Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T00:58:10.078Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Fast ice characteristics, with special reference to the eastern Canadian Arctic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2009

John D. Jacobs ,
Roger G. Barry  and
Ronald L. Weaver
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Arctic sea ice is currently receiving increasing attention, both in relation to technological problems associated with resources development and shipping (Walker and Penney, 1973), and to basic research questions. The polar pack ice in the Beaufort Sea, for example, is the focus of the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (AIDJEX) (Untersteiner, 1974), while an analysis of physical links between the characteristics of polar surfaces and climate is to be the crux of the United States contribution to the Polar Experiment (POLEX) (Weller and Bierly, 1973; National Academy of Sciences, 1974). A general discussion of sea ice, with emphasis on pack ice, has been presented recently by Wittman and Burkhart (1973), but another aspect of the sea ice regime deserving separate attention, particularly in the light of Arctic offshore oil developments, is the landfast or fast ice, ie that part of the sea ice which remains attached to the shore (see “Sea ice terminology”). This paper attempts to provide a broad picture of fast ice characteristics in the context of our field experience in the eastern Canadian Arctic.

Type
Articles
Information
Polar Record , Volume 17 , Issue 110 , May 1975 , pp. 521 - 536
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1975

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aber, P. G. and Vowinckel, E. 1972. Evaluation of North Water spring ice cover from satellite photographs. Arctic, Vol 25, No 4, p 263–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anders, G. and others. 1967. The east coast of Baffin Island, an area economic survey. By Anders, G., Haller, A. A., Foote, D. C and Cove, P. D.. Ottawa, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Industrial Division, 196 p.Google Scholar
Barnes, J. C. and Bowley, C. J. 1973. Mapping sea ice from the Earth Resources Technology Satellite. Arctic Bulletin. Vol 1, No 1, p 6–13.Google Scholar
Bilello, M. A. 1961. Formation, growth and decay of sea ice in the Canadian Arctic archipelago. Arctic, Vol 14, No 1, p 3–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boas, F. 1888. The Central Eskimo. US Bureau of Ethnology. Annual Report, Sixth, 1884–5, p 399–669. (Republished by University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1964.)Google Scholar
Canadian Hydrographic Service. 1970. Pilot of Arctic Canada, Vol 1, 2nd ed, Ottawa, Marine Sciences Branch, Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources, 247 p.Google Scholar
Collin, A. E. and Dunbar, M. J. 1964. Physical oceanography in Arctic Canada. Annual Review of Oceanography and Marine Biology. Vol 2, p 45–75.Google Scholar
Cox, R. A. 1965. The physical properties of sea water. In: Riley, J. P. and Skirrow, G., eds. Chemical Oceanography, Vol 1, p 73–120. London, Academic Press.Google Scholar
Danielson, E. W. Jr 1971. Hudson Bay ice conditions. Arctic, Vol 24, No 2, p 90–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doronin, Yu. P. 1969. Teplovoye vzaimodeystviye atmosfery i gidrosfery v Arktike [Thermal interaction between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere in the Arctic], Leningrad, 300 p.(Translated by Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1970, 244 p.)Google Scholar
Dunbar, , Moira. 1972. Increasing severity of ice conditions in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait. In: Karlsson, T. ed. Sea ice. Proceedings of an international conference. . . 1971, Reykjavík, National Research Council, p 87–93.Google Scholar
Grainger, M. E. and Lister, H. 1966. Wind speed, stability and eddy viscosity over melting ice surfaces. Journal of Glaciology, Vol 6, No 43, p 101–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holtsmark, B. E. 1955. Insulating effect of a snow cover on the growth of young sea ice. Arctic, Vol 8, No 1, p 60–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, J. D. 1973. Synoptic energy budget studies in the eastern Baffin Island Davis Strait region. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Colorado, 218 p.Google Scholar
Jacobs, J. D. and others. 1972. Short-term air-sea interaction and surface effects in the Baffin Bay-Davis Strait region from satellite observations. By Jacobs, J. D., Barry, R. G., Stankov, B., and Williams, J.. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, Occasional Paper, No 4, 80 p.Google Scholar
Jacobs, J. D. and others. 1974. Studies of climate and ice conditions in eastern Baffin Island, 1971–73. By Jacobs, J. D., Barry, R. G., Bradley, R. S., and Weaver, R. L.. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, Occasional Paper, No 9, 78 p.Google Scholar
Knapp, W. W. 1972. Satellite observations of large polynyas in polar waters. In: Karlsson, T.ed. Sea ice. Proceedings of an international conference ... 1971, Reykjavík, National Research Council, p 201–12.Google Scholar
Langleben, M. P. 1966. On the factors affecting the rate of ablation of sea ice. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol 3, No 4, p 431–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langleben, M. P. 1969. Albedo and degree of puddling of a melting cover of sea ice. Journal of Glaciology, Vol 8, p 407–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leahey, D. M. 1966. Heat exchange and sea ice growth in Arctic Canada. McGill University. Publication in Meteorology, No 82, 48 p.Google Scholar
Lieske, B. J. 1964. Net radiation over fast sea ice during spring break-up at Point Barrow, Alaska. Science in Alaska 1964. Proceedings of the 15th Alaskan Science Conference, p 52–60.Google Scholar
Maykut, G. A. and Untersteiner, N. 1969. Numerical prediction of the thermodynamic response of arctic sea ice to environmental changes. Santa Monica, Rand Corporation, 173 p.Google Scholar
McClain, E. P. and Baliles, M. D. 1971. Sea ice surveillance from earth satellites. Mariners' Weather Log, Vol 15, No 1, p 1–6.Google Scholar
Milne, A. R. 1970. The transition from moving to fast ice in western Viscount Melville Sound. Arctic. Vol 23, No 1, p 45–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Academy of Sciences. 1974. US Contribution to the Polar Experiment (POLEX). Part 1, POLEX-GARP (North). Washington, DC, Committee on Polar Research, National Academy of Sciences, 119 p.Google Scholar
Pounder, E. R. 1965. The physics of ice. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 151 p.Google Scholar
Seifert, W. J. and Langleben, M. P. 1972. Air drag coefficient and roughness length of a cover of sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol 77, No 15, p 2708–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sissala, J. E. and others. 1972. Nimbus satellite data for polar ice survey. By Sissala, J. E., Sabatini, R. R., and Ackermann, H. J.. Polar Record, Vol 16, No 102, p 367–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Untersteiner, N. 1961. On the mass and heat budget of Arctic sea ice. Archiv fur Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Series A, Vol 12, No 2, p 151–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Untersteiner, N. 1974. Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment. Arctic Bulletin, Vol 1, No 4, p 145–59.Google Scholar
Vibe, C. 1967. Arctic animals in relation to climatic fluctuations. Meddelelser om Grønland, Bd 170, No 5, p 1–227.Google Scholar
Volkov, N. A. and Sleptsov-Shevlevich, B. A. 1970. Dvukhletniy tsikl v kolebaniyakh ledovitosti [Biennial cycle in fluctuations of ice cover]. In: Treshnikov, A. F.ed. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki, Vypusk 34, p 13–19. (Translated by Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1973, p 167–74.)Google Scholar
Walker, J. M. and Penney, P. W. 1973. Arctic sea ice and maritime transport technology. Weather, Vol 28, No 9, p 358–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, R. L. 1974. Mapping seasonal changes in the fast ice and pack ice using remote sensing data. In: Jacobs, J. D. and others. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, Occasional Paper, No 9, p 47–54.Google Scholar
Weeks, W. F. and Lee, O. S. 1958. Observations on the physical properties of sea ice at Hopedale, Labrador. Arctic, Vol 11, No 3, p 135–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weller, G. 1968. Heat-energy transfer through a four-layer system: air, snow, sea ice, sea water. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol 73, No 4, p 1209–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weller, G. and Bierley, E. W. 1973. The Polar Experiment (POLEX). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol 54, No 3, p 212–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wendler, G. 1973. Sea ice observation by means of satellite. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol 78, No 9, p 1427–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittman, W. I. 1958. Continuity aids in short range ice forecasting. In: Arctic Sea Ice, Washington, DC, National Research Council Publication 598, p 244–55.Google Scholar
Wittman, W. I. and Burkhart, M. D. 1973. Sea ice. Part 1. Major features and physical properties. Mariners' Weather Log, Vol 17, No 3, p 125–34; Part 2. Ice distribution and forecast services, North American Arctic waters. Ibid., Vol 17, No 6, p 343–55.Google Scholar
Zubov, N. N. 1945. L'dy Arktiki. Moscow, Izdatel'stvo Glavsevmorputi. (Translation: Arctic Ice, US Navy Oceanographic Office, 1963, 491 p.)Google Scholar