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The adaptability of African communal land tenure to economic opportunity: the example of land acquisition for oil palm farming in Ghana

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

A school of thought sees the African communal system of land ownership as an inherently conservative arrangement which does not adapt or adapts only slowly to economic opportunity and, therefore, acts as a constraint on development. However, this view, which partly underlies the call for radical land reform measures such as nationalisation, is, generally, not borne out by the performance of the Ghanaian system as assessed on the basis of historical evidence and the findings of a recent survey of peasant oil palm farming. In the nineteenth century, when there was a substantial increase in demand for land for the oil palm against a background of relative land abundance in Ghana, the system responded with land sales, tenancy and other temporary transfers which allowed enterprising migrant farmers, notably Krobo farmers, access to land, while sufficient parcels were retained for use by the communal owners, including the Akyem people, the major vendors of land for oil palm and cocoa farming in the forest zone. This response pattern was repeated in subsequent periods characterised by greater demand for land for the cultivation of cocoa, which supplanted the oil palm as the premier export early in the present century. Further evidence of the adaptability of the communal system is provided by its response to the renewed demand for land in respect of the remarkable post-1970 oil palm boom. A recent sample study of oil palm farming in the Kade, Twifo Praso and Pretsea - Adum Banso areas in the heart of the oil palm belt found that the communal system had been responding to the renewed demand for land associated with the crop's growing profitability, mainly by temporary transfer arrangements to the almost total exclusion of outright sale, apparently to protect the sovereign interest of the community of owners and to secure land for their own use in the wake of rapidly expanding population, urbanisation and attendant increasing land scarcity. But the communal system as traditionally organised continues to be characterised by the insecurity of the tenure granted, especially to stranger farmers, while there are signs that the number of inequitable tenancies is on the increase. These problems might be minimised and land development enhanced by greater enforcement of the new land title registration law, and byflexibletenancy and other land-holding regulatory measures within the general framework of a free market system.

Résumé

Une certaine école de pensée voit le système communautaire des propriétés des terres comme un arrangement en lui-même conservateur qui ne s'adapte pas ou s'adapte seulement lentement aux opportunités économiques et qui agit done comme une con-trainte sur le developpement. Cependant cette vue, qui est en partie à l'origine de la demande pour des mesures radicales de reforme des terres comme la nationalisation, n'est généralement pas confirmée par la pratique du système Ghanaian en l'évaluant sur la base de témoignages historiques des résultats d'une enquête récente sur la cultivation paysanne de l'huile de palmier. Au dix-neuvième siècle, quand il y avait eu une augmentation importante de la demande de terres pour l'huile de palmier dans un contexte d'une abondance relative des terres au Ghana, le système a répondu par la vente de terres, locations, et autres transferts qui permettaient aux agriculteurs migrants entreprenant, notamment les agriculteurs Krobo, d'avoir acces aux terres, tandis que les parcelles suffisantes avaient été conservées pour être utilisées par les propriétaires communautaires, y compris par le peuple Akyem, les plus gros vendeurs de terres pour l'huile de palmier et la cultivation de cacao dans la zone forestière. Ce modèle de reponse a été répèté à des périodes ultèrieures caracterisées par une demande plus grande des terres pour cultiver l'huile de palmier en tant que premier export plus tôt dans notre siècle. Davantage de témoignages quant àx l'adaptabilité du système communautaire ont été fournis par sa réponse à la demande renouvellée pour les terres par rapport au remarquable boom d'huile de palmier après 1970. L'échantillon récent d'une étude sur la cultivation de l'huile de palmier au Kade, Twifo Praso, et les endroits de Pretsea-Adum Banso au coeur de la ceinture de l'huile de palmier a trouvé que le système communautaire avait répondu a la demande renouvellée pour les terres associées avec la rentabilité de la cultivation, surtout par des arrangements de transferts temporaires jusqu'à l'exclusion presque totale de vente directe, apparemment pour protéger les intérêts souverains de la communauté des propriétaires et sauvegarder les terres pour leur propre usage alors qu'il y a une population rapidement croissante, l'urbanisation, et une rareté des terres actuellement en augmentation. Mais le système communautaire de la façon dont il etait organisé continue à être caractérisé par l'insécurité du régime foncier accordé en particulier aux agriculteurs inconnus, tandis que le nombre des locations inéquitables est en train d'augmenter. Ces problèmes peuvent être minimisés et le développement de la terre renforcée par la mise en vigueur de la nouvelle loi d'enregistrement des titres de propriété et par une locationflexibleet autres mesures régulatoires d'appropriation des terres dans le cadre d'un systeme de libre marché.

Type
Labour and land redistributed
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1994

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