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Phylogeography of Lyme borreliosis-group spirochetes and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2012

GABRIELE MARGOS ,
SANTIAGO CASTILLO-RAMÍREZ  and
ANNE GATEWOOD HOEN
GABRIELE MARGOS*
Affiliation:
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
SANTIAGO CASTILLO-RAMÍREZ
Affiliation:
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
ANNE GATEWOOD HOEN
Affiliation:
Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03756, USA
*
Corresponding author: Gabriele Margos, University of Bath, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, 3 South, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K. Tel: 0044-1225-385116. Email: gmargos1@gmail.com
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Summary

Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) have revolutionized understanding the global epidemiology of many medically relevant bacteria utilizing a number, mostly seven, of housekeeping genes. A more recent introduction, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), constitutes an even more powerful tool for bacterial typing, population genetic studies and phylogeography. The introduction of massive parallel sequencing has made genome re-sequencing and SNP discovery more economical for investigations of microbial organisms. In this paper we review phylogeographic studies on Lyme borreliosis (LB)-group spirochetes and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Members of the LB-group spirochetes are tick-transmitted zoonotic bacteria that have many hosts and differ in their degree of host specialism, constituting a highly complex system. MRSA is a directly transmitted pathogen that may be acquired by contact with infected people, animals or MRSA-contaminated objects. For the LB-group spirochetes, MLSA has proved a powerful tool for species assignment and phylogeographic investigations while for S. aureus, genome-wide SNP data have been used to study the very short-term evolution of two important MRSA lineages, ST239 and ST225. These data are detailed in this review.

Keywords

Lyme borreliosis-group spirochetesMLSTmethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusMRSASNPsphylogeography
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 139 , Issue 14: Dynamics of parasite distributions: modern analytical approaches , December 2012 , pp. 1952 - 1965
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

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