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Staging Diaspora: South Asian American Theater Today

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2012

Abstract

This essay attempts to show how contemporary South Asian American theater deals with a wide range of South Asian American experience and in so doing has created a “new aesthetic” within American theater. The South Asian American experience is a diaspora experience, but in the contemporary wider sense of the term. The plays under study are about the old and new home, about people assimilating into the mainstream or navigating between two cultures or even negotiating a transnational identity. They deal with contested ideas of nation, nationality and allegiance, and also explore the South Asian female body in the new culture. Central to my study are the works of emerging South Asian American playwrights. I have carefully chosen a full-length play by each of them, two only in the case of short plays, and paired them under separate rubrics in such a way as to argue how they represent the diverse yet connected, changing yet pervasive, historical, cultural and psychological tropes of the South Asian American diaspora. The essay, however, does not claim that the body of work chosen for the current essay – or the rubrics, for that matter – fully expresses “South Asian America” or its theater.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

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References

1 Apart from Neilesh Bose's historical–critical introduction to the three South Asian American plays that he anthologizes in Part I of Beyond Bollywood and Broadway: Plays from the South Asian Diaspora (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2009), his essay on Shishir Kurup's Merchant on Venice in South Asian Popular Culture, 7, 3 (2009), 195–209; Sudipto Chatterjee's historical overview of South Asian American theater in Theatre Survey, 49, 1 (2008), 109–17; and Dharwadker's, Aparna brief but insightful section on Indian diaspora theater in “Diaspora and the Theatre of the Nation,” published in Theatre Research International 28, 3 (2003), 303–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar, there is little scholarly literature on South Asian American theater. Even the above-cited works are either not directly on the subject or lack critical depth.

2 Uzma Z. Rizvi, “Hybrid Forms, New Aesthetics, and History in the Making: A Report on Desi Drama: The First National South Asian American Theatre Conference,” available at www.srtp.org/images/archiveSRTP20%-%Desi%20Drama%20Report.pdf, accessed 4 Sept. 2010.

3 Rajini Srikanth describes the South Asian American experience as a diaspora experience on the ground that South Asian American literature cannot be discussed “without considering the numerous geographical locations this diaspora comprises” and their histories. See The World Next Door: South Asian American Literature and the Idea of America (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004), 2–3.

4 The phrase is David Henry Hwang's. See his “Foreword: The Myth of Immutable Cultural Identity,” in Brian Nelson, ed., Asian American Drama: 9 Plays from the Multiethnic Landscape (New York: Applause, 1997), viii.

5 Stuart Hall, “Cultural Identity and Diaspora,” in Padmini Mongia, ed., Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: A Reader (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000), 119.

6 Purkayastha, Bandana, Negotiating Ethnicity: Second-Generation South Asians Traverse a Transnational World (Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2005), 5Google Scholar.

7 The plays are all in English. It is important to note that the original Bengali version of Sudipta Bhawmik's Ron was published in the May 2007 issue of Bohurupi from Kolkata. An electronic version of Barriers was published by Alexander Street Press in 2002.

8 Apart from Bina Sharif's My Ancestor's House in Kathy A. Perkins and Roberta Uno's Contemporary Plays by Women of Color: An Anthology (1996), three plays in Neilesh Bose's Beyond Bollywood and Broadway – one each by Shishir Kurup, Aasif Mandvi and Anuvab Pal, and a couple of electronic play texts, South Asian American dramatic literature hardly exists as published work.

9 Bose, Neilesh, “Sharuk and Shylock: The Creation of a South Asian American Aesthetic,” South Asian Popular Culture 7, 3 (2009), 197CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

10 Dharwadker discusses the distinction between historical and modern, colonial and postcolonial diasporas in “Diaspora and the Theatre of the Nation,” Theatre Research International, 28, 3 (2003), 303.

11 Assayag, Jackie and Bénéi, Véronique, At Home in Diaspora: South Asian Scholars and the West (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003), 6Google Scholar.

12 Helweg and Helweg, quoted in ibid., 6.

13 For a book-length study of the issue, see Shankar, Lavinga Dhingra and Srikanth, Rajini, eds., A Part Yet Apart: South Asians in Asian America (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998)Google Scholar.

14 Rajiv Shankar, Foreword, in ibid., xi.

15 Quoted in Menon, Sridevi, “Disrupting Asian America: South Asian American Histories as Strategic Sites of Narration,” Alternatives, 31 (2006), 350CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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17 Dharwadker, Aparna, “Diaspora, Nation, and the Failure of Home: Two Contemporary Indian Plays,” Theatre Journal, 50, 1 (1998), 72CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

18 Ibid., 72–73.

19 Dharwadker, Aparna, “Diaspora and the Theatre of the Nation,” Theatre Research International, 28, 3 (2003), 305CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

20 Rizvi.

21 Hwang, “Foreword,” viii.

22 Chatterjee, Sudipto, “South Asian American Theatre (Un/Re-)Painting the Town Brown,” Theatre Survey, 49, 1 (2008), 115CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

23 Ruth Yu Hsiao's essay on the three modes of ethnic literature may be an interesting read in this context: “A World Apart: A Reading of South Asian American Literature,” in Lavinga Dhingra Shankar and Rajini Srikanth, 217–34.

24 Samir Dayal, “Min(d)ing the Gap: South Asian Americans and Diaspora,” in Lavinga Dhingra Shankar and Rajini Srikanth, 236.

25 Samir Dayal, 245.

26 Samir Dayal, 245.

27 Romit Dasgupta, in his review of Gayatri Gopinath's Queer Diaspora and South Asian Public Cultures, refers to the event as discussed in the book. See http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue14/dasgupta_review.htm, accessed 12 Aug. 2011. Joel Kuortti, Writing Imagined Diaspora: South Asian Women Reshaping North American Identity (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007), 16.

28 For a fuller discussion of the play, see Sudipto Chatterjee, 110, 112.

29 Rajini Srikanth, The World Next Door, 44–45.

30 Bina Sharif, My Ancestor's House, in Kathy A. Perkins and Roberta Uno, eds, Contemporary Plays by Women of Color: An Anthology (London and New York: Routledge, 1996). Further references to the play are cited by page number in the text.

31 Mrinalini Kamath, Boom (2006), MS. Further references to the play are cited by page number in the text.

32 Bina Sharif, “Artistic Statement,” My Ancestor's House, 263.

33 Ibid.

34 Ibid.

35 Afzal-Khan, Fawzia, “Exposed by Pakistani Street Theater: The Unholy Alliance of Postmodern Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Fundamentalism,” Social Text 69, 19, 4, (2001), 67CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

36 Ibid., 68.

37 Afzal-Khan discusses the issue with reference to the Saima story in ibid., 72, 83.

38 See Dharwadker's discussion on the conditions of diaspora within the nation, with reference to India, in “Diaspora, Nation, and the Failure of Home,” 74.

39 For more details see Lal, Anil K. and Clement, Ronald W., “Economic Development in India: The Role of Individual Enterprise (and Entrepreneurial Spirit),” Asian Pacific Development Journal, 12, 2 (2005)Google Scholar.

40 Kuortti, Writing Imagined Diaspora, 6, original emphasis.

41 Sudipta Bhawmik, Ron (2008), MS.

42 Rehana Mirza, Barriers (2003), MS.

43 van der Veer, Peter, ed., Nation and Migration: The Politics of Space in the South Asian Diaspora (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995), 2CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

44 Sudipta Bhawmik, email to author, 3 May 2011.

45 Bose said this to Bhawmik via email in November 2005.

46 Gina Hotta, “Asian American Soldiers of Conscience,” http://atimes. com/atimes/Middle_East/JB22Ak01.html, accessed 20 Nov. 2010.

47 Van der Veer, 6.

48 “Desipina,” www.desipina.org/what-is-desipina.html, accessed 6 May 2011.

49 Bruce Weber, “Muslims Feeling Dagger Eyes,” Review of “Barriers,” http://theater.nytimes.com/mem/theater/treview.html?html_title=&tols_title=BARRIERS%20(PLAY)&pdate = 20020913&byline = By%20BRUCE%20WEBER&id = 1077011429240, accessed 9 Sept. 2010.

50 Ibid.

51 Ibid.

52 Kokot, Waltraud, Tölölyan, Khachig and Alfonso, Carolin, Diaspora, Identity and Religion: New Directions in Theory and Research (New York: Routledge, 2004), 6Google Scholar.

53 Yasir Qadhi, quoted in Kari Huss, “Muslim-American Bid Good Riddance to bin Laden,” www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42869844/ns/world_news-death_of_bin_laden/t/muslim-americans-bid-good-riddance-bin-laden, accessed 26 May 2011.

54 Shishir Kurup, Sharif Don't Like It (2006), MS, 3.

55 For an analysis of the difference between “nation” and “non-nation,” between an “indigenous” and an “immigrant” group, see Van der Veer, 8.

56 Ras Siddiqui, “Barriers: A Review,” www.chowk.com/articles/6552, accessed 7 Sept. 2010.

57 The phrase is borrowed from the title of Rajini Srikanth's book The World Next Door.

58 “Rasaka,” www.rasakatheatre.org/about-us, accessed 8 May 2011.

59 Vandana Makker's “If My Vagina Could Speak” is an interesting read in this context. See www.samarmagazine.org/archive/article.php?id=157, accessed 6 Oct. 2010.

60 Anita Chandwaney, Helpline (2009), MS.

61 Anita Chandwaney, On-Track (2010), MS.

62 Jack Hafferkamp, “Yoni ki Baaat,” www.edgechicago.com/index.php?ch=entertainment&sc=theatre&sc3=performance&id=84988, accessed 25 May 2011.

63 Quoted in Srikanth, The World Next Door, 32.

64 US President Obama's current policy on outsourcing has changed the perspective, though, to a large extent.

65 “Female foeticide on the rise among wealthy, educated,” The Statesman, 25 May 2011, 1.

66 Ibid.

67 Pandey, Nishchal Nath, Nepal's Maoist Movement and Implications for India and China (Colombo: Regional Centre for Strategic Studies, and New Delhi: Manohar, 2005), 9Google Scholar.

68 Kamath, email to author, 9 May 2011.

69 For a full-length discussion of the play see Neilesh Bose, “Sharuk and Shylock.”

70 Rizvi.

71 David Cote, “Review: Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo,” www.newyork.timeout.com/arts-culture/theatre/1118899/review-bengal-tiger-at-the-baghdad-zoo, accessed 26 May 2011.

72 “The 2010 Pulitzer Prize Winners: Drama,” www. Pulitzer.org/citation/2010-drama, accessed 28 May 2011.