Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-7qhmt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T12:54:41.525Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Analysis of energy density of food in relation to energy intake regulation in human subjects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

M. S. Westerterp-Plantenga*
Affiliation:
Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
*
*Corresponding author: Dr M. S. Westerterp-Plantenga, fax +31 43 367 0976, email m.westerterp@hb.unimaas.nl
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The relationship between energy density (ED) of food and drink consumption ad libitum and energy intake (EI) was analysed. EI was taken as average daily EI over the long term, and as EI during a single meal. Moreover, the distribution of EI over three ED categories was analysed. Average daily EI was related to ED of the food and drinks when ED was strongly influenced by specific macronutrients. When ED was strongly influenced by the weight of water, it was not related to EI. During a meal subjects monitored mainly weight, and to a lesser extent, the energy content of the food ingested. Therefore, covertly manipulated ED of a meal affected EI directly. The impact of ED on EI was modulated by dietary behaviours such as restraint. Overt manipulation of ED for 6 months showed that EI was adjusted to a decreased but not to an increased ED in dietary-unrestrained subjects, and that EI was adjusted to an increased but not to a decreased ED in dietary-restrained subjects. Knowledge of ED was shown to lead to an inverse relationship between portion sizes and ED during a meal. Average daily EI consisted of a distribution of EI over the three different categories of ED, so that obese women ate more of foods with a high ED and less of foods with a low ED compared with normal weight women (and nutritional guidelines). In conclusion, ED affected daily EI by means of macronutrient specific effects. EI from a meal with an unknown ED can become inversely related to EI through learning or conditioning. Therefore, the effect of ED on EI during a single meal observation cannot be extrapolated directly to the 24 h effect on EI. With regard to the treatment of obesity, a conscious decreased consumption of foods high in ED and an increase in consumption of low-ED food is necessary to decrease and subsequently maintain body weight, particularly in subjects with a sedentary lifestyle.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2001

References

Bell, EA, Castellanos, VH, Pelkman, CL, Thorwart, ML & Rolls, BJ (1998) Energy density of foods affects energy intake in normalweight women American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, 412420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, RM, Tanaka, P, Leiter, LA & Anderson, GH (1991) Soft drinks with aspartame: Effect on subjective hunger, food selection, and food intake of young adult males Physiology & Behavior 49, 803810.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blundell, JE, Burley, VJ, Cotton, JR & Lawton, CL (1993) Dietary fat and the control of energy intake: evaluating the effects of fat on meal size and postmeal satiety American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, 722S-728S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blundell, JE & Hill, AJ (1986) Paradoxical effects of an intense sweetener (aspartame) on appetite The Lancet i, 10921093.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brouns, F, Saris, WHM & Rehrer, NJ (1987) Abdominal complaints and gastrointestinal function during long-lasting exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine 8, 175189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castro JM, de (1987) Circadian rhythms of the spontaneous meal pattern, macronutrient intake and mood of humans. Physiology & Behavior 40, 437446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cotton, JR, Burley, VJ, Weststrate, JA & Blundell, JE (1996) Fat substitution and food intake: effect of replacing fat with sucrose polyester at lunch or evening meals. British Journal of Nutrition 75, 545556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drewnowski, A (1999) Intense sweeteners and energy density of foods: implication for weight control. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 757763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drewnowski, A, Kurth, C, Holden-Wiltse, J & Saari, J (1992) Food preferences in human obesity: carbohydrates versus fats. Appetite 18, 207221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edholm, OG & Fletcher, JG (1955) The energy expenditure and food intake of individual men. British Journal of Nutrition 9, 286300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goris, AHC & Westerterp, KR (2000) Improved reporting of habitual food intake after confrontation with earlier results on food reporting. British Journal of Nutrition 83, 363369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, SM, Burley, VJ & Blundell, J (1994) Effect of fat- and sucrose-containing foods on the size of eating episodes and energy intake in lean males: potential for causing overconsumption. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, 547555.Google ScholarPubMed
Hill, JO, Seagle, HM, Johnson, SL, Smith, S, Reed, GW, Tran, ZV, Cooper, S, Stone, M & Peters, JC (1998) Effects of 14d of covert substitution of olestra for conventional fat on spontaneous food intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, 11781185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Himaya, A & Louis-Sylvestre, J (1998) The effect of soup on satiation. Appetite 30, 199210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, SHA, Brand Miller, JC, Petocz, P & Farmakalidis, E (1991) A satiety index of common foods. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 675690.Google Scholar
Hulshof, KFAM, van der Heijden, LJM, DondersEngelem, M & Lowik, MRH (1992) TNO-rapport V 92.003. Maten, gewichten en code nummers 1992. TNO-voeding Zeist, Landbouw universiteit Wageninjen (TNO-report V 92.003. Measures, weights and code-numbers 1992. TNO-Nutrition Zeist, Agricultural University Wageningen). Wageningen: TNO-Nutrition Zeist and Agricultural University Wageningen.Google Scholar
Hulshof, T, De Graaf, C & Weststrate, JA (1995) Short-term satiating effect of the fat replacer sucrose polyester (SPE) in man. British Journal of Nutrition 74, 569585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendall, A, Levitsky, DA, Strupp, BJ & Lissner, L (1991) Weight-loss on a low fat diet: consequence of the impression of the control of food intake in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 11241129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, SM, Shorthouse, M, Cotterel, JC, Riordan, AM, Lee, AJ, Thurnham, DI, Hanka, R & Hunter, JO (1998) A 3 month double-blind controlled trial of feeding with sucrose polyester in human volunteers. British Journal of Nutrition 80, 4149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lissner, L, Levitsky, DA, Strupp, BJ, Kalkwarf, HJ & Roe, DA (1987) Dietary fat and the regulation of energy intake in human subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 886892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattes, R (1990) Effects of aspartame and sucrose on hunger and energy intake in humans. Physiology & Behavior 47, 10371044.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melanson, KJ, Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Saris, WHM, Campfield, LA (1999 a) Short term regulation of food intake in humans. In Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Expenditure pp. 3758[MS, Westerterp-Plantenga, AB, Steffens & ATremblay, editors] Tremblay, editors]. Milan: EDRA.Google Scholar
Melanson, KJ, Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Saris, WHM & Campfield, LA (1999 b)) Blood glucose patterns and appetite in time-blinded humans: Carbohydrate versus fat. American Journal of Physiology 277, R337-R345.Google ScholarPubMed
Melanson, KJ, Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Saris, WHM & Campfield, LA (1999 c)) Blood glucose and meal patterns in time-blinded males, after aspartame, carbohydrate, and fat consumption, related to sweetness perception. British Journal of Nutrition 82, 437446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poppit, & Prentice, (1996) Energy density and its role in the control of food intake: evidence from metabolic and community studies. Appetite 26, 153174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rayner, DV (1992) Gastrointestinal satiety in animals other than man. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 51, 16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, PJ, Carlyle, J, Hill, AJ & Blundell, JE (1988) Uncoupling sweet taste and calories: Comparison of the effects of glucose and three intense sweeteners on hunger and food intake. Physiology & Behavior 43, 547552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, PJ, Pleming, HC & Blundell, JE (1990) Aspartame ingested without tasting inhibits hunger and food intake. Physiology & Behavior 47, 12391243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolls, BJ (1995) Carbohydrates, fats and satiety. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, 960S-967S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolls, BJ & Bell, EA (1999) Intake of fat and carbohydrate: role of energy density. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, S166-S173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolls, BJ, Kim, S & Fedoroff, IC (1990) Effects of drinks sweetened with sucrose or aspartame on hunger, thirst, and food intake in men. Physiology & Behavior 48, 1926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spiegel, TA (1973) Caloric regulation of food intake in man. Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology 84, 2437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, RJ, Harbron, CG & Prentice, AM (1996) Covert manipulation of the dietary fat to carbohydrate ratio of isoenergetically dense diets: effect on food intake in feeding men ad libitum. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 20, 651660.Google ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, RJ, Johnstone, AM, Harbron, CG & Reid, C (1998) Covertly manipulation of energy density of high carbohydrate diets in ‘pseudo free-living’ humans. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 22, 885892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, RJ, Johnstone, AM, O’Reilly, LM, Barton, K & Reid, C (1998) The effect of covertly manipulating the energy density of mixed diets on ad libitum food intake in ‘pseudo free-living’ humans. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 22, 980987.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, RJ, Raben, A & Westerterp-Plantenga, MS (1999) Macronutrient metabolism and appetite. In Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Expenditure pp. 5984[MS, Westerterp-Plantenga, AB, Steffens & ATremblay, editors] Tremblay, editors]. Milan: EDRA.Google Scholar
Stubbs, RJ, Ritz, P, Coward, WA & Prentice, AM (1995) Covert manipulation of the ratio of dietary fat to carbohydrate and energy density: effect on food intake and energy balance in free living men eating. ad libitum American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 330337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voorlichtingsbureau voor de Voeding (1992) De handleiding van de Voedingswijzer. (The manual for the nutrition indicator) Den Haag: The Information Office for Nutrition.Google Scholar
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS (2000 a) Eating behaviour in humans, characterized by cumulative food intake curves - a review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 24, 239248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS (2000 b)) Adaptation of energy intake to energy expenditure in humans. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59, 122A.Google Scholar
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Pasman, WJ, Yedema, MJW & Wijckmans-Duijsens, NEG (1996) Energy intake adaptation of food to extreme energy densities of food by obese and non-obese women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 401407.Google ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Rolland, V, Wilson, SAJ & Westerterp, KR (1999) Satiety related to 24h diet-induced thermogenesis during high protein/carbohydrate vs high fat diets measured in a respiration chamber. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 495502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, van den Heuvel, E, Wouters, L & ten Hoor, F (1992 a) Accuracy of estimates of forthcoming ingestion as a function of menu familiarity and dietary restraint. Appetite 18, 101109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, van den #Heuvel, E, Wouters, L & ten Hoor, F (1992 b)) Diet induced thermogenesis and cumulative food intake curves, as a function of familiarity with food and dietary restraint in humans. Physiology and Behavior 51, 457465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, van, deVen, M, Wouters, L & Saris, WHM (1996) Satiation and satiety related to eating rate and meal characteristics in obese and non-obese restrained and unrestrained eating women. International Jou rnal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 20, 105.Google Scholar
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS & Verwegen, CRT (1999) The appetizing effect of an aperitif in overweight and normal weight humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69, 205212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Westerterp, KR, Nicolson, NA, Mordant, A, Schoffelen, PFM & ten Hoor, F (1990 a) The shape of the cumulative food intake curve in humans, during basic and manipulated meals. Physiology and Behavior 47, 569576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Wijckmans-Duijsens, NEG, Ten Hoor, F & Weststrate, JA (1997 a) Effect of replacement of fat by nonabsorbable fat (sucrose polyester) in meals or snacks as a function of dietary restraint. Physiology and Behavior 61, 939947.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Wijckmans-Duijsens, NEG, Verboeket-van, deVenne, WPG, de Graaf, K, van het Hof, KH & Weststrate, JA (1998) Energy intake and body weight effects of six months reduced or full fat diets, as a function of dietary restraint. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 22, 1422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-#Plantenga, MS, Wijckmans-Duijsens, NEG, Verboeket-van de Venne, WPG, de Graaf, K, Weststrate, JA & van het Hof, KH (1997) Diet-induced thermogenesis and satiety in humans after full-fat and reduced-fat meals. Physiology and Behavior 61, 343349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Wouters, L & ten Hoor, F (1990) Deceleration in cumulative food intake curves, changes in body temperature and diet-induced thermogenesis. Physiology and Behavior 48, 831836.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeomans, MR (1996) Palatability and the micro-structure of feeding in humans: the appetizer effect. Appetite 27, 119133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed