Glutamate and kainate-induced currents of primate ganglion cells were studied using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique in a retinal slice preparation. Antagonists and allosteric modulators of desensitization selective for either α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoazoleprionic acid (AMPA)- or kainate-preferring receptors were used to determine the contributions of each type of receptor to excitatory responses. With synaptic transmission and NMDA receptors blocked, the AMPA-preferring receptor antagonist GYKI 52466 (30 μM–100 μM) reversibly blocked most of the glutamate-induced current in ganglion cells. GYKI 52466 also blocked the response in ganglion cells to focally applied kainate, suggesting that the current response to kainate arises from activation of AMPA-preferring receptors, and not kainate-preferring receptors. Both cyclothiazide (10 μM–100 μM) and the novel drug 4-[2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio]-2,6-difluoro-phenoxyacetamide (PEPA, 20 μM–100 μM), which selectively enhance responses mediated by AMPA-preferring receptors, enhanced glutamate-induced responses of ganglion cells. Since these drugs preferentially inhibit desensitization of the flip and flop splice variants, respectively, of AMPA-preferring receptors, it is likely that both splice variants are present on these ganglion cells. Concanavalin A, which selectively suppresses the desensitization of kainate-preferring receptors, had no effect on the glutamate-induced responses of ganglion cells. We conclude that the non-NMDA component of the excitatory, glutamatergic input to primate ganglion cells is mediated largely by AMPA-preferring receptors, with little, if any, kainate-preferring receptor-mediated response.