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Données nouvelles sur la néphrotoxicitéde l’uranium

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 September 2012

Y. Gueguen  and
C. Rouas
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Abstract

L’uranium est un radioélément ainsi qu’un métal lourd auquel l’homme peut être exposé du fait de sa présence dans l’environnement ou des activités humaines. Il exerce principalement une toxicité chimique au niveau du tubule contourné proximal du rein après exposition aiguë ou chronique. Après exposition à une forte dose d’uranium, la néphrite tubulaire aiguë est révélée par une protéinurie ainsi qu’une diminution du débit de filtration glomérulaire. Plus récemment, l’utilisation de marqueurs d’intégrité tissulaire telle que la béta 2-microglobuline ou des enzymes tissulaires a pu être corrélée aux altérations histopathologiques des tubules contournés proximaux. Lors d’exposition chronique à de faible niveau, l’utilisation de marqueurs plus spécifiques et plus sensibles s’avère nécessaire lorsque les lésions sont faibles. Des études expérimentales développées au laboratoire ont montré la pertinence de certains de ces biomarqueurs tel que Kim-1 pour détecter de faibles altérations rénales. L’uranium exerce sa cytotoxicité au niveau des cellules épithéliales des tubules contournés proximaux probablement du fait de son entrée dans la cellule où il s’accumule préférentiellement dans le noyau cellulaire, lorsqu’il n’est pas sous forme de précipités. Les mécanismes conduisant à la mort des cellules ne sont pas encore totalement élucidés mais le stress oxydant semble y jouer un rôle important.

Keywords

uraniumkidneytoxicityexposurenephrotoxicity
Type
Research Article
Information
Radioprotection , Volume 47 , Issue 3 , July 2012 , pp. 345 - 359
Copyright
© EDP Sciences, 2012

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