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Migration in Preindustrial Germany

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2008

Extract

Demographic research is rapidly rewriting the history of the preindustrial European population. Numerous recent local studies contradict the common stereotype of geographical stability; European communities before 1800 housed highly mobile populations. Much of this new research concerns England and France, but significant migratory movement has also been found in early modern Sweden, Scotland, and Japan. This paper surveys the evidence on mobility in Germany since the later Middle Ages, and places it within a broad socioeconomic context.

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Copyright © Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association 1983

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References

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4. Poussou, “Les mouvements migratoires en France,” 62, 75.

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8. Wrigley says the bulk of English migration covered less than seven miles, while Charles Tilly argues that preindustrial migration in Europe generally was confined to a local labor market: Wrigley, E. A., “Family Reconstitution,” in Eversley, D. E. C., Laslett, Peter, and Wrigley, , eds., An Introduction to English Historical Demography from the 16th to the 19th Centuries (New York, 1966), 105Google Scholar; Tilly, , “Migration in Modern European History,” in McNeill, William H. and Adams, Ruth S., eds., Human Migration, Patterns and Policies (Bloomington, Ind., 1978), 57, 67–68Google Scholar. See also Clark, “Migration in England,” 59; Eversley, D. E. C., “Population History and Local History,” in Eversley Laslett, and Wrigley, Introduction to English Historical Demography, 17, 20Google Scholar; Levine, David, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 36Google Scholar; Croix, Alain, “Deux Notes sur Nantes,” 148Google Scholar; and Lebrun, François, “Mobilité de la population en Anjou au XVIIIe siècle,” 224–25Google Scholar, both in Annales de Démographie Historique (1970); Goldscheider, Population, Modernization, and Social Structure, 185.

9. John Patten characterizes much of premodern migration to English cities as “aimless,” leaving “real” migration as less frequent permanent rural-urban flow: English Towns 1500–1700, 126, 236–37. See also Poussou, “Les mouvements migratoires en France,” 45–46.

10. Tilly, , “Did the Cake of Custom Break?” in Merriman, John M., ed., Consciousness and Class Experience in Nineteenth-Century Europe (New York, 1979), esp. 2122.Google Scholar

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12. Hartmut Kaelble claims that “wide unanimity” reigns on the point that “industrialization led to … a definite break with the immobile preindustrial society”: “Einführung und Auswertung,” in Conze, Werner and Engelhardt, Ulrich, eds., Arbeiter im Industrialisierungsprozess: Herkunft, Lage und Verhalten (Stuttgart, 1979), 1920.Google Scholar Arthur E. Imhof says that premodern Germans rarely moved out of sight of their church spire: Die gewonnenen Jahre (Munich, 1981), 3536.Google Scholar See also Köllmann, Wolfgang, “Bevölkerungsgeschichte 1800–1970,” in Aubin, H. and Zorn, W., eds., Handbuch der deutschen Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte 2 (Stuttgart, 1976): 20Google Scholar; Sabean, David, “Household Formation and Geographical Mobility: A Family Register Study for a Württemberg Village 1760–1900,” Annales de Démographie Historique (1970), 275–94Google Scholar; Lee, Robert, “Germany,” in Lee, W. R., ed., European Demography and Economic Growth (New York, 1979), 161–63.Google Scholar

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14. A stress on industrialization as the cause of migration characterizes the work of Germany's leading migration researcher, Wolfgang Köllmann; his major articles are collected in Bevölkerung in der Industriellen Revolution (Göttingen, 1974).Google Scholar

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16. I leave aside the politically important noble and princely families, because their numbers were so small.

17. Although unwieldy, words like “inmigrant” and “outmigrant” are used here for precision. Some natives were also migrants who later returned. In any society, inmigrants are only a portion of total migrants. I avoid “immigrant” and “emigrant” as too closely tied to migration into or out of German territories as a whole.

18. Erich Keyser came to the same conclusion from fewer data in “Die Bevölkerung der deutschen Städte,” in von Brandt, A. and Koppe, W., eds., Städtewesen und Bürgertum als geschichtliche Kräfte: Gedächtnisschrift für Fritz Rörig (Lübeck, 1953), 2829.Google Scholar The sources for the map are: Kaiserslautern: Braun, Fritz and Rink, Franz, Bürgerbuch der Stadt Kaiserslautern 1597–1800 (Kaiserslautern, 1965), 350–51Google Scholar; Husum, Tondern, Hadersleben, and Eckernförde: Hoffmann, Erich, Die Herkunft des Bürgertums in den Städten des Herzogtums Schleswig (Neumünster, 1953), 257Google Scholar; Durlach: Roller, Otto Konrad, Die Einwohnerschaft der Stadt Durlach im 18. Jahrhundert in ihren wirtschaftlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Verhältnissen dargestellt aus ihren Stammtafeln (Karlsruhe, 1907), p. (23)Google Scholar; Lambsheim: Rembe, Heinrich, Lambsheim (Kaiserslautern, 1971), 20Google Scholar; Ansbach: Bahl, Herms, Ansbach: Strukturanalyse einer Residenz vom Ende des Dreissigjährigen Krieges bis zur Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (Ansbach, 1974), 180Google Scholar; Frankfurt in 1387, Rostock, Cologne in 1250: Keyser, Erich, “Die Herkunft der städtischen Bevölkerung des Preussenlandes im Mittelalter,” Zeitschrift für Ostforschung 6 (1957): 542Google Scholar; Göttingen: Kronshage, Walter, Die Bevölkerung Göttingens (Göttingen, 1960), 395, 423Google Scholar; Heilbronn: Mistele, Karl-Heinz, Die Bevölkerung der Reichsstadt Heilbronn im Spätmittelalter (Heilbronn, 1962), 5763Google Scholar; Frankfurt 1451–1500: Bücher, Karl, Die Bevölkerung von Frankfurt am Main im XIV- und XV. Jahrhundert (Tübingen, 1886), 424Google Scholar; Frankfurt 1600–1735: Soliday, Gerald Lyman, A Community in Conflict: Frankfurt Society in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries (Hanover, N.H., 1974), 46Google Scholar; Würzburg: Ullrich, Heinrich, Zu- und Abwanderung in der Würzburger Bevölkerung des 16, und 17. Jahrhunderts (Würzburg, 1939), 9Google Scholar; Berlin: Kaeber, Ernst, Die Bürgerbücher und die Bürgerprotokollbücher Berlins von 1701–1750 (Berlin, 1934), pp. 118*–23*Google Scholar; Danzig 1364–99: Keyser, Erich, Die Bevölkerung Danzigs und ihre Herkunft im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert (Lübeck, 1924), 21Google Scholar; Danzig 1637–1769: Penners–Ellwart, Hedwig, Die Danziger Bürgerschaft nach Herkunft und Beruf 1536–1709 (Marburg, 1954), 1718Google Scholar; Eberswalde: Fischbach, F. L. J., Statistisch-topographische Städte-Beschreibungen der Mark Brandenburg, 1 (Berlin, 1786): 97, 105–6Google Scholar; Schwäbisch Hall: Wunder, Gerd, “Die Bewohner der Reichsstadt Hall im Jahre 1545,” Württembergisch Franken 49 (1965): 37Google Scholar; Cologne 1150: Bungers, Hans, Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Topographie, Rechtsgeschichte und Socialstatistik der Stadt Köln (Leipzig, 1897), 61Google Scholar; Hersbruck: Wiedemann, Ernst, Hersbrucker Häuserbuch (Neustadt a.d. Aisch, 1963), 42Google Scholar; Grossalsleben: Struck, Wolf-Heino, Die Neubürger von Grossalsleben 1604–1874 (Neustadt a.d. Aisch, 1962), 43Google Scholar; Angermünde: von Gebhardt, Peter, Das Bürgerbuch der Stadt Angermünde 1568–1765 (Berlin, 1931), xiii–xivGoogle Scholar; Prague: Hanisch, Wilhelm, “Die Prager Neubürger im Dreissigjährigen Krieg: Volkszugehörigkeit, Herkunft, Beruf,” Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Sudetenländer 6 (1942/1943): 172–73Google Scholar; Iglau: Altrichter, Anton and Altrichter, Helmut, “Die Iglauer Neubürger 1360–1649 nach Beruf, Herkunft und Volkszugehörigkeit,” Zeitschrift für sudetendeutsche Geschichte 2 (1938): 100Google Scholar; Colmar: Kintz, Jean-Pierre, “La mobilité humaine en Alsace: Essai de présentation statistique XlVe–XVIIIe siècles,” Annales de Démographie Historique (1970), 162.Google Scholar

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20. Soliday, Community in Conflict: Frankfurt Society, 55; Walker, German Home Towns, 140.

21. The proportions given are tentative but reflect the consensus of many primary and secondary sources. Eighteenth-century population counts can be found in: Borgstede, , Statistisch-topographische Beschreibung der Kurmark Brandenburg, pt. 1 (Berlin, 1788), 381–83Google Scholar; Fischbach, F. L. J., Historische politisch-geographisch-statistisch- und militärische Beyträge die Königlich-Preussische und benachbarte Staaten betreffend, pt. 2 (Berlin, 17811784), 234–41Google Scholar; Fischbach, , Städte-Beschreibungen der Mark Brandenburg, 1: 95106, 391, 426, 536, 570–571Google Scholar; Bratring, F. W. A., Statistisch-topographische Beschreibung der gesamten Mark Brandenburg, ed. Büsch, Otto and Heinrich, Gerd (Berlin, 1968, first published 1804–9), 1133, 1135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Secondary sources besides those already noted include: Struck, Wolf-Heino, “Sozialgeschichte des Rheingaus im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert,” Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte 15 (1965): 129Google Scholar; Schaub, Walter, Bürgerbuch der Stadt Oldenburg 1607–1740 (Hildesheim, 1974), 181202Google Scholar; Lasch, Manfred, Untersuchungen über Bevölkerung und Wirtschaft der Landgrafschaft Hessen-Kassel und der Stadt Kassel vom 30-jährigen Krieg bis zum Tode Landgraf Karls 1730 (Kassel, 1969), 7090.Google Scholar

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23. Cipolla, Carlo, Before the Industrial Revolution (London, 1976), 7778Google Scholar; Bahl, Ansbach: Strukturanalyse einer Residenz, 221–22.

24. Hajnal, John, “European Marriage Patterns in Perspective,” in Glass, D. V. and Eversley, D. E. C., eds., Population in History (London, 1965), 101–43.Google Scholar

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29. Reliable data on German urban servants is scarce. Yearly turnover was common in eighteenth-century Austria: Mitterauer, Michael, “Auswirkungen von Urbanisierung und Frühindustrialisierung auf die Familienverfassung an Beispielen des österreichischen Raums,” in Conze, Werner, ed., Sozialgeschichte der Familie in der Neuzeit Europas (Stuttgart, 1976), 102.Google Scholar The same was true in France: Garden, Lyon et les Lyonnais au XVIIIe Siècle, 52; Maza, Sarah Crawford, “Domestic Service in Eighteenth Century France,” (Ph.D. diss., Princeton Univ., 1978), 1726.Google Scholar

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31. Sharlin and Sammis, “Migration and Urban Population in Pre-Industrial Europe,” 7–13.

32. Busch, Siegfried, Hannover, Wolfenbüttl und Celle: Stadtgründungen und Stadterweiterungen in drei welfischen Residenzen vom 16. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert (Hildesheim, 1969), 149.Google Scholar

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36. Blendinger, “Bevölkerungsbewegung in der ehemaligen Reichsstadt Weissenburg,” 60, 69–75, 90. For similar volumes of temporary migration in medieval Italy, see Osheim, Duane J., “Rural Population and the Tuscan Economy in the Late Middle Ages,” Viator 7 (1976): 342–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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40. Roller, Einwohnerschaft der Stadt Durlach im 18. Jahrhundert, 19–21.

41. He also estimated Bürger outmigration from the Lüneburg region near Hanover to be .02 yearly in the fourteenth century: Penners, “Umfang der altdeutschen Nachwanderung,” 32–41.

42. Hochstadt, Steve, “Migration and Industrialization in Germany: 1815–1977,” Social Science History 5 (1981): 451–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Migration rates for individual cities have been published annually in Statistisches Jahrbuch deutscher Städte (later Gemeinden) since 1890.

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45. Blendinger, “Bevölkerungsbewegung in der ehemaligen Reichsstadt Weissenburg,” 75.

46. Blum, Jerome, The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe (Princeton, 1978), 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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51. Calculations based on data in Struck, “Sozialgeschichte des Rheingaus,” 126, 129.

52. Wrightson, “Social Differentiation in Rural England,” 37. und 1550,” in Maschke, Erich and Sydow, Jürgen, eds., Stadt und Umland (Stuttgart, 1974), 133, 146Google Scholar; Ullrich, Zu- und Abwanderung in der Würzburger Bevölkerung, 12–15; Altrichter and Altrichter, “Die Iglauer Neubürger,” 105; Günzel, Richard, “Die Neubürger der Stadt Merseburg von 1507–1524,” Familie und Volk 6 (1957): 270–71Google Scholar; Wunder, “Bewohner der Reichsstadt Hall im Jahre 1545,” 37–39; Braun and Rink, Bürgerbuch der Stadt Kaiserslautern 1597–1800, 350–51; Bahl, Ansbach: Strukturanalyse einer Residenz, 187; Penners-Ellwart, Die Danziger Bürgerschaft, 24–31, 159–61; Ernst, Manfred, “Migration in Giessen und Umgebung auf Grund von Herkunftseintragungen bei Heiraten und Sterbefällen,” in Imhof, Historische Demographie, 661Google Scholar; Reininghaus, Wilfried, “Die Migration der Handwerksgesellen in der Zeit der Entstehung ihrer Gilden (14./15. Jahrhundert),” Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 68 (1981): 19Google Scholar; Lerner, “Statistik der Handwerksgesellen zu Frankfurt,” 184, 193.

53. For this bias of marriage records see Kälvemark, Ann Sofie, “The Country that Kept Track of Its Population,” Scandinavian Journal of History 2 (1977): 220–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed Examples of generalizations on the basis of these records can be found in Lebrun, “Mobilitéen Anjou,” and Garden, “L'attraction de Lyon.”

54. Clark, “Migrant in Kentish Towns 1580–1640,” 125.

55. Sources cited in Table 2; also Clark, “Migration in England,” 64–68.

56. Bücher, Bevölkerung von Frankfurt am Main, 619, 651, 655; Ernst, “Migration in Giessen und Umgebung,” 661–71.

57. Blendinger, “Bevölkerungsbewegung in der ehemaligen Reichsstadt Weissenbürg,” 75; Penners-Ellwart, Die Danziger Bürgerschaft, 174–76, Table II; Penners, “Bevölkerungsgeschichtliche Probleme der Land-Stadtwanderung,” 120–24.

58. Penners-Ellwart, Die Danziger Bürgerschaft, 174–76, Table II; Walther, “Die Danziger Bürgerschaft,” 99–121; Penners, “Bevölkerungsgeschichtliche Probleme der Land-Stadtwanderung,” 120–21.

59. Roller, Einwohnerschaft der Stadt Durlach im 18. Jahrhundert, 24–25; Kaeber, Die Bürgerbücher Berlins, p. 123*; Strutz, Edmund, “Binnenrheinische Wanderung,” Jülich-Bergische Geschichtsblätter 15 (1938): 2730.Google Scholar See also Pohl, Horst, “Bergstadt Platten: Wirtschaftlich-kulturelle Beziehungen und Binnenwanderung im böhmisch-sächsischen Erzgebirge 1532–1938,” Bohemia 6 (1965): 209.Google Scholar

60. Ullrich, Zu- und Abwanderung in der Würzburger Bevölkerung, 14–15; Heumüller, Würzburg und ihr Lebensraum, 62–67; Blendinger, “Bevölkerungsbewegung in der ehemaligen Reichsstadt Weissenburg,” 88, 102.

61. Roller, Einwohnerschaft der Stadt Durlach im 18. Jahrhundert, 39; Altrichter and Altrichter, “Die Iglauer Neubürger,” 106–12; Bodmer, Walter, “Die schweizerische Zuwanderung in Strassburg im Rahmen der allgemeinen Einwanderung,” Zeitschrift für Schweizerische Geschichte 23 (1943): 202, 211, 226.Google Scholar See also Mistele, Bevölkerung der Reichsstadt Heilbronn, 57–63.

62. Matras, Judah, Population and Societies (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1973), 364.Google Scholar

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69. Braudel, Fernand, Capitalism and Material Life 1400–1800, trans. Kochan, Miriam (New York, 1975), 29.Google Scholar

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71. Abel estimates that the population reached preplague levels of about 14 million by 1560, increasing to at least 16 million by 1620: Geschichte der deutschen Landwirtschaft, 115–17, 152.

72. A large proportion of the German rural population was unable to support itself on its own land already by the seventeenth century, and this segment grew enormously after 1700: Blaschke, Bevölkerungsgeschichte von Sachsen, 190–91; Tack, Hollandsgänger in Hannover und Oldenburg, 48–58; Blum, End of Old Order in Rural Europe, 105–6, 109; Berkner, Lutz, “Peasant Household Organization and Demographic Change in Lower Saxony (1689–1766),” in Lee, Ronald Demos, ed., Population Patterns in the Past (New York, 1977), 5369CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hartinger, Walter, “Zur Bevölkerungs- und Sozialstruktur von Oberpfalz und Niederbayern in vorindustrieller Zeit,” Zeitschrift für bayerische Landesgeschichte 39 (1976): 789–91Google Scholar; Harnisch, Hartmut, Die Herrschaft Boitzenburg: Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung der sozialökonomischen Struktur ländlichen Gebiete in der Mark Brandenburg vom 14. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert (Weimar, 1968), 100Google Scholar Wilhelm Abel describes the resulting pauperization in Massenarmut und Hungerkrisen im vorindustriellen Deutschland (Göttingen, 1972).Google Scholar

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74. Milward, Alan S. and Saul, S. B., The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780–1850 (Totowa, N.J., 1973), 54Google Scholar; Seraphim, Heuerlingswesen in Nordwestdeutschland, 12.

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76. Walker assumes that “hometownsmen” in Germany successfully minimized migration. Yet the town he singles out for closer analysis, Weissenburg, had a rather high rate of inmigration, .06 per year, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (see Table 1).

77. These cities are scattered over Germany and included a variety of sizes. One (Grossalsleben) showed no change for 1604–1800; in another (Angermünde) the migrant proportion rose in the seventeenth century but fell more steeply in the eighteenth; all the others had steadily falling migrant proportions for the periods covered in the sources. Two other series, of houseowners and their wives in Hersbruck, and of marriage partners in Platten, show the same apparent decline in permanent inmigration. The sources are: Walther, “Die Danziger Bürgerschaft,” 159; Penners-Ellwart, Die Danziger Bürgerschaft, 17–18; Dorider, Adolf, “Recklinghauser Neubürger: Eine Untersuchung über die Einwanderung in Recklinghausen vom Ende des 16. bis in den Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts,” Vestische Zeitschrift 48 (1941): 9192Google Scholar; Braun and Rink, Bürgerbuch der Stadt Kaiserslautem 1597–1800, 350–51, chart at back; Gebhardt, von, Bürgerbuch der Stadt Angermünde 1568–1765, xiiixivGoogle Scholar; Wiedemann, Hersbrucker Häuserbuch, 42; Pohl, “Bergstadt Platten,” 229; Altrichter and Altrichter, “Die Iglauer Neubürger,” 105; Struck, Neubürger von Grossalsleben 1604–1874, 43; Soliday, Community in Conflict: Frankfurt Society, 45–47; Struck, “Sozialgeschichte des Rheingaus,” 161.

78. Struck, “Sozialgeschichte des Rheingaus,” 129.

79. International migrations have not been stressed in this paper because of their limited importance within the context of total German mobility: emigration in the eighteenth century involved under 5,000 people per year in a population of nearly 20 million. for this emigration, see Fenske, Hans, “International Migration: Germany in the Eighteenth Century,” Central European History 13 (1980): 332–47, esp. 344–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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81. Levine, Family Formation in Age of Nascent Capitalism, 36–42; Kriedte, Peter, Medick, Hans, and Schlumbohm, Jürgen, Industrialization Before Industrialization, trans. Schempp, Beate (Cambridge, 1981), 17, 46–47, 54–55, 84.Google Scholar

82. Calculated from data in Hauptstaatsarchiv Düsseldorf, Regierung Düsseldorf 414. The economic classification of communities is based on Hahn, Helmut and Zorn, Wolfgang, Historische Wirtschaftskarte der Rheinlande um 1820, Rheinisches Archiv, vol. 87 (Bonn, 1973).Google Scholar For a full description of the migration data, see Hochstadt, Steve, “Migration in Germany: An Historical Study” (Ph.D. diss., Brown Univ., 1983)Google Scholar, chap. 3 and appendix.

83. Tilly, Charles, “Demographic Origins of the European Proletariat,” Center for Research on Social Organization, Working Paper no. 207 (Ann Arbor, 1979), 6061Google Scholar; Flinn, European Demographic System, 37–38.

84. Fischer, Wolfram, “Rural Industrialization and Population Change,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 15 (1973): 160CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tilly, Charles, “Demographic Origins of the European Proletariat,” 6062Google Scholar; Kriedte, Medick, and Schlumbohm, Industrialization Before Industrialization, 154–55, 175.

85. Sune Åkerman points out that migratory selectivity is the greatest bias in parish register work: An Evaluation of the Family Reconstitution Technique,” Scandinavian Economic History Review 25 (1977): 169–70.Google Scholar John Knodel shows that incomplete records can lead to disproportionate exclusion of landless families in reconstructed rural populations: “Natural Fertility in Pre-industrial Germany,” 509.