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² This process of growth is discussed in Buchanan, R. A.: ‘Institutional proliferation in the British engineering profession, 1847–1914’ Econ. Hist. Review 2nd series, vol. 38. no. 1, 02 1985, pp. 42–60.Google Scholar

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⁴ Very few British engineers were trained overseas, apart from immigrants such as (Sir) Marc Brunel, who sent his son I. K. Brunel to France to complete his engineering education: see Buchanan, R. A.: ‘Science and Engineering: a case study in British experience in the mid-nineteenth century’, in Notes and Records of the Royal Sodely of London, vol. 32, no. 2, 03 1978, pp. 215–223CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Lewis Gordon, C.E., the first professor of engineering at Glasgow University, was trained at Freiberg, Saxony, but few of his contemporaries had similar experience.

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⁸ W. Smith made many important geological observations while working as engineer to the Somerset Coal Canal and as a surveyor in the North Somerset Coalfield. See Eyles, Joan M.: ‘William Smith: some aspects of his life and work’, in Schneer, Cecil J. (ed.): Toward a history of geology, Cambridge, Mass., 1969, pp. 142–158.Google Scholar

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¹⁵ Brunel, I.: Life of Isambard Kingdom Brunel. 1980, p. 192Google Scholar: the letter is also given in full, pp. 486–489.

¹⁶ There is a detailed account of these experiments in Rosenberg, Nathan and Vincenti, Walter G.: The Britannia Bridge: the generation and diffusion of technological knowledge, Cambridge Mass., 1978Google Scholar. See also Pole, William (ed.): The Life of Sir William Fairbairn, Bart., 1877, reprinted Newton Abbot 1970, p. 201 etc.Google Scholar

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³³ This national anxiety is examined by Ashby, E.: Technology and the Academics, 1959Google Scholar: see his Appendix giving Lyon Playfair's letter of 7 June 1867 to Lord Taunton regarding the poor performance of Great Britain at the Paris Exhibition of 1867 (pp. 111–3). See also Emmerson, George S.: Engineering Education—a Social History, Newton Abbot, 1973.Google Scholar

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⁴⁵ The term was used in the Spectator, as quoted by Neve, M. in TLS 21 07 1978, p. 879.Google Scholar

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