeable and Partible Persons: A Comparative Analysis of Gender and the Body in South Indian and Melanesia. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 3:261–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvin, Inga 1997 Where the Wayob |atLive: A Further Examination of Classic Maya Supernaturals. In The Maya Vase Book: A Corpus of Rollout Photographs of Maya Vases, Vol. 5, edited by Kerr, Barbara and Kerr, Justin, pp. 868–883. Kerr Associates, New York.Google Scholar
Chapman, John 2000 Fragmentation in Archaeology: People, Places and Broken Objects in the Prehistory of South Eastern Europe. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Chapman, John, and Gaydarska, Bisserka 2007 Parts and Wholes: Fragmentation in Prehistoric Context. Oxbow Books, Oxford.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z. 1997 Southern Maya Lowland Archaeology and Human Skeletal Remains: Interpretations from Caracol (Belize), Santa Rita Corozal (Belize), and Tayasal (Guatemala). In Bones of the Maya: Studies of Ancient Skeletons, edited by Whittington, Stephen L. and Reed, David M., pp. 15–27. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 1994 Maya Veneration of the Dead at Caracol, Belize. In Seventh Palenque Round Table, 1989, edited by Robertson, Merle G. and Fields, Virginia M., pp. 55–62. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., and Chase, Arlen F. 1996 Maya Multiples: Individuals, Entries, and Tombs in Structure A34 of Caracol, Belize. Latin American Antiquity 7:61–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., 1998 The Architectural Context of Caches, Burials, and Other Ritual Activities for the Classic Period Maya (as Reflected at Caracol, Belize). In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 299–332. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Andrés, Ciudad Ruíz, Sosa, Mario Humberto Ruz, and León, Maria Josefa Iglesias Ponce de (editors) 2003 Antropologia de la eternidad: La muerte en la cultura maya. Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas, Madrid.Google Scholar
Cobos, Rafael (editor) 2004 Culto funerario en la sociedad maya: Memoria de la Cuarta Mesa Redonda de Palenque. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Dobkin de Rios, Marlene 1974 The Influence of Psychotropic Flora and Fauna on Maya Religion [and Comments and Reply]. Current Anthropology 15:147–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, William N. 2005 Understanding Veneration and Violation in the Archaeological Record. In Interacting with the Dead: Perspectives on Mortuary Archaeology for the New Millennium, edited by Rakita, Gordon F.M., Buikstra, Jane E., Beck, Lane A., and Williams, Sloan R., pp. 207–227. The University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Fischer, Edward F., and Hendrickson, Carol 2003 Tecpán Guatemala: A Modern Maya Town in Global and Local Context. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons, James L. 1998 Classic Maya Mortuary Anniversaries at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:271–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzsimmons, James L. 2006 Classic Maya Tomb Re-Entry. In Jaws of the Underworld: Life, Death, and Rebirth among the Ancient Maya: 7th European Maya Conference, The British Museum, London, November 2002, edited by Colas, Pierre R., LeFort, Geneviève, Persson, Bodil L., pp. 33–40. Acta Mesoamericana 16. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Markt Schwaben, Germany.Google Scholar
Fowler, Chris 2002 Body Parts: Personhood and Materiality in the Earlier Manx Neolithic. In Thinking through the Body: Archaeologies of Corporeality, edited by Hamilakis, Yannis, Pulciennik, Mark, and Tarlow, Sarah, pp. 47–70. Kluwer Academic, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, Chris 2004 The Archaeology of Personhood: An Anthropological Approach. Routledge, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frazer, James George 1922 The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. Forgotten Books, Charleston, SC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geary, Patrick J. 1986 Sacred Commodities: The Circulation of Medieval Relics. In The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, edited by Appadurai, Arjun, pp. 169–191. Cambridge University Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geller, Pamela L. 2004 Transforming Bodies, Transforming Identities: A Consideration of Pre-Columbian Maya Corporeal Beliefs and Practices. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Geller, Pamela L. 2006a Altering Identities: Body Modification and the pre-Columbian Maya. In The Social Archaeology of Funerary Remains, edited by Gowland, Rebecca and Knüsel, Christopher, pp. 279–291. Oxbow Books, Oxford.Google Scholar
Geller, Pamela L. 2006b Maya Mortuary Spaces as Cosmological Metaphors. In Space and Spatial Analysis in Archaeology, edited by Robertson, Elizabeth C., Seibert, Jeffrey D., Fernandez, Deepika C., and Zender, Marc U., pp. 37–48. University of Calgary Press, Calgary.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geller, Pamela L. 2008 Sedimenting Social Identity: The Practice of Pre-Columbian Maya Body Partibility. Paper presented at the 6th World Archaeological Congress, Dublin, Ireland.Google Scholar
Geller, Pamela L. 2011a Getting a Head Start in Life: Pre-Columbian Maya Cranial Modification. In The Bioarchaeology of the Human Head: Decapitation, Deformation, and Decoration, edited by Bonogofsky, Michelle, pp. 241–261. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geller, Pamela L. 2011b The Sacrifices We Make for and of our Children: Making Sense of Pre-Columbian Maya Practices. In Breathing New Life into the Evidence of Death: Contemporary Approaches to Mortuary Analysis, edited by Baadsgaard, Aubrey, Boutin, Alexis, and Buikstra, Jane, pp. 79–106. SAR Press, Santa Fe, NM.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Susan 2000 Maya “Nested Houses”: The Ritual Construction of Place. In Beyond Kinship: Social and Material Reproduction in House Societies, edited by Joyce, Rosemary A. and Gillespie, Susan D., pp. 135–160. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Susan 2001 Personhood, Agency, and Mortuary Ritual: A Case Study from the Ancient Maya. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 20:73–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillespie, Susan 2002 Body and Soul among the Maya: Keeping the Spirits in Place. In The Space and Place of Death, edited by Silverman, Helaine and Small, David B., pp. 67–78. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association No. 11, Arlington, VA.Google Scholar
Gosden, Chris, and Marshall, Yvonne 1999 The Cultural Biography of Objects. World Archaeology 31:169–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guiteras Holmes, Calixta 1961 Perils of the Soul: The World View of a Tzotzil Indian. Free Press of Glencoe, New York.Google Scholar
Hertz, Robert 1960 Death and the Right Hand. The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois.Google Scholar
Houk, Brett 1996 The Archaeology of Site Planning: An Example from the Maya Site of Dos Hombres. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D. 1998 Finding Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 519–538. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., Escobedo, Héctor, Scherer, Andrew K., Child, Mark, and Fitzsimmons, James 2003 Classic Maya Death at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. In Antropología de la eternidad: La muerte en la cultura maya, edited by Ruíz, Andrés Ciudad, Ruz, Mario H., de León, María Josefa Iglesias Ponce, pp. 113–144. Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., Stuart, David, and Taube, Karl 2006 The Memory of Bones: Body, Being, and Experience among the Classic Maya. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary 2001 Burying the Dead at Tlatilco: Social Memory and Social Identities. In Social Memory, Identity, and Death: Anthropological Perspectives on Mortuary Ritual, edited by Chesson, Meredith, pp. 12–26. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association No. 10, Arlington, VA.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Alison Bailey 1982 Ecce Bufo: The Toad in Nature and in Olmec Iconography. Current Anthropology 23:273–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, Cecilia F. 2000 The Devil and the Skirt: An Iconographic Inquiry into the Pre-Hispanic Nature of the Tzitzimime. Ancient Mesoamerica 11:1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunen, Julie L., Jo Galindo, Mary, and Chase, Erin 2002 Pits and Bones: Identifying Maya Ritual Behavior in the Archaeological Record. Ancient Mesoamerica 13:197–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaMotta, Vincent M., and Schiffer, Michael B. 1999 Formation Process of House Floor Assemblages. In The Archaeology of Household Activities, edited by Allison, Penelope M., pp. 19–29. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1995 Living with the Ancestors. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1998 Ancestors and the Classic Maya Built Environment. In Form and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen, pp. 271–298. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Marriott, McKim 1976 Hindu Transactions: Diversity without Dualism. In Transaction and Meaning: Directions in the Anthropology of Exchange and Symbolic Behavior, edited by Kapferer, Bruce, pp. 109–137. Institute for the Study of Human Issues, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Massey, Virginia K., and Gentry Steele, D. 1997 A Maya Skull Pit from the Terminal Classic Period, Colha, Belize. In Bones of the Maya: Studies of Ancient Skeletons, edited by Whittington, Stephen L. and Reed, David M., pp. 62–77. Smithsonian Institution Press Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Metcalf, Peter, and Huntington, Richard 1991 Celebrations of Death: The Anthropology of Mortuary Ritual. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Middleton, William, Feinman, Gary, and Vargas, Guillermo Molina 1998 Tomb Use and Reuse in Oaxaca, Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:297–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, Mary Ellen, and Martin, Simon 2004 Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Mock, Shirley Boteler 1998 The Defaced and the Forgotten: Decapitation and Flaying/Mutilation as a Termination Event at Colha, Belize. In The Sowing and the Dawning: Termination, Dedication, and Transformation in the Archaeological and Ethnographic Record of Mesoamerica, edited by Mock, Shirley B., pp. 113–124. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Mongelluzo, Ryan 1997 The Tomb at La Milpa: A Comparative Study. Unpublished Bachelor's Thesis, Department of Archaeology, Boston University, Boston.Google Scholar
Muñoz, A. Rene 1997 Excavations at RB-11: An Ancient Maya Household in Northwestern Belize. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, San Antonio.Google Scholar
Nanoglou, Stratos 2008 Building Biographies and Households: Aspects of Community Life in Neolithic Northern Greece. Journal of Social Archaeology 8:139–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pelras, Christian 2002 Ancestors' Blood: Genealogical Memory, Genealogical Amnesia and Hierarchy among the Bugis. In The Potent Dead: Ancestors, Saints, and Heroes in Contemporary Indonesia, edited by Chambert-Loir, Henri and Reid, Anthony, pp. 117–131. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu.Google Scholar
Reese-Taylor, Kathryn, Zender, Marc, and Geller, Pamela L. 2006 Fit to be Tied: Funerary Practices Among the Prehispanic Maya. In Sacred Bindings of the Cosmos: Ritual Acts of Bundling and Wrapping in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Guernsey, Julia and Reilly, F. Kent, pp. 52–69. Ancient America, Special Publication No. 1. Boundary End Archaeology Research Center, Barnardsville, NC.Google Scholar
Ricketson, Oliver G., and Ricketson, Edith Bayles 1937 Uaxactun, Guatemala, Group E – 1926–1931. Part I: The Excavations; Part II: The Artifacts. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 477, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Robb, John 2002 Time and Biography: Osteobiography of the Italian Neolithic Lifespan. In Thinking through the Body: Archaeologies of Corporeality, edited by Hamilakis, Yannis, Pluciennik, Mark, and Tarlow, Sarah, pp. 153–172. Plenum Publishers, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robin, Cynthia 1989 Preclassic Maya Burials at Cuello, Belize. BAR International Series 480. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Robin, Cynthia, and Hammond, Norman 1991 Ritual and Ideology: Burial Practices. In Cuello: An Early Maya Community in Belize, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 204–225. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Rosaldo, Renato 1984 Grief and the Headhunter's Rage. In Text, Play, and Story: The Construction and Reconstruction of Self and Society, edited by Bruner, Edward, pp. 178–195. American Ethnological Society, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Ruz Lhuillier, Alberto 1965 Tombs and Funerary Practices in the Maya Lowlands. In Archaeology of Southern Mesoamerica, Part 1, edited by Willey, Gordon R., pp. 441–461. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 2, Robert Wauchope, general editor, University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Ruz Lhuillier, Alberto 1968 Costumbres funerarias de los antiguos mayas. Seminario de Cultura Maya, Universidad Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Saul, Frank P. 1972 The Human Skeletal Remains of Altar de Sacrificios: An Osteobiographic Analysis. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 63, No. 2. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Saul, Julie M., Prufer, Keith M., and Saul, Frank P. 2005 Nearer to the Gods: Rockshelter Burials from the Ek Xux Valley, Belize. In Stone Houses and Earth Lords: Maya Religion in the Cave Context, edited by Prufer, Keith M. and Brady, James, pp. 297–322. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Saul, Frank P., and Saul, Julie M. 1989 Osteobiography: A Maya Example. In Reconstruction of Life from the Skeleton, edited by Iscan, Mehmet Y. and Kennedy, Kenneth A.R., pp. 287–302. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York.Google Scholar
Saul, Frank P., 1991 The Preclassic Population of Cuello. In Cuello: An Early Maya Community in Belize, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 134–158. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Saul, Frank P., 1997a Appendix: RB-11 BURIAL SUMMARY. Unpublished manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Coral Gables.Google Scholar
Saul, Julie M., and Saul, Frank P. 1997b The Preclassic Skeletons from Cuello. In Bones of the Maya: Studies of Ancient Skeletons, edited by Whittington, Stephen L. and Reed, David M., pp. 181–195. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda, and Miller, Mary Ellen 1986 Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art. George Braziller, Inc., New York.Google Scholar
Sellato, Bernard 2002 Castrated Dead: The Making of Un-ancestors among the Aoheng, and some Considerations on Death and Ancestors in Borneo. In The Potent Dead: Ancestors, Saints, and Heroes in Contemporary Indonesia, edited by Chambert-Loir, Henri and Reid, Anthony, pp. 1–16. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., Traxler, Loa, Sedat, David, Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Powell, Christopher 1999 Early Classic Architecture beneath the Copan Acropolis. Ancient Mesoamerica 10:3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A. Ledyard 1982 Major Architecture and Caches. In Excavations at Seibal, Department of Peten, Guatemala, edited by Willey, Gordon R., pp. 1–263. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 15, No. 1. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Storey, Rebecca 2004 Ancestors: Bioarchaeology of the Human Remains of K'axob. In K'axob: Ritual, Work, and Family in an Ancient Maya Village, edited by McAnany, Patricia A., pp. 109–138. The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Strathern, Marilyn 1988 The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia. University of California Press, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strathern, Marilyn 1992 Reproducing the Future: Anthropology, Kinship, and the New Reproductive Technologies. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Strathern, Marilyn 2005 Kinship, Law and the Unexpected: Relatives are Always a Surprise. Cambridge University of Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1988 A Prehispanic Maya Katun Wheel. Journal of Anthropological Research 44:183–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tedlock, Dennis (translator) 1996 Popol Vuh: The Definitive Edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings. Simon and Schuster, New York.Google Scholar
Thomas, Julian 2002 Archaeology's Humanism and the Materiality of the Body. In Thinking through the Body: Archaeologies of Corporeality, edited by Hamilakis, Yannis, Pluciennik, Mark, and Tarlow, Sarah, pp. 29–46. Plenum Publishers, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiesler, Vera 2004 Maya Mortuary Treatments of the Elite: An Osteotaphonomic Perspective. In Continuity and Change: Maya Religious Practices in Temporal Perspective, 5th European Maya Conference, University of Bonn, December 2000, edited by Behrens, Daniel G., pp.143–156. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Markt Schwaben, Germany.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera 2007 Funerary or Nonfunerary: New References in Identifying Ancient Maya Sacrificial and Postsacrificial Behaviors from Human Assemblages. In New Perspectives on Human Sacrifice and Ritual Body Treatments in Ancient Maya Society, edited by Tiesler, Vera and Cucina, Andrea, pp. 14–44. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiesler, Vera, and Cucina, Andrea (editors) 2007 New Perspectives on Human Sacrifice and Ritual Body Treatments in Ancient Maya Society. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tozzer, Alfred M. 1941 Landa's Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 18. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Tringham, Ruth E. 1991 Household with Faces: The Challenge of Gender in Prehistoric Architectural Remains. In Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, edited by Gero, Joan M. and Conkey, Margaret W., pp. 93–131. Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Tringham, Ruth E. 1994 Engendered Places in Prehistory. Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 1(2):169–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, Victor 1967 The Forest of Symbols. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
van Gennep, Arnold 1960 The Rites of Passage. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Verdery, Katherine 1999 The Political Lives of Dead Bodies: Reburial and Postsocialist Change. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Vogt, Evon Z. 1990 The Zinacantecos of Mexico: A Modern Maya Way of Life. 2nd ed.Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc., Fort Worth, TX.Google Scholar
Walker, William H., and Lucero, Lisa J. 2000 The Depositional History of Ritual and Power. In Agency in Archaeology, edited by Dobres, Marcia-Anne and Robb, John E., pp. 130–147. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Watanabe, John 1989 Elusive Essences: Souls and Social Identity in Two Highland Maya Communities. In Ethnographic Encounters in Southern Mesoamerica: Essays in Honor of Evon Zartman Vogt, Jr, edited by Bricker, Victoria R. and Gossen, Gary H., pp. 263–274. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, State University of New York, Albany.Google Scholar
Webster, David 1997 Studying Maya Burials. In Bones of the Maya: Studies of Ancient Skeletons, edited by Whittington, Stephen L. and Reed, David M., pp. 3–14. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Weiss-Krejci, Estella 2003 Victims of Human Sacrifice in Multiple Tombs of the Ancient Maya: A Critical Review. In Antropología de la eternidad: La muerte en la cultura maya, edited by Ruíz, Andrés Ciudad, Sosa, Mario Humberto Ruz and León, Maria Jofesa Iglesias Ponce de, pp. 355–382. Sociedad Espanola de Estudios Mayas, Madrid.Google Scholar
Weiss-Krejci, Estella 2004 Mortuary Representations of the Noble House: A Cross-cultural Comparison between Collective Tombs of the Ancient Maya and Dynastic Europe. Journal of Social Archaeology 4:368–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss-Krejci, Estella 2006 The Maya Corpse: Body Processing from Preclassic to Postclassic Times in the Maya Highlands and Lowlands. In Jaws of the Underworld: Life, Death, and Rebirth among the Ancient Maya: 7th European Maya Conference, The British Museum, London, November 2002, edited by Colas, Pierre R., LeFort, Geneviève, and Persson, Bodil L., pp. 71–86. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Markt Schwaben, Germany.Google Scholar
Welsh, W. Bruce M. 1988 An Analysis of Classic Lowland Maya Burials. BAR International Series 409. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar